Pubmed abstracts for Protein-Protein Interaction search result :

Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.84060006
These results suggest that synergistic interactions between BDNF and NT 3 may be crucial for spiral ganglion neuron survival during the final stages of development . . 0.84060006^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.81113772
Sortilin interacts specifically with BDNF in a region encompassing the methionine substitution and colocalizes with BDNF in secretory granules in neurons . 0.81113772^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
B lymphocytes express the BDNF receptors p75NTR and TrkB ( gp 95 ) , while no BDNF expression was found . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In particular , we provide evidence that bFGF , BDNF , NT 3 , Il 1 , Il 6 , S 100 beta and alpha 2 macroglobulin were not involved in the effect of the conditioned medium . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are the three members of the neurotrophin family known to exist in mammals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have investigated the effects of these hilar lesions on the levels of the mRNAs encoding for 3 neurotrophic factors ( NTF ) : nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ' In situ ' hybridization histochemistry with synthetic oligonucleotides was used to analyze their mRNA distribution and levels . ^^^ Taken together , these results clearly show a different regulation of neurotrophic factors genes ( NGF , BDNF and NT 3 ) expression in the different hippocampal fields , as a consequence of seizure producing hilar lesions . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are members of a family of structurally related proteins termed neurotrophins that promote the growth and survival of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems . ^^^ The other is one of a family of tyrosine kinase receptors trkA binds only NGF , the related trkB receptor binds BDNF and NT 3 , and trkC binds NT 3 alone . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The gene family of neurotrophins includes nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) . ^^^ Cladistic analysis of likely phylogenies within the neurotrophins shows BDNF and NT 4 to be most closely related whereas NGF may be the sister group to NT 3 , BDNF , and NT 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The recent cloning of new members of the NGF family , namely brain derived neurotrophic factor neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , NT 4 and NT 5 , has greatly expanded our knowledge of the structural properties and neurotrophic activities of these proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have found that seizures increase the expression of mRNAs for NGF and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) but cause a delayed decrease in levels of mRNA for neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Thyroid hormone regulation of NGF , NT 3 and BDNF RNA in the adult rat brain . ^^^ The effects of peripherally administered thyroid hormone ( TH ; 500 micrograms / kg ; i . p . ; q . d . ) on the relative abundances of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) RNA were determined by rtPCR in the cortex and hippocampus of young adult rats . ^^^ Despite enhanced abundance of NGF in the hippocampus , ChAT activity was unchanged , whereas ChAT activity was modestly increased by 28 % in the cortex without corresponding changes in NGF , NT 3 or BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Novel roles for neurotrophins are suggested by BDNF and NT 3 mRNA expression in developing neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins BDNF , NT 3 , and NGF display distinct patterns of retrograde axonal transport in peripheral and central neurons . ^^^ We have determined that the NGF related neurotrophins , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , are also retrogradely transported by distinct populations of peripheral and central nervous system neurons in the adult . ^^^ The patterns of transport also indicate the existence of neuronal populations that selectively transport NT 3 and / or BDNF , but not NGF , such as spinal cord motor neurons , neurons in the entorhinal cortex , thalamus , and neurons within the hippocampus itself . ^^^ Retrograde transport may thus be predictive of neuronal types selectively responsive to either BDNF or NT 3 in the adult , as first demonstrated for NGF . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Other members , p145trkB and p145trkC , are receptors for brain derived neurtrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , respectively , when assayed in fibroblasts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have examined the effects of the neurotrophins NT 3 , BDNF , and NGF in cultures of developing rat hippocampal cells by two criteria : rapid induction of c fos and neurotrophic responses . ^^^ The selective induction of c fos mRNA suggests the presence of functional receptors for NT 3 and BDNF , but not NGF , in embryonic hippocampal cultures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In situ hybridization was used to study the site and timing of the expression of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 5 ( NT 5 ) mRNAs in the developing inner ear of the rat . ^^^ NT 3 and BDNF mRNAs were expressed in the otic vesicle in overlapping but also in distinct regions . ^^^ In bioassays , BDNF and NT 3 , but not NGF , at physiological concentrations induced neurite outgrowth from the statoacoustic ganglion explants . ^^^ These results demonstrate that NT 3 and BDNF , rather than NGF and NT 5 , are the primary neurotrophins present in the target fields of the cochlear and vestibular neurons . ^^^ Expression of NT 3 and BDNF mRNAs in the otic vesicle before and during the ingrowth of neurites from the statoacoustic ganglion suggests that NT 3 or BDNF or both may serve as chemoattractants for the early nerve fibers . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Stimulation with brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , resulted in a very robust phosphorylation signal in basal forebrain and cortical cultures , suggesting actions of these neurotrophins not only on cholinergic cells but probably on most embryonic brain neurons . ^^^ Our findings indicate involvement of trk receptor activation in the NGF response of basal forebrain cholinergic cells and provide evidence for widespread presence of BDNF and NT 3 responsive neurons in the embryonic brain . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study analyzed the effects of NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) on PI breakdown in primary cultures of embryonic rat brain cells . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 , but not NGF , elevated the levels of labeled inositol phosphates within 10 15 min after addition to the cultures in a dose dependent manner . ^^^ ED 50 values for BDNF and NT 3 were 12 . 4 and 64 . 5 ng / ml , respectively . ^^^ The actions of BDNF and NT 3 probably reflect actions on neurons , because no effects were seen in cultures of nonneuronal cells . ^^^ K252b , which selectively blocks neurotrophin actions by inhibiting trk type receptor proteins , prevented the PI breakdown mediated by BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , we show that recombinant BDNF and NT 3 do not cross react with monoclonal antibody 27 / 21 under our conditions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Gene sequences of chicken BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ The respective amino acid sequences of mature brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and of mature neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are identical among mammals , making these among the structurally conserved factors known . ^^^ We also note the presence of amino acid sequence motifs in the precursor protein sequences of chicken BDNF and NT 3 that are universally conserved among all known mammalian neurotrophin precursors and have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in promoting correct processing of the pro proteins . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Studies using dissociated and organotypic cultures of rat cerebellum demonstrated that the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) affect developing granule cells at distinct stages in differentiation . ^^^ While early granule neurons in the external germinal layer responded to BDNF , more mature granule cells responded to NT 3 . ^^^ BDNF , but not NT 3 , enhanced survival of granule cells in cultures of embryonic cerebella . ^^^ Thus , BDNF and NT 3 have distinct sequential functions that are likely to be critical in the development of the cerebellum . ^^^ BDNF may promote the initial commitment , while NT 3 may direct the subsequent maturation of granule cells . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophin expression in rat hippocampal slices : a stimulus paradigm inducing LTP in CA 1 evokes increases in BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs . ^^^ We report that stimulation inducing long term potentiation ( LTP ) in the CA 1 pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus evokes significant increases in both BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs in CA 1 neurons . ^^^ No changes in BDNF or NT 3 mRNA levels were seen in the nonstimulated regions of the pyramidal cell layer or the dentate . ^^^ Given that known effects of NGF ( and presumably of BDNF and NT 3 ) include elevation of neurotransmitter levels , elevation of sodium channels , and promotion of axonal terminal sprouting , activity associated changes in neurotrophin levels may play a role in regulating neural connections in the adult as well as the developing nervous system . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are members of a family of trophic factors designated the neurotrophins , each of which can bind to the low affinity NGF receptor ( LNGFR ) . ^^^ NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and LNGFR were each expressed in septal and hippocampal reaggregates as well as the native septum and hippocampus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The recent cloning of new members of the nerve growth factor ( NGF ) family , namely brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , as well as the ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) has greatly expanded our knowledge of the structural properties and neurotrophic activities of these proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Like the structurally related proteins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , NT 3 also binds to the low affinity NGF receptor , a molecule that we suggest to designate low affinity neurotrophin receptor ( LANR ) . ^^^ NT 3 dissociates from the LANR much more rapidly than BDNF , and more slowly than NGF . ^^^ The binding of labelled NT 3 to the LANR can be reduced by half using a concentration of BDNF corresponding to the Kd of BDNF to the LANR . ^^^ In contrast , the binding of NT 3 to its high affinity neuronal receptors can only be prevented by BDNF or NGF when used at concentrations several thousand fold higher than those corresponding to their Kd to their high affinity neuronal receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have determined the specificity of our antiserum in relation to other members of the NGF neurotrophin family and found no cross reactivity with brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ These NGF independent DRG neurons likely require one of the more recently identified neurotrophins , BDNF or NT 3 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have examined the molecular structure of the related neurotrophic factors brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) by physical methods , including gel filtration , velocity sedimentation , sedimentation equilibrium , urea gel electrophoresis , fluorescence spectroscopy , and far ultraviolet circular dichroism . ^^^ In solutions of guanidine hydrochloride , BDNF and NT 3 undergo slow unfolding between 3 and 5 M concentration of denaturant . ^^^ In this respect , BDNF and NT 3 resemble other polypeptide growth factors whose receptors are also integral protein tyrosine kinases . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Analysis of the trkB gene product , gp145trkB , in NIH 3T3 cells indicates that this tyrosine kinase receptor is rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues upon exposure to the NGF related neurotrophic factors BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ Furthermore , gp145trkB specifically binds BDNF and NT 3 in NIH 3T3 cells and in hippocampal cells , but does not bind NGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These mitogenic effects are absolutely dependent on expression of gp140trk receptors , but do not require the presence of the previously described low affinity NGF receptor . gp140trk also serves as a receptor for the related factor neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , but not for brain derived neurotrophic factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we show that brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and NT 3 , but not NGF , can induce rapid phosphorylation on tyrosine of gp145trkB , one of the receptors encoded by trkB . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 can induce DNA synthesis in quiescent NIH 3T3 cells that express gp145trkB . ^^^ Cotransfection of plasmids encoding gp145trkB and BDNF or NT 3 leads to transformation of recipient NIH 3T3 cells . ^^^ In these assays , BDNF elicits a response at least two orders of magnitude higher than NT 3 . ^^^ Finally , 125I NT 3 binds to NIH 3T3 cells expressing gp145trkB ; binding can be competed by NT 3 and BDNF but not by NGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TrkB mediates BDNF / NT 3 dependent survival and proliferation in fibroblasts lacking the low affinity NGF receptor . ^^^ The neurotrophins ( nerve growth factor [ NGF ] , brain derived neurotrophic factor [ BDNF ] , neurotrophin 3 [ NT 3 ] , and neurotrophin 4 [ NT 4 ] ) have been defined by their ability to support neuronal survival . ^^^ Here we demonstrate that TrkB mediates survival and proliferation in response to both BDNF and NT 3 when expressed in a particular strain of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts , with BDNF the more potent ligand . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are structurally related proteins that allow the survival of specific populations of embryonic vertebrate neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , the related trkB protein and the LNGFR have been shown to bind brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) with an affinity of Kd 10 ( 9 ) M . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NT 3 , BDNF , and NGF in the developing rat nervous system : parallel as well as reciprocal patterns of expression . ^^^ To obtain insight into the site and stage specificity of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) action in vivo , we compared the expression patterns of the genes for these three related neurotrophic factors as well as for the NGF receptor in developing and adult rats . ^^^ NGF expression varies during the development of discrete CNS regions , but not in any consistent manner compared with NT 3 and BDNF . ^^^ Despite the dramatic variations , NT 3 , BDNF , and NGF do share one striking similarity high level expression in the adult hippocampus . ^^^ Our observations are consistent with the idea that NT 3 , BDNF , and NGF have paralleled as well as reciprocal roles in vivo . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Widespread expression of BDNF but not NT 3 by target areas of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are homologs of the well known neurotrophic factor nerve growth factor . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are homologs of the well known neurotrophic factor nerve growth factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A variety of findings seem to functionally link brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , while distinguishing both of these factors from the third member of the neurotrophin family , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) . ^^^ Here we demonstrate that all three of these neuronal survival molecules bind similarly to the low affinity NGF receptor , but that BDNF and NT 3 , unlike NGF , do not act via the high affinity NGF receptor . ^^^ However , both BDNF and NT 3 , but not NGF , bind to full length and truncated forms of a receptor like tyrosine kinase , trkB , for which no ligand had previously been identified . ^^^ In addition to binding BDNF and NT 3 , trkB can mediate functional responses to both of these neurotrophins when it is expressed in PC 12 cells , although BDNF appears to be the more effective ligand . ^^^ Thus trkB encodes an essential component of a functional receptor for BDNF and NT 3 , but not for NGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The purification of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , the elucidation of its primary structure , and the subsequent identification of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) ended the monopoly of NGF as the only well characterized , target derived neurotrophic molecule . ^^^ NGF , BDNF and NT 3 are members of a gene family called neurotrophins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To study the expression of NGF and its homologs , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , postmortem samples of hippocampus from AD and control donors were examined by in situ hybridization . ^^^ Hybridization signal for BDNF , but not NGF or NT 3 , was decreased in samples of hippocampus from donors with AD . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These genes are highly related to the trk proto oncogene and encode tyrosine protein kinases which serve as functional receptors for the NGF related neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophic 3 ( NT 3 ) , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The three members of the neurotrophin family ( NGF , BDNF and NT 3 ) are synthesized as large precursor proteins which undergo proteolytic processing to yield biologically active , mature neurotrophic factors . ^^^ Both domains are partially conserved between the propeptides of NGF proteins isolated from different species as well as BDNF and NT 3 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are two recently cloned neurotrophic factors that are homologous to NGF . ^^^ Here we describe the molecular cloning of the human and rat genes encoding BDNF , as well as the isolation of the human NT 3 gene . ^^^ On the basis of comparison of our genomic and cDNA clones with those of previously isolated BDNF and NT 3 genes and cDNAs , we make inferences about the structures of processed transcripts derived from the neurotrophin genes and the protein precursors they encode . ^^^ We demonstrate that the mature form of BDNF is identical in all mammals examined , and that the same is true of the mature form of NT 3 . ^^^ Furthermore , the respective tissue distributions and neuronal specificities of NT 3 and BDNF are also conserved among mammals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The cellular localization of mRNAs for nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , in the rat central olfactory system was evaluated with in situ hybridization of 35S labeled cRNA probes . ^^^ BDNF mRNA expression in these areas appeared more robust than that of NGF mRNA , while NT 3 mRNA was not detectable . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we describe the influence of limbic seizures upon the expression of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , 2 related neurotrophic factors , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and several neuropeptides ( enkephalin , dynorphin , and neuropeptide Y ) in the rat forebrain . ^^^ Recurrent seizures are found to increase levels of mRNAs for NGF and BDNF and to decrease levels of mRNA for NT 3 within select hippocampal neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A PCR cloning strategy based on homologies between NGF and BDNF has allowed us to identify and clone a third member of the NGF family which we have termed neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ Using primary cultures of various PNS and CNS regions of the developing chick and rat , and Northern blot analysis , we describe novel neuronal specificities of BDNF , NT 3 and an unrelated neurotrophic factor ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CNTF differs distinctly from known neurotrophic molecules such as NGF , BDNF and NT 3 in both its molecular characteristics ( CNTF is a cytosolic rather than a secretory molecule ) and its broad spectrum of biological activities . ^^^ In contrast to CNTF , the members of the neurotrophin gene family ( NGF , BDNF and NT 3 ) do not support the survival of motoneurons in culture . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This family of growth factors includes in addition to NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 . ^^^ TrkB serves as a receptor for both BDNF and NT 4 , and TrkC is the primary receptor for NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , present in minute amounts in the adult central nervous system , is a member of the nerve growth factor ( NGF ) family , which includes neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ NGF , BDNF and NT 3 all support survival of subpopulations of neural crest derived sensory neurons ; most sympathetic neurons are responsive to NGF , but not to BDNF ; NT 3 and BDNF , but not NGF , promote survival of sensory neurons of the nodose ganglion . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , present in minute amounts in the adult central nervous system , is a member of the nerve growth factor ( NGF ) family , which includes neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Evolutionary conservation of members of the NGF family in vertebrates was studied by DNA sequence analysis of PCR fragments for NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 from human , rat , chicken , viper , Xenopus , salmon , and ray . ^^^ The NT 4 gene encodes a precursor protein of 236 amino acids , which is processed into a 123 amino acid mature NT 4 protein with 50 % 60 % amino acid identity to NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) is closely related to two known neurotrophic agents , NGF and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and acts upon overlapping , yet distinct , populations of peripheral ganglia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are small , basic , secretory proteins that allow the survival of specific neuronal populations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sequence homologies between NGF and the recently cloned brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) were used to design a strategy that has now resulted in the cloning of a gene encoding a novel neurotrophic factor , termed neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ The distribution of NT 3 messenger RNA and its biological activity on a variety of neuronal populations clearly distinguish NT 3 from NGF and BDNF , and provide compelling evidence that NT 3 is an authentic neurotrophic factor that has its own characteristic role in vivo . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RNase protection assay revealed the presence of nerve growth factor , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNAs and the regulation of their expression during embryonic development of rat metanephros . ^^^ NT 3 induced differentiation ( neurite outgrowth ) and survival ( inhibition of apoptosis ) of the neuronal precursors in cultured nephrogenic mesenchymes and neuronal differentiation in cultured whole kidneys , whereas NT 4 / 5 , brain derived neurotrophic factor , and nerve growth factor were without effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 3 induce intracellular Ca2+ elevation in hippocampal neurones . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 , but not NGF , rapidly increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations in these neurones ten fold to reach 1 microM . ^^^ Moreover in some of the neurones both BDNF and NT 3 elicited Ca2+ responses , indicative of the presence of functional receptors for these neurotrophins in the same cell . ^^^ These results demonstrate the presence of functional receptors for BDNF and NT 3 in hippocampal neurones . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 , but not NGF , up regulate the cholinergic phenotype of developing motor neurons . ^^^ In this study , we found that , unlike NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) stimulated cholinergic phenotype by increasing choline acetyltransferase ( CAT ) activity in cultures enriched with embryonic rat motor neurons . ^^^ Cotreatment with BDNF and NT 3 resulted in an additive effect , suggesting that signal transduction was mediated through different high affinity receptors tyrosine kinases B and C ( Trk B and Trk C ) . ^^^ Supporting our findings that spinal cholinergic neurons are responsive to trophic actions of members of the neurotrophin family , motor neuron enriched cultures were found to express mRNA for Trk B and Trk C , which have been identified as high affinity receptors for BDNF and NT 4 / 5 , and NT 3 , respectively . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Infusions of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , but not nerve growth factor , into the rat midbrain significantly elevated the tail flick response latency . ^^^ These data demonstrate both an effect of BDNF and NT 3 on serotonergic neurons and an analgesic property of these neurotrophins which appears to involve both serotonin and opioid mechanisms . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three experimental methods radioimmunoassay ( RIA ) , enzyme linked immunoassay ( ELISA ) , and slot blots detected no significant cross reactivity between the antibodies and BDNF or NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We tested the ability of BDNF or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) to exert similar protective effects in vivo during chronic delivery of 6 OHDA to the rat neostriatum . ^^^ Chronic infusions of BDNF or NT 3 ( 12 micrograms / day ) above the substantia nigra were started 6 days before and continued during an 8 day chronic intrastrial infusion of 6 OHDA . ^^^ Compared with supranigral infusions of vehicle , BDNF and NT 3 decreased the number of these ipsiversive rotations by 70 and 48 % and increased by 20 and 10 fold , respectively , the number of contraversive rotations observed after amphetamine injection . ^^^ When challenged with the DA receptor agonist apomorphine , BDNF and NT 3 treated animals also exhibited a seven and 3 . 5 fold increase in the number of contraversive rotations relative to the vehicle group , respectively . ^^^ Thus , BDNF and to a lesser extent NT 3 reverse rotational behavioral deficits and augment striatal DA and 5 HT metabolism in a partial DA lesion model . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effects of NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , BDNF plus NT 3 and LIF on substance P ( SP ) mRNA levels were analysed in axotomized dorsal root ganglia ( DRGs ) in vivo by quantitative in situ hybridization . ^^^ Neither BDNF ( 10 micrograms ) nor NT 3 ( 10 micrograms ) alone had any effect . ^^^ However , co administration of BDNF together with NT 3 ( 10 micrograms ) distinctly reversed the decrease in SP mRNA . ^^^ Moreover , SP expression is regulated by several growth factors in vivo such as NGF , BDNF plus NT 3 as well as the neuroimmune factor LIF . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins promote neuronal survival by signalling through Trk receptor tyrosine kinases : nerve growth factor signals through TrkA , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin ( NT ) 4 through TrkB and NT 3 through TrkC . ^^^ During the mid embryonic period , NT 3 promoted the survival of as many trigeminal and nodose neurons as the preferred neurotrophins , NGF and BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Monoamine activated alpha 2 macroglobulin inhibits choline acetyltransferase of embryonic basal forebrain neurons and reversal of the inhibition by NGF and BDNF but not NT 3 . ^^^ As little as 0 . 35 microM monoamine activated alpha 2M can suppress the ChAT activity , whereas either nerve growth factor ( NGF ) or brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , but not neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , stimulates ChAT expression of these cells . ^^^ The addition of either NGF or BDNF to the alpha 2M suppressed cells can increase ChAT activity back to its normal levels , while NT 3 can not . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A novel rapid biological screening procedure allowed the identification of NT 3 mutants that are able to signal efficiently through the non preferred receptors trkA and trkB , which are specific for NGF and BDNF respectively . ^^^ Mutation of only seven residues in NT 3 resulted in a human neurotrophin variant which bound to all receptors of the trk family with high affinity and efficiently supported the survival of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 dependent neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the interaction of alpha 2M with nerve growth factor beta ( NGF beta ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , and ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) under apparent equilibrium conditions . ^^^ Noncovalent binding of NGF beta , NT 3 , NT 4 , and BDNF to native alpha 2M and alpha 2M methylamine ( a conformationally modified form of alpha 2M that is recognized by the alpha 2M receptor ) reached apparent equilibrium in less than 20 min at 37 degrees C . ^^^ Apparent KD values for the binding of NT 4 , NGF beta , NT 3 , and BDNF to alpha 2M methylamine were 61 , 110 , 120 , and 150 nM , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The lesion induced a rapid die back of the axons , which could be prevented by BDNF and to a lesser extent by neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A combination of BDNF and NT 3 promotes supraspinal axonal regeneration into Schwann cell grafts in adult rat thoracic spinal cord . ^^^ Here , we tested the ability of exogenous brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) to promote axonal regeneration in this novel model . ^^^ Our results clearly demonstrate that BDNF and NT 3 infusion enhanced propriospinal axonal regeneration and , more significantly , promoted axonal regeneration of specific distant populations of brain stem neurons into grafts at the mid thoracic level in adult rat spinal cord . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sensory neurons of the embryonic mouse trigeminal ganglion are transiently supported by brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and NT4 / 5 during the earliest stages of target field innervation before they become dependent on nerve growth factor ( NGF ) for survival . ^^^ Trigeminal neurons cultured before they show any response to NGF survived with BDNF , NT 3 , or NT4 / 5 well beyond the switchover period . ^^^ When these early neurons were switched from BDNF , NT 3 , or NT4 / 5 to NGF after various times in culture they died as rapidly as neuro trophin deprived neurons . ^^^ Neurons that were switched from BDNF , NT 3 , or NT4 / 5 to NGF in cultures set up at stages throughout the switchover period exhibited an NGF survival response that improved with age . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and NT 4 / 5 share similar protein structures and biological functions and interact with two different types of cell surface proteins , the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases , and the p 75 , or low affinity neurotrophin receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In cultured neocortical neurons , BDNF and neurotrophin 5 ( NT 5 ) remarkably increased levels of neuropeptide Y and somatostatin , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) also increased these peptides but required higher concentrations . ^^^ At elevating substance P , however , NT 3 was as potent as BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The potential role of neurotrophins was tested by treating slices of developing visual cortex with NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , or NT 4 and by subsequently visualizing the dendrites of pyramidal neurons using particle mediated gene transfer . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , NT 3 and ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) were tested for their ability , both individually and in combination , to support neuronal survival . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , NT 3 and ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) were tested for their ability , both individually and in combination , to support neuronal survival . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have analyzed the effect of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) , basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) and transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) on the modulation of neuroactive substances co expressed by avian chromaffin cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Levels of mRNA for c fos , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , TrkB , and TrkC were studied using in situ hybridization in the rat brain at different reperfusion times after unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion ( MCAO ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The corresponding TrkB peptide exhibited the same effects with respect to brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , indicating that all three TrkB ligands utilize this same binding site . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , while p 75 deficient E 15 DRG neurons did not change their response specificity to BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 , P 3 SCG neurons became more responsive to NT 3 at higher concentrations ( nanomolar ranges ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The assay was sensitive to levels of NT 3 below 10 pg / ml and does not recognize nerve growth factor ( NGF ) or brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Complementary roles of BDNF and NT 3 in vestibular and auditory development . ^^^ The physiological role of BDNF and NT 3 in the development of the vestibular and auditory systems was investigated in mice that carry a deleted BDNF and / or NT 3 gene . ^^^ BDNF was the major survival factor for vestibular ganglion neurons , and NT 3 , for spiral ganglion neurons . ^^^ Lack of BDNF and NT 3 did not affect ingrowth of nerve fibers into the vestibular epithelium , but BDNF mutants failed to maintain afferent and efferent innervation . ^^^ These results show that BDNF and NT 3 are crucial for inner ear development and , although largely coexpressed , have distinct and nonoverlapping roles in the vestibular and auditory systems . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 3 , but not NGF , elicited significant changes in several properties of spontaneous synaptic currents ( SSCs ) , indicative of more mature synapses . ^^^ Moreover , BDNF and NT 3 increased the levels of the synaptic vesicle proteins , synaptophysin , and synapsin 1 in the spinal neurons . ^^^ These results suggest that BDNF and NT 3 promote functional maturation of synapses . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Axonal growth and fasciculation linked to differential expression of BDNF and NT 3 receptors in developing cerebellar granule cells . ^^^ In the developing cerebellum , young granule neurons in the external germinal layer respond preferentially to BDNF , while mature neurons within the inner portion of the cerebellum respond preferentially to NT 3 . ^^^ The salient feature of the developmental switch is a change in the ration of mRNA transcripts encoding functional BDNF and NT 3 receptor tyrosine kinases . ^^^ The ratio of the BDNF receptor trkB to the NT 3 receptor trkC reverses from 5 : 1 in neonatal cerebellum to 1 : 3 in adult cerebellum . ^^^ However , activation of BDNF and NT 3 receptors in cerebellar granule neurons do not give equivalent biological responses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The survival promoting potency of NT 4 / 5 was equivalent to that of BDNF and stronger than that of NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent studies have shown that kindling induces synthesis of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) but not neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in the hippocampus and cortex . ^^^ Intraventricular infusion of affinity purified anti NGF IgGs ( which cross react with NT 3 but not BDNF ) resulted in both significant retardation of kindling and inhibition of the kindling induced mossy fiber sprouting . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To date , four NTFs have been characterized : nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In vitro , cultured human smooth muscle cells express BDNF ; NT 3 ; and trk A , B , and C . ^^^ In human coronary atherosclerotic lesions , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 , and the trk B and trk C receptors could be demonstrated in smooth muscle cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The activity of AF 1 and AF 2 was not mimicked by several defined factors tested over a broad concentration range , for example , NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , CNTF , taurine , retinoic acid , acidic or basic fibroblast growth factors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NT 3 and brain derived neurotrophic factor promote the maturation of neurons derived from stem cells that have been grown in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RNA transcripts of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) , and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) were detected from IMS 32 cells by RT PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Firstly , several members of the nerve growth factor family have been identified : NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We studied the development and regulation by sensory input of the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF and NT 3 in the developing rat visual system . ^^^ In the lateral geniculate nucleus ( LGN ) , NT 3 mRNA was also transiently expressed , whereas NGF and BDNF mRNA ' s did not vary significantly during development . ^^^ These receptors for BDNF and NT 3 , respectively , were expressed at birth , with little change during development . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also find that all of the Trks display similar dose responses to their `` preferred ' ' ligands in neuronal as compared with nonneuronal cells ( i . e . , NGF for TrkA , BDNF and NT 4 / 5 for TrkB , and NT 3 for TrkC ) , providing evidence against a role for accessory molecules expressed in neurons in generating receptors that would allow for responses to lower concentrations of the neurotrophins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effects of peripherally administered RA ( 64 or 640 micrograms / kg ; i . p . ; q . d . ) on the abundance of APP , the ratio of the three major isoforms , and the relative abundance of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) were determined by rtPCR in the hippocampus of aged rats . ^^^ No significant change in either NGF , NT 3 , or BDNF transcripts were observed following low or high dosage RA administration relative to cyclophilin RNA nor was a change in ChAT activity detected at either of the dosages tested . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential distribution of exogenous BDNF , NGF , and NT 3 in the brain corresponds to the relative abundance and distribution of high affinity and low affinity neurotrophin receptors . ^^^ To evaluate effective means for delivering exogenous neurotrophins to neuron populations in the brain , we compared the distribution and transport of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) following intracerebral delivery . ^^^ There were striking differences between BDNF , NGF , and NT 3 in their penetration through brain tissue . ^^^ After ICV injection , NGF was widely distributed in tissues around the ventricles and at the surface of the brain , whereas the penetration of BDNF into brain tissue was distinctly less than that of NGF , and the penetration of NT 3 was intermediate . ^^^ Corresponding to their differences in penetration , NGF was retrogradely transported by basal forebrain cholinergic neurons after ICV or intrastriatal delivery , whereas NT 3 was transported by a few basal forebrain neurons after ICV delivery , and BDNF was rarely detected in neurons after ICV delivery . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) bound to the LRM 3 cassette of TrkB , whereas NGF did not . ^^^ A more precise mapping of the region ( s ) responsible for binding BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 identified the second leucine rich motif of TrkB as a functional unit capable of binding all three neurotrophins . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) bound to the LRM 3 cassette of TrkB , whereas NGF did not . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and NT 5 stimulated sphinomyelin hydrolysis with similar kinetics in p75NTR NIH 3T3 cells . ^^^ Although brain derived neurotrophic factor ( 10 ng / ml ) was slightly more potent than NGF at inducing sphingomyelin hydrolysis , NT 3 and NT 5 induced significant hydrolysis ( 30 35 % ) at 0 . 1 to 1 ng / ml in p75NTR NIH 3T3 cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The goal of this study was to compare the rescue effects of the four known neurotrophins [ nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) ] and two of the cytokines [ ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) and leukaemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) ] in one particular experimental model of spinal motoneuron degeneration at two different survival times . ^^^ One week after lesion , the neurotrophins BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 , but not NGF , equally enhanced motoneuron survival compared to controls ; their effects were significantly better than those of the cytokines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) and BDNF , but not neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or NGF , promoted neurite extension and survival of differentiated cerebellar granule cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cultured hippocampal neurons show responses to BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 , but not NGF . ^^^ Cultures of embryonic day 18 ( E 18 ) hippocampal neurons were also found by Northern analysis to express trkB and trkC but not trkA , indicating potential responsiveness to brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and NT 4 , but not NGF . ^^^ Phosphorylation experiments indeed showed that BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 produced rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of Trk proteins , as detected by immunoprecipitation using a pan Trk specific antibody , whereas NGF produced no detectable tyrosine phosphorylation in hippocampal cultures . ^^^ While we observed no major effect of any of the neurotrophins upon the survival of E 18 hippocampal neurons , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 , but not NGF , produced marked increases in the number of neurons expressing detectable levels of either calbindin or AChE . ^^^ NT 3 produced the greatest increase in the number of calbindin positive neurons , whereas BDNF and NT 4 produced the greater increase in the number of AChE positive neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , we examined the effects of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins comprise a family of related molecules including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins ( nerve growth factor , NGF ; brain derived neurotrophic factor , BDNF ; neurotrophin 3 , NT 3 ; and neurotrophin 4 , NT 4 ) are dimeric molecules which share approximately 50 % sequence identity . ^^^ Here , we report the 10 ray structure at 2 . 3 A resolution of one such heterodimer , between human BDNF , and human NT 3 . ^^^ The NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 protomers share the same topology and are structurally equivalent in regions which contribute to the dimer interface in line with the propensity of the neurotrophins to form heterodimers . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
D 3 regulates NT 3 , NT 4 but not BDNF mRNA in astrocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 are all members of a structurally related family of molecules that function to prevent the death of embryonic neurons during development . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using site directed mutagenesis , we have identified positively charged surfaces in BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 that mediate binding to p75LNGFR . ^^^ Unexpectedly , loss of low affinity binding in NT 4 , but not in BDNF or NT 3 , affected receptor activation and biological activity in neuronal cells co expressing p75LNGFR and TrkB , suggesting a role for p75LNGFR in regulating biological responsiveness to NT 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
When COS cells were cotransfected with expression plasmids for nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , the appropriate heterodimers were detected in the conditioned medium by immunoprecipitation and , in the case of NGF . ^^^ These data provide evidence that NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 are capable of forming heterodimers when coexpressed in mammalian cells and suggest that such heterodimers are likely to be formed in vivo when a single cell expresses multiple neurotrophins . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TrkB is relatively promiscuous in vitro , acting as a receptor for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) and , to a lesser extent , NT 3 ( refs 3 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are structurally related survival and differentiation factors for distinct sets of peripheral and central neurons . ^^^ Northern blots detected BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs in fibroblasts derived from lung ( WI 38 ) , calvarium and foreskin . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are structurally related survival and differentiation factors for distinct sets of peripheral and central neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we show that BDNF and neutrotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , but not NT 3 itself , up regulate NT 3 mRNA in cultured hippocampal neurons . ^^^ In the rat hippocampus , the muscarinic receptor agonist , pilocarpine increased BDNF mRNA levels rapidly and those of NT 3 with a delay of several hours . ^^^ Injection of BDNF into neonatal rats elevated NT 3 mRNA in the hippocampus which demonstrates that BDNF is able to enhance NT 3 expression in vivo . ^^^ The regulation of NT 3 by BDNF and NT 4 enlargens the neurotrophic spectrum of these neurotrophins to include neuron populations responsive primarily to NT 3 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Other Growth Factors ( GFs ) , called ' neurotrophins ' ( BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 , NT 5 ) also exert similar effects on specific neural cell population . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our research has focused on one possible mechanism , the developmental interactions between estrogen and the neurotrophins ( nerve growth factor [ NGF ] , brain derived neurotrophic factor [ BDNF ] and neurotrophin 3 [ NT 3 ] ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and NT 4 / 5 are important in a variety of developmental processes in the peripheral and central nervous systems . ^^^ Isoforms of p140trkA , p145trkB ( trkB ) , and p140trkC ( trkC ) , are the primary high affinity receptors for BDNF and NT 3 , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 promote survival and morphological and biochemical differentiation of striatal neurons in vitro . ^^^ The neurotrophins , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , were compared for their effects on the survival and differentiation of embryonic rat striatal neurons grown in low density cultures . ^^^ Treatment with NT 3 or NT 4 / 5 produced a 2 to 3 fold increase in the number of calbindin positive neurons and an increase in GABA positive cell number similar to that induced by BDNF , BDNF treatment produced a striking morphological differentiation of striatal GABAergic neurons , which was characterized by a doubling of the number of neurite branch points , the total area of aborization and the perikaryal area compared to control cultures . ^^^ Our results show that BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 promote the survival and / or differentiation of calbindin immunopositive and GABAergic striatal neurons . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cultures were maintained in vitro in the presence of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrohin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) or no added growth factors . ^^^ BDNF and , to a lesser extent , NT 3 also increased both proximal parameters and parameters of differentiation , but were without effect on parameters of neuritic size and complexity . ^^^ These findings demonstrate that BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 influence the morphological differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in vitro , suggesting they may play a role in the structural development and plasticity of these neurons in the mesencephalon . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Increasing evidence indicates that nerve growth factor ( NGF ) exerts effects on cells of the immune system , but the possible immunomodulatory effect of other neurotrophins ( brain derived neurotrophic factor , BDNF ; neurotrophin 3 , NT 3 ; and NT 4 / 5 ) has not been studied . ^^^ Neurotrophins act on responsive cells by binding a low affinity pan neurotrophin receptor ( p 75 ) , and more specific high affinity receptors ( gp140trkA , gp145trkB and gp145trkC considered as preferred signaling transduction receptors for NGF , BDNF and NT 3 , respectively ) . ^^^ Present results suggest that NGF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 may act in PIC and indirectly in lymphocytes , whereas BDNF and NT 4 / 5 could control macrophages . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Binding of neurotrophins to receptors encoded by the gene family trk initiates signal transduction into the cell . trkA interacts preferably with nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , trkB with brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) and trkC with neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ Chimeras of trkC where this domain was exchanged for the homologous sequences from trkB or trkA gained high affinity binding to BDNF or NGF respectively , while deletion of this domain in trkC or trkA abolished binding to NT 3 or NGF respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The preferential expression of PV in NT 3 dependent type A neurons is unique in comparison to the expression of PV and the other calcium binding proteins in DRG neurons surviving in vitro in the presence of NGF or BDNF . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pan neurotrophin 1 ( PNT 1 ) is a synthetic trophic factor engineered by combining active domains of the neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) into an NT 3 backbone . ^^^ PNT 1 was shown to efficiently block the chemical crosslinking of NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 to their cognate Trk receptors and to the low affintiy NGF receptor expressed on neuronal and nonneuronal cells . ^^^ PNT 1 also promoted survival of a greater number of embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurons than any of the other neurotrophins alone , and its effects were equivalent to a combination of NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By studying evolutionarily conserved amino acid sequences not shared by NT 3 and NGF and excluding parts which have been examined in earlier work with NGF and BDNF chimeras as well as taking advantage of the crystallographic data available for NGF , we decided to exchange three specific blocks of two or three amino acids in the human NT 3 backbone for the corresponding residues in NGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The recent molecular cloning of BDNF and CNTF based on traditional protein purification and protein sequencing and the identification and cloning of NT 3 and NT 4 by homology cloning strategies has led to a tremendous flurry of interest in the biology of these proteins and initiation of studies to assess their potential utility in neurological disorders ranging through degenerative disease , stroke and ischemia , trauma and peripheral neuropathies . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
After spinal cord hemisection in newborn rats , the exogenous administration of neurotrophic factors brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , prevents the retrograde cell death of axotomized red nucleus neurons ( and other brain stem spinal neurons ) in vivo . ^^^ Rescue of red nucleus neurons was maintained in the presence of BDNF , but only transiently maintained by NT 3 and NGF . ^^^ The application of exogenous NT 3 , but not NGF or BDNF , rescued Clarke ' s nucleus neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The p 75 neurotrophin receptor serves as a receptor for all known neurotrophins , including NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , NT 3 regulation is independent of neuronal activity , but it is up regulated by thyroid hormones and BDNF . ^^^ The latter observation suggests that NT 3 might be controlled indirectly by neuronal activity via BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 bind to p 75 with similar affinity , p 75 may either act as a common subunit in a neurotrophin receptor complex with trk family members , or act by independent mechanisms to mediate biological actions of each neurotrophin . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The genes encoding brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) are all expressed in the adult rat hippocampus . ^^^ In this study we have used in situ hybridization to investigate the adrenal steroid regulation of the mRNAs encoding the neurotrophic factors BDNF , NT 3 , and bFGF , their respective receptors , and the growth associated protein GAP 43 . ^^^ There was evidence for glucocorticoid modulation of the BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs in pyramidal cell layers and in the dentate gyrus , but not of the mRNAs encoding the trkB , trk C or bFGF receptors . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A very different pattern of expression of NTFs was found locally : ( a ) upregulation of NGF and BDNF mRNAs expression was prevented in a spherical region of 1 2 mm diameter around the injection site , ( b ) a delayed increase in NT 3 mRNA levels , beginning at 12 h and lasting for at least 4 days after the administration of QUIN , was found in the same region , in cell layers showing neurodegeneration . ^^^ Pretreatment with the non competitive NMDA antagonist MK 801 ( 2 mg / kg , 30 min before the insult ) , partially blocked the increase in both BDNF and NGF mRNAs , as well as the decrease in NT 3 , in the contralateral hippocampus . ^^^ Treatment with the AMPA / kainate antagonist NBQX ( 30 mg / kg , 15 and 5 min before , and 10 min after the insult ) did not influence the effect of QUIN upon NGF or BDNF mRNA levels , although it partially prevented the hippocampal contralateral decrease in NT 3 mRNA . ^^^ In conclusion , the present study strongly supports previous work concerning different regulation of BDNF / NGF respect to NT 3 in seizure inducing paradigms . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have also shown that NGF , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) mRNA were present at all stages examined ( stages 23 through 45 for DRG , stages 35 36 and 45 for SG ) . ^^^ In DRG , NGF mRNA expression was limited to support cells , whereas NT 3 and BDNF mRNA were detected in both neurons and support cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To obtain insight into which subpopulations of sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia are supported by different neurotrophins , we retrogradely labeled cutaneous and muscle afferents in embryonic day 9 chick embryos and followed their survival in neuron enriched cultures supplemented with either nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ We found that NGF is a wide survival factor for subpopulations of both cutaneous and muscle afferents , whereas the survival effects of BDNF and NT 3 are restricted primarily to muscle afferents . ^^^ These new data show that BDNF and NT 3 dependent cells appear to be a mixture of two populations of neurons : one small diameter and the other large diameter . ^^^ Thus , BDNF and NT 3 may have some new , previously unreported effects on small diameter afferent neurons . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To explore the potential use of these and other neurotrophic factors as therapeutic agents in human motoneuron diseases , we have examined the effects of the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) and the cytokines CNTF and cholinergic differentiation factor / leukemia inhibitory factor ( CDF / LIF ) and combinations of these factors on fetal human spinal cord neurons grown for 7 10 days in monolayer cultures . ^^^ The level of choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT ) was determined in cultures grown in the presence of NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 , CNTF , or CDF / LIF or with combinations of these factors . ^^^ A combination of the three factors CNTF , BDNF , and NT 3 or the four factors CNTF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 increased ChAT levels by four fold , an effect greater than any individual factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cultures of dissociated striatal neurons from fetal rats were prepared , and were grown in the presence of neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) as well as the other known neurotrophins , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ NT 3 was less effective than NT 4 / 5 and BDNF , and its effects were limited to cultures prepared from embryonic day 15 rats , suggesting a role in the regulation of cell survival at early developmental stages . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To test whether the neurotrophins also function in the mature nervous system , the effects of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , and neurotrophic factor 3 ( NT 3 ) on the strength of synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices were determined . ^^^ Application of BDNF or NT 3 produced a dramatic and sustained ( 2 to 3 hours ) enhancement of synaptic strength at the Schaffer collateral CA 1 synapses ; NGF was without significant effect . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 decreased paired pulse facilitation , which is consistent with a possible presynaptic modification . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These findings demonstrate that BDNF and NT 3 are stress responsive genes and raise the possibility that alterations in the expression of these or other growth factors might be important in producing some of the physiological and pathophysiological effects of stress in the hippocampus . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Antibodies to BDNF ( which block intracellular signaling by BDNF , but not by nerve growth factor , NT 3 , or NT4 / 5 ) reduced the survival of cortical neurons and reversed the VSCC mediated increase in survival . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Protective effects of BDNF and NT 3 but not PDGF against hypoglycemic injury to cultured striatal neurons . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and platelet derived growth factor ( PDGF ) exert trophic effects on striatal neurons in vitro , which raises the possibility that these growth factors might also counteract neuronal death provoked by various insults . ^^^ We have found that BDNF and NT 3 , but neither PDGF AA nor BB , added 24 h before the insult ameliorated hypoglycemic neuronal damage induced by 15 or 24 h of glucose deprivation in rat striatal cell cultures . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 afforded neuronal protection even when administered 8 or 4 h , respectively , after the onset of hypoglycemia . ^^^ Exposure of the cultures to BDNF or NT 3 produced a significant increase in the number of neurons expressing detectable levels of the calcium binding protein , calbindin , suggesting that a stabilization of calcium homeostasis might be implicated in the neuroprotection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have found that preincubation with 1 2 . 5 nM bFGF for 1 6 days significantly protected neurons from excitotoxic damage via NMDA receptors as well as ionotropic non NMDA receptors . bFGF neuroprotection appeared not to be dependent upon neuronal differentiation and was not mimicked by other neurotrophins including BDNF , NT 3 and NGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunoreactive neurons were supported in vitro primarily by brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , to a lesser extent by neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , but not by nerve growth factor ( NGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These neurons express trkB and trkC , the putative neuronal receptors for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) respectively . ^^^ Binding studies using iodinated BDNF and NT 3 demonstrated that both BDNF and NT 3 bind to the cerebellar granule neurons with a similar affinity of approximately 2 10 10 ( 9 ) M . ^^^ The number of receptors per granule cell was surprisingly high , approximately 30 10 10 ( 4 ) and 2 10 10 ( 5 ) for BDNF and NT 3 , respectively . ^^^ Both NT 3 and BDNF elevated c fos mRNA in the granule neurons , but only BDNF up regulated the mRNA encoding the low affinity neurotrophin receptor ( p 75 ) . ^^^ In contrast to NT 3 , BDNF acted as a survival factor for the granule neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NT 3 and BDNF protect CNS neurons against metabolic / excitotoxic insults . ^^^ Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) were recently shown to have biological activity in central neurons . ^^^ In the present study , NT 3 and BDNF attenuated glucose deprivation induced neuronal damage dose dependently in rat hippocampal , septal and cortical cultures . ^^^ Direct measurements of intraneuronal free calcium levels ( [ Ca2+ ] 1 ) and manipulations of calcium influx demonstrated that NT 3 and BDNF each prevented the elevation of [ Ca2+ ] 1 that mediated glucose deprivation induced injury . ^^^ Studies in cultures depleted of glia indicated a direct action of NT 3 and BDNF on neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 ) provide trophic support to subpopulations of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the enzyme linked immunoassay , the anti NGF recognized 2 . 5S NGF at a concentration of 0 . 10 pM , but it did not recognize brain derived neurotrophic factor , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , or NT 4 , at concentrations as high as 10 nM . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 3 rescue sensory but not motoneurones following axotomy in the neonate . ^^^ Consistent with effects in vitro , the neurotrophins BDNF and NT 3 have previously been shown to afford partial rescue of motoneurones at 1 week following axotomy . ^^^ Using stereological quantitative methods we show here that at the longer time point of 3 weeks , local application of BDNF or NT 3 to the proximal stump of a lesioned sciatic nerve failed to rescue motoneurones ( 44 % and 51 % loss , respectively ) , but provided almost complete rescue of the loss of 41 % of DRG neurones seen in L 4 and L 5 of vehicle treated control animals . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) is a recently discovered member of the neurotrophin family of neurotrophic factors which includes NGF , BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
When recombinant brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are purified by reverse phase chromatography , these neurotrophins elute as two distinct peaks . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To determine the role of neurotrophins on the initial development of the avian embryo , RT PCR was used to detect when mRNA for nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , as well as their respective receptors , trkA , trkB , and trkC , is first expressed in the avian embryo . trkA , BDNF , trkB , NT 3 , and trkC mRNA were expressed as early as stage 1 ( `` prestreak ' ' stage ) , while NGF mRNA was not expressed until later in development ( stage 5 , `` notochord ' ' stage ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , but not nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , or neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , was found to increase the proportion of neurons ( neurofilament immunoreactive or neuron specific enolase immunoreactive ) or glia ( S 100 immunoreactive ) ( from 6 . 6 + / 0 . 9 % to 15 . 2 + / 1 . 4 % ; p < 0 . 001 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Despite the development of reactive gliosis , neither up regulation of NGF , nor BDNF or NT 3 mRNA could be detected by solution hybridization in the lesioned site at all times tested . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF and the other known members of the neurotrophin family , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) are conserved as distinct genes over large evolutionary distances . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of high affinity neurotrophin receptors ( TrkA , TrkB , and TrkC ) determines the survival response of different populations of neurons to specific members of the neurotrophin family , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) have recently been reported to exert an acute potentiation of synaptic activity at the amphibian neuromuscular junction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three neurotrophic factors , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) form noncovalent homodimers in solution . ^^^ When the refolded mixture of BDNF and NT 3 was subjected to Mono S cation exchange chromatography , a new peak was observed eluting between NT 3 and BDNF , which accounted for about 30 % of the protein used . ^^^ This new protein species migrated as a single band upon native gel electrophoresis with mobility between that of the NT 3 homodimer and the BDNF homodimer , indicating that a complex had been formed . ^^^ Autophosphorylation assay using TrkB receptor showed that the heterodimer is indistinguishable from the BDNF or NT 3 homodimer in the ability to induce phosphorylation of the receptor . ^^^ A heterodimer between NGF and BDNF is formed but much less effectively than the NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interactions of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and the NT 3 . ^^^ Interactions of three neurotrophin dimers , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and a NT 3 . ^^^ For TrkC , native gels suggested binding of NT 3 , heterodimer , and BDNF but not of nerve growth factor . ^^^ Light scattering / size exclusion chromatography showed complexes with two TrkC receptors per NT 3 dimer and one TrkC per heterodimer but did not detect binding of BDNF to TrkC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cholinergic neurons of the basal nucleus complex ( BNC ) respond to nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , the first member of a polypeptide gene family that also includes brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) . ^^^ NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 are enriched in hippocampus . ^^^ The present investigation was designed to test , in a comparative fashion , the in vivo effects of human recombinant NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 with confirmed activities in vitro on cholinergic and gamma aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) ergic BNC neurons . ^^^ Moreover , NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 had no influence on GABAergic BNC neurons . ^^^ Taken together , these results indicate that , despite their significant sequence homologies and their shared abundance in target fields of BNC neurons , NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 show striking differences in their efficacies as cholinergic trophic factors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These included brain extract ( BEX ) , muscle extract ( MEX ) , conditioned medium from astrocyte cultures ( ACM ) , as well as the following neurotrophic agents : nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , S 100 , insulin like growth factor 1 ( IGF 1 ) , ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) , platelet derived growth factor ( PDGF ) , basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) , and leukemia inhibitory factor ( CDF / LIF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In situ hybridization of trkB and trkC receptor mRNA in rat forebrain and association with high affinity binding of [ 125I ] BDNF , [ 125I ] NT 4 / 5 and [ 125I ] NT 3 . ^^^ The TrkB and TrkC receptor tyrosine kinases have been identified as high affinity receptors for the neurotrophic factors brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) and NT 3 respectively . ^^^ These receptor classes were identified and mapped by the in situ hybridization of antisense riboprobes complementary to portions of the intracellular ( tyrosine kinase ) or extracellular ( ligand binding ) domains of trkB and trkC mRNA , and by the distribution of high affinity [ 125I ] BDNF , [ 125I ] NT 4 / 5 and [ 125I ] NT 3 binding sites in adjacent rat brain sections . ^^^ The distribution of [ 125I ] NT 3 binding sites generally resembled that of trkC hybridization , particularly in the neocortex , striatum and thalamus . [ 125I ] BDNF and [ 125I ] NT 4 / 5 binding sites were more widely distributed and denser than those for [ 125I ] NT 3 , and resembled the trkB hybridization pattern . ^^^ These patterns are consistent with the preferential binding in the brain of TrkC receptors by [ 125I ] NT 3 and of TrkB receptors by [ 125I ] BDNF and [ 125I ] NT 4 / 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interactions between the purified recombinant receptor extracellular domain ( RED ) of the human low affinity neurotrophin receptor ( LANR ) and recombinant human brain derived neurotrophic factor , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neuotrophin 4 / 5 have been studied by chemical crosslinking and circular dichroism . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent work has shown that the survival of the nerve growth factor ( NGF ) dependent trigeminal ganglion neurons of the mouse embryo is promoted by brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) during the early stages of target field innervation ( Buchman and Davies , ( 1993 ) Development , 118 , 989 1001 ) . ^^^ During the mid embryonic period ( E 10 to E 12 ) when the number of sensory neurons is declining due to naturally occurring neuronal death , the neurons of the jugular ganglion and the dorsomedial part of the trigeminal ganglion ( DMTG ) were supported by NGF , the neurons of the ventrolateral part of the trigeminal ganglion ( VLTG ) were supported by BDNF and the nodose ganglion contained a major subset of neurons supported by BDNF and a minor subset supported by NT 3 . ^^^ Earlier in development ( E 6 ) , the survival of DMTG and jugular neurons was additionally promoted by BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 3 widen the scope of neurotrophin activity : pharmacological implications . ^^^ The neurotrophin gene family comprises four structurally related basic proteins , NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 . ^^^ Based on the recent data , some aspects of BDNF and NT 3 neurotrophin activity and their possible role in normal and damaged nervous system are presented . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 3 promoted survival but very limited neuritogenesis by adult auditory neurons in vitro , while NGF , although without a survival effect , evoked a robust neuritic outgrowth response when combined with BDNF . ^^^ Messenger RNAs that encode for NGF , BDNF and NT 3 were detected by RT PCR in RNA extracts from adult cochlear nuclei tissue . ^^^ Based on these in vitro and in vivo findings , we propose NT 3 as the agent of the peripheral target derived survival promoting effect and NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 as mediators of trophic influences originating from the central target ( i . e . cochlear nucleus ) . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The family includes nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show that trkB and trkC mRNAs , encoding the high affinity receptor tyrosine kinases for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , respectively , as well as low affinity nerve growth factor receptor ( p75LNGFR ) mRNA are expressed in the cochleovestibular ganglion ( CVG ) before and during innervation of the target fields . ^^^ Correspondingly , from preinnervation stages onward , BDNF and NT 3 , but neither nerve growth factor ( NGF ) nor neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) mRNAs are expressed in the sensory epithelium of the otic vesicle , the peripheral target field of CVG neurons . ^^^ In explant cultures , neuritogenesis from both the cochlear and vestibular part of the CVG was promoted by BDNF , while NT 3 evoked neurites mainly from the cochlear neurons . ^^^ In dissociated neuron enriched cultures , NT 3 and BDNF promoted survival of overlapping subsets of CVG neurons and , correspondingly , results from in situ hybridization showed that both trkC and trkB mRNAs were expressed in most neurons of this ganglion . ^^^ Based on the spatiotemporal expression patterns and biological effects in vitro , peripherally synthesized BDNF and NT 3 regulate the survival of CVG neurons as well as the establishment of neuron target cell contacts in the early developing inner ear . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Degenerate primers from conserved regions in nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) were used in the polymerase chain reaction to isolate DNA fragments from the chicken BDNF and NT 3 genes . ^^^ Comparison of the chicken BDNF and NT 3 with the corresponding rat molecules showed that the avian molecules are very similar to their mammalian homologues . ^^^ Northern blot analyses of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) from chicken embryos from embryonic day 3 . 5 ( E3 . 5 ) , E4 . 5 , E 8 , E 12 and E 18 showed that expression of both BDNF and NT 3 mRNA peaked at E4 . 5 and decreased at later stages of development . ^^^ Both probes revealed two transcripts ; larger mRNAs of 4 . 5 kilobases ( kb ) for BDNF and 4 . 0 kb for NT 3 predominated over the smaller transcripts of 1 . 4 and 1 . 3 kb , respectively . ^^^ The cellular localization of BDNF and NT 3 mRNA in the E 4 and E 6 embryos was studied by in situ hybridization . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To investigate behavioral and neurochemical effects of neurotrophic factors in vivo , rats received continuous 14 d infusions of either brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , or vehicle unilaterally into the substantia nigra . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 decreased body weights , an effect that was sustained over the infusion period . ^^^ BDNF elevated daytime and nocturnal locomotion compared with infusions of vehicle or NT 3 . ^^^ At 2 weeks , a systemic injection of amphetamine ( 1 . 5 mg / kg , s . c . ) increased the frequencies and durations of rotations contraversive to the side of BDNF and NT 3 infusions . ^^^ BDNF , but not NT 3 , increased dopamine turnover in the striatum ipsilateral to the infusion relative to the contralateral striatum . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Secretory molecules which are expressed in skeletal muscle during embryonic development and which support motoneurons in culture and partially also in vivo include members of the NGF gene family ( BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 ) , FGF 5 , IGF 1 , and LIF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To investigate if different neurotrophins regulate the survival of neurons at successive developmental stages , we studied the effect of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) on the survival of mouse trigeminal neurons at closely staged intervals in development . ^^^ We show that during the earliest stages of target field innervation trigeminal neurons display a transitory survival response to BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs are expressed in the peripheral trigeminal target field before the arrival of the earliest axons and the onset of NGF mRNA expression . ^^^ The levels of BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs peak during the early stages of target field innervation and decline shortly after the loss of neuronal responsiveness to BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Aged rats , displaying impairments in spatial learning and memory associated with marked cellular atrophy of forebrain cholinergic neurons , received intracerebroventricular infusions of one of the four neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , or neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , or a combination of NGF and BDNF , or vehicle . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In situ hybridization was used to study the expression of mRNAs of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neutrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 5 ( NT 5 ) and the components of their high affinity receptors in the early postnatal and adult rat inner ears . ^^^ The present results show that of the neurotrophins examined , NT 3 is the predominant neurotrophin in the adult organ of Corti and BDNF is that in vestibular organs . ^^^ The expression patterns of NT 3 and BDNF mRNAs suggest that these neurotrophins may participate in the maintenance of mature cochleovestibular neurons and they may be involved in the survival response of injured neurons . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) act upon populations of neurons that express specific receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Intraventricular application of BDNF and NT 3 failed to protect nucleus basalis magnocellularis cholinergic neurones . ^^^ Quantitative analysis of ChAT immunoreactive neurones was used to evaluate the protective potential of BDNF or NT 3 against retrograde changes in nucleus basalis magnocellularis ( nbm ) cholinergic neurones after unilateral partial devascularization of the rat neocortex . ^^^ The results indicate that intracerebroventricularly delivered BDNF and NT 3 are not as effective as NGF and aFGF in protection of nbm cholinergic neurones against lesion induced changes in adult rat brain . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By use of chemical cross linking of iodinated neurotrophins , proteins corresponding to trkB , trkC , and p 75 were identified as receptors for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) throughout development . ^^^ This study demonstrates that members of the trk family , previously identified in the CNS on the basis of mRNA transcripts , are present as receptors with specific binding affinities for BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) represents a family of structurally related trophic factors , including brain derived neurotrophin factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , NT 4 , and NT 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , in contrast to chick motoneurons , the survival of isolated embryonic rat motoneurons can be maintained by the neurotrophins BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We now show that ION neurons transport nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) retrogradely and that BDNF and NT 3 support the survival of ION neurons in vivo and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro . ^^^ These data implicate a role for the p 75 receptor in NGF ' s neurotoxicity and indicate that this receptor is involved in the mechanism by which ION neurons respond to BDNF and NT 3 in the target . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) and ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) rescued 20 % 30 % of motoneurons , whereas brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and insulin like growth factor 1 ( IGF 1 ) rescued virtually all motoneurons from axotomy induced death . ^^^ NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , IGF 1 , and CNTF also prevented axotomy induced atrophy of surviving motoneurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 ) , together with nerve growth factor and brain derived neurotrophic factor , are members of the neurotrophin family of proteins , which supports the survival of vertebrate neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
With cultured osteoblastic cells , clone MC3T3 E 1 derived from newborn mouse calvaria , the mRNAs encoding three representative neurotrophins , namely , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , were proved in estimation by the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) method . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our results , showing maximal responsiveness of brain tissue to BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 during early neuronal differentiation and migration , suggest involvement of TrkB in these events . ^^^ During the perinatal period , Trk tyrosine phsphorylation in all brain area was induced very similarly by the TrkB and TrkC ligands brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BNDF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three neurotrophins , BDNF ( brain derived neurotrophic factor ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and NT 5 , may support the survival of both sensory neurons and motoneurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of BDNF and NT 3 mRNA in hair cells of the organ of Corti : quantitative analysis in developing rats . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are synthesized by inner and outer hair cells of the developing organ of Corti . ^^^ To determine if differential expression of BDNF or NT 3 in the inner and outer hair cells correlates with the reorganization of afferent and efferent innervation , we used in situ hybridization techniques to quantify relative levels of transcript biosynthesis in hair cells of developing rats . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 transcription decreases substantially in outer hair cells between E 21 and P 4 when efferent innervation begins , indicating target biosynthesis of these neurotrophins is not likely to be instrumental in efferent target selection . . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are synthesized by inner and outer hair cells of the developing organ of Corti . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Receptors which bind the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 were shown to be present in cochlear and vestibular ganglion cells during development , implying a neurotrophic role for these molecules in the inner ear . ^^^ We have found by in situ hybridization that cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelial cells express BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs , but neither NGF or NT 4 mRNAs , in mouse embryos from embryonic day ( E ) 11 . 5 through postnatal day ( P ) 1 . ^^^ NT 3 mRNA was expressed throughout the sensory epithelium whereas BDNF mRNA appeared to be localized in hair cells ( vestibular ) and epithelial precursors of hair cells ( cochlea ) . ^^^ These data suggest that BDNF and NT 3 play a role in cochleovestibular neuron survival and neurite outgrowth during development in the inner ear . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have studied the presence of receptors for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 and 4 / 5 ( NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 ) by cross linking radioiodinated neurotrophins to specific cell surface receptors . ^^^ The presence of neurotrophin receptors in a wide variety of embryonic and postnatal tissues underlines the significant role of BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 in embryonic and postnatal development . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Solvent denaturation studies were used to compare recombinant human nerve growth factor ( hNGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) to nerve growth factor isolated from mouse submaxillary glands ( mNGF ) . ^^^ The conformational stabilities of the dimeric neurotrophins revealed that mNGF had the lowest conformational stability ( 19 . 3 kcal / mol ) ; hNGF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 had intermediate stabilities , and BDNF had the highest stability ( 26 . 4 kcal / mol ) . ^^^ However , BDNF and NT 3 unfolding and refolding curves were not coincident at pH 7 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Purification and characterisation of a brain derived neurotrophic factor / neurotrophin 3 ( BDNF / NT 3 ) heterodimer . ^^^ The neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are known to exist in solution as non covalently linked homodimeric proteins . ^^^ The formation of BDNF / NT 3 heterodimers was explored using a vaccinia virus expression system . ^^^ Upon co infection of cells with viruses expressing BDNF and NT 3 , we could identify a BDNF / NT 3 heterodimer as a biosynthetic product and separate it from the BDNF and NT 3 homodimers . ^^^ We could also show that the BDNF / NT 3 heterodimers can be formed irrespective of wild type or exchanged prosequences , indicating that prosequence specificity does not influence dimer formation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Many of these interactions are mediated by the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 and the receptor tyrosine kinases encoded by genes of the trk family . ^^^ Subpopulations of sensory neurons do not require NGF for survival , but respond instead to BDNF or NT 3 with enhanced survival . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent findings have led to the identification of BDNF and NT 3 as responsible substances . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To assess the potential effectiveness by which injected neurotrophins can diffuse throughout the brain , we used autoradiographic and immunohistochemical techniques to examine the brain distributions of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) after a single injection into the lateral cerebral ventricle ( ICV ) in rats . ^^^ The distribution of NT 3 after ICV injection was intermediate between that of NGF and BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Examples include the neurotrophins ( NGF , NT 3 , NT 5 , and BDNF ) , bFGF , IGFs , TGFs , TNFs and secreted forms of the beta amyloid precursor protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Levels of mRNA for nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and the tyrosine kinase receptors trkB and trkC have been studied using in situ hybridization in the rat brain after topical application of KCl to the cortical surface ( which induces spreading depression ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have determined that all four known members of the neurotrophin family , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , are capable of forming noncovalent heterodimers . ^^^ Heterodimers between BDNF and NT 3 , BDNF and NT 4 , and NT 3 and NT 4 are stable and show only a very small increase in homodimer content after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study we produced and characterized an antibody to a synthetic peptide and showed that it specifically recognised endogenous rat and recombinant human NT 3 ( rNT 3 ) , but not mouse nerve growth factor and recombinant brain derived neurotrophic factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Treatment of PC 12 cells with brain derived neurotrophic factor or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) failed to activate p21ras , suggesting that binding alone to p75LNGFR is insufficient for ras activation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Atrophy but not death of adult septal cholinergic neurons after ablation of target capacity to produce mRNAs for NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 . ^^^ After near complete ablation of hippocampal neurons , total levels of NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNA measured by quantitative Northern blot analysis in the hippocampal remnant fell significantly , to less than 25 % of control values by 28 d and to less than 9 % by 300 d . ^^^ These findings indicate that in adult rats , target derived NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 do not regulate the survival of septal cholinergic neurons in proportion to the number of target neurons present . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , mRNA levels for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) were slightly decreased during the same period . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TRK B encodes a tyrosine kinase that binds to brain derived neuotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , as well as neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and NT 4 / 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Overlapping and distinct actions of the neurotrophins BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 on cultured dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons of the ventral mesencephalon . ^^^ The neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) were compared for their effects in promoting the survival and / or regulation of expression of phenotypic markers of dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in cultures derived from embryonic rat ventral mesencephalon . ^^^ Seven days of treatment with either BDNF or NT 3 resulted in dose dependent increases in the number of TH positive neurons , with maximal responses of 3 fold and 2 . 3 fold , respectively . ^^^ The effects of BDNF and NT 3 on dopamine uptake activity showed no additivity . ^^^ In marked contrast to BDNF or NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 had no effect on dopamine uptake capacity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we show that brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) increased by approximately 10 fold the NT 3 mRNA levels in cultured cerebellar granule neurons isolated from postnatal rats , whereas nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and NT 3 itself had no effect . ^^^ The effect of BDNF was additive to that of triiodothyronine ( T 3 ) , which also increased NT 3 mRNA in these neurons . ^^^ The drug K252a inhibited the BDNF mediated stimulation of NT 3 expression , suggesting an involvement of trkB receptors . ^^^ Nuclear run on experiments showed that BDNF enhanced NT 3 transcription , whereas the stability of NT 3 mRNA remained unchanged . ^^^ The data presented are the first demonstration that one neurotrophin regulates the expression of another and provide evidence that NT 3 production in granule neurons is regulated by both BDNF and T3 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that motoneurons readily transported NGF , BDNF , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ Furthermore , both trkB and trkC were expressed by E 13 , consistent with a role for BDNF and NT 3 in regulating important developmental events involving motoneurons such as naturally occurring cell death . ^^^ In order to determine which members of the neurotrophin family influence motoneuron survival and to assess the generality of their effects , we evaluated the abilities of NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 to save both spinal and cranial motoneurons after neonatal axotomy . ^^^ Locally applied BDNF and NT 3 could partially prevent the decrease of protein contents in L 4 and L 5 ventral roots which normally follows sciatic nerve transection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Five microliters of cDNA were subjected to PCR amplification using primers specific for sequences of NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and CNTF . ^^^ Results showed that neurons expressed detectable levels of mRNA for NGF in all four cultures ; BDNF and NT 3 mRNA was seen only in two cultures ; CNTF mRNA was not detected in all four cultures . ^^^ Astrocytes expressed mRNA for NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 but not for CNTF in all cultures examined . ^^^ Astrocytic expression of mRNA for NGF , BDNF and NT 3 was found during the active cell proliferation as well as at a phase of mitotic quiescence . ^^^ This study provides evidence that dissociated cell cultures of human neurons produce NGF , BDNF and NT 3 in early stages of their development and that astrocytes are constitutively committed to synthesize neurotrophic factors , NGF , BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rat brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) were engineered for expression in a baculovirus infected Spodoptera frugiperda insect cell system . ^^^ The BDNF and NT 3 from the culture supernatants were purified by ion exchange and reverse phase chromatography to apparent homogeneity . ^^^ The purification procedure yielded approximately 2 mg of pure rat BDNF or NT 3 per liter of culture supernatant . ^^^ In their native conformation , the insect cell produced rat BDNF and NT 3 molecules were homodimers consisting of 119 amino acid polypeptide chains . ^^^ Thus , although the genes transfected into the S . frugiperda cells coded for proBDNF or proNT 3 , the BDNF and NT 3 recovered after purification were > 95 % fully processed , mature protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , survival in LIF treated cultures was compared in the presence and absence of the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , NT 3 , and NT 4 , factors previously shown to target NG sensory neurons , to determine whether the cytokine like factors and neurotrophins act on the same population of ganglion cells . ^^^ In cultures of E16 . 5 ganglia , BDNF , NT 3 , or NT 4 alone each increased cell survival to varying degrees ( BDNF > NT 4 = LIF > NT 3 ) ; NGF , on the other hand , had no effect . ^^^ Combining LIF with BDNF , NT 3 , or NT 4 had only partially additive effects on NG neuron number ( LIF + BDNF , 36 % greater than BDNF alone ; LIF + NT 3 , 21 % greater than LIF alone ; LIF + NT 4 , 49 % greater than NT 4 or LIF alone ; P < 0 . 05 ) , indicating that LIF and these neurotrophins support survival of overlapping subsets of NG neurons in culture . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are members of the nerve growth factor ( NGF ) protein family , also known as the neurotrophins . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 receptors in cell lines and tissue preparations expressing receptors for the 2 neurotrophins have been identified using this affinity crosslinking procedure . ^^^ Like NGF , BDNF and NT 3 crosslinked to the low affinity NGF receptor ( p75NGFR ) on PC 12 cells . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 also crosslinked to cells expressing p145trkB protein , producing an approximately 160 kD neurotrophin receptor complex . ^^^ The broad distribution of BDNF and NT 3 receptors throughout the CNS suggests that neurotrophins may have yet unrecognized functions on specific neuronal populations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunological relationships of NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 : recognition and functional inhibition by antibodies to NGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Down regulation of phosphatidylinositol response to BDNF and NT 3 in cultures of cortical neurons . ^^^ The hydrolysis of phosphatidyl 4 , 5 bisphosphate ( PI ) , which is involved in the transduction mechanism of neurotransmitters and growth factors , is stimulated by brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in primary cultures of fetal brain neurons . ^^^ In the present study we sought to examine the effect of pretreatment with these factors on their acute stimulation capabilities and , furthermore , to substantiate that the effects of BDNF and NT 3 reflect actions on neurons rather than glial cells . ^^^ The growth factors were mutually effective so that BDNF pretreatment abolished the acute response to NT 3 and vice versa . ^^^ PI hydrolysis stimulated by BDNF and NT 3 in cultures grown in presence of cytosine arabinoside C , containing > 95 % neurons , was higher than in cultures containing non neuronal cells , indicating that the neurotrophin stimulation occurs in neuronal cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NT 3 , NT 4 , and more prominently BDNF , induce neurite outgrowth from explant cultures of the E 10 trigeminal ganglia but no neurites are induced by NGF , despite the expression of trkA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using a variety of criteria , the present study compared the neurite and survival promoting properties of this otocyst derived factor ( ODF ) to the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 and ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cholinergic regulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) but not neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNA levels in the developing rat hippocampus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophic factors , like e . g . nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) promote the survival and function of neurones in the peripheral and central nervous system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated the localization of trkB mRNA , which encodes a putative component of high affinity brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or the neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) receptor , in the postnatal rat brain by in situ hybridization histochemistry . ^^^ These findings , together with the developmental profiles of BDNF and NT 3 mRNA expressions , suggest that trkB product ( gp145trkB ) mainly transduces NT 3 signals early in the postnatal period , and BDNF signals later in the period . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have investigated the role of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in the regulation of cell proliferation in the early developing cochleovestibular ganglion ( CVG ) . ^^^ Both BDNF and NT 3 had a powerful mitogenic effect , at doses of 1 5 ng / ml , consistent with an involvement of the high affinity receptor . ^^^ Evidence for the participation of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) / inositol phosphoglycan ( IPG ) signaling system in the mediation of proliferative effects of BDNF and NT 3 is presented . ^^^ Anti IPG antibodies were able to block the growth promoting effects of BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ Both BDNF and NT 3 are proposed as potential candidates for regulation of growth during CVG development , with this mitogenic effect being mediated by the GPI / IPG signaling system . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effects of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) on the differentiation of avian cochleovestibular ganglion and their possible association with the hydrolysis of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) were studied . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 ( 2 ng / ml ) promoted neurite outgrowth in explants of both cochlear and vestibular ganglia . ^^^ This effect on neuritogenesis was stage dependent , reaching a maximum at E 7 for NT 3 and at E 9 for BDNF . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 stimulation of neuronal survival and neurite extension was also demonstrated in dissociated neuronal cell cultures . ^^^ The effect was concentration dependent with saturation of the response occurring at 4 ng / ml for BDNF and at 2 ng / ml for NT 3 , the half maximal effect occurring at 2 and 1 ng / ml , respectively , for the most sensitive stages of the chick cochlear ganglion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The spatio temporal pattern of expression of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and low affinity nerve growth factor receptor ( LNGFR ) genes was analyzed in the postnatal developing cerebellar system of the rat by in situ hybridization histochemistry . ^^^ Brain Res . , 55 ( 1990 ) 288 292 ) we found that NT 3 and LNGFR mRNA peaked early , during the first 2 postnatal weeks , whereas BDNF mRNA peaked later , around postnatal day 20 , in the cerebellar cortex . ^^^ NT 3 mRNA level decreased and BDNF mRNA increased in granule cells concomitantly with their migration and maturation , suggesting a sequential stimulation of these two genes during this developmental process . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Steady state mRNA levels for NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 , and their receptors , LNGFR , trk , trkB , and trkC , were examined in cultured rat Schwann cells . ^^^ NGF , BDNF , and LNGFR mRNAs were expressed in control Schwann cells , but NT 3 , trk , trkB and trkC mRNAs were not . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , we show that RA treatment of neuroblastoma cells induces the expression of TrkB , the receptor for the neurotrophins BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The induction of LTP increases BDNF and NGF mRNA but decreases NT 3 mRNA in the dentate gyrus . ^^^ We have investigated the expression of the mRNAs for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) in the hippocampus before and after induction of long term potentiation ( LTP ) of synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus through stimulation of the perforant path ( PP ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Embryonic cranial sensory and sympathetic neurons from mutant embryos responded normally to NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 at saturating concentrations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition to NT 4 , brain derived neuotrophic factor ( BDNF ) mRNA is also shown to be expressed in the rat embryonic whisker follicles although in a different cellular localization , which combined with previous data on the expression of NGF and NT 3 mRNAs , shows that all four neurotrophins are expressed during development of this structure . ^^^ NT 4 and NT 3 mainly support different neuronal subpopulations , whereas some NT 4 responsive cells appear to respond also to NGF and BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophin family includes NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) . ^^^ To assess the role of the other neurotrophins and the members of the family of Trk signaling neurotrophin receptors , we have here quantified the levels of mRNAs for BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 as well as mRNAs for trkA , trkB , and trkC at different times after transection of the sciatic nerve in adult rats . ^^^ In the denervated gastrocnemius muscle , the level of BDNF mRNA increased , NT 3 mRNA did not change , while NT 4 mRNA decreased . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition to gp145trkB , the pyramidal neuronal cultures expressed transcripts specific for the NT 3 receptor gp145trkC , but not for the high affinity NGF receptor gp140trk or for p75LNGFR , a low affinity receptor for all known members of the NGF family of neurotrophins including the gp145trkB ligands , BDNF and NT 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As with NGF , 125I NT 3 also bound to a second population of sites with lower affinity ( Kd , 2 . 8 nM ) and higher capacity ( Bmax , 170 fmol / mg protein ) . 125I NT 3 binding was not blocked by NGF , or serum proteins , and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) competed for it in a distinctly biphasic manner ( IC 50 values of 230 pM and 37 nM ) . ^^^ Microdensitometry confirmed graphically and by Hill analysis the monophasic displacement of 125I NT 3 and the biphasic displacement of 125I NT 3 binding by BDNF in hippocampus , caudate putamen , neocortex , and olfactory tubercle . ^^^ The unique distribution and pharmacology of 125I NT 3 binding to BDNF sensitive and insensitive sites in brain predict predominantly neuronal actions for these factors that are likely to be more widespread and distinct from those of NGF . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophin gene family , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and NT 4 / NT 5 , supports the survival of distinct peripheral neurons , however , actions upon central neurons are relatively undefined . ^^^ In contrast to NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and the novel neurotrophin , NT 4 , all increased ChAT activity and cholinergic cell survival . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
E 7 and E 14 HNT 3R could be distinguished from each other on the basis of different inhibition patterns of 125I NT 3 binding in the presence of nerve growth factor or brain derived neurotrophic factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Coexpression of mRNAs for NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 in the cardiovascular system of the pre and postnatal rat . ^^^ The expression of NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNAs was examined in whole rat embryos and in the heart and great vessels of postnatal and adult rats , using in situ hybridization of cRNA probes . ^^^ NT 3 expression in the vessels is relatively constant and high from embryonic to adult stages , while levels of BDNF increase and those of NGF decrease over the same time course . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of neurotrophin ( NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 ) mRNAs in 24 cell lines derived from human malignant gliomas was studied by Northern analysis . ^^^ Nearly all cell lines expressed BDNF , and about two thirds of the cell lines expressed NGF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The low affinity nerve growth factor ( NGF ) receptor ( LNGFR ) binds the neurotrophins NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) with similar affinities . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Tyrosine protein kinases trk , trkB and trkC are essential components of the high affinity receptors necessary to mediate biological effects of the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Preliminary characterization of the factor ( s ) present in SME suggests that the active molecule is a protein different from the known neurotrophic factors NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , CNTF , and bFGF , and that its neurotrophic effect is not mediated by direct interaction with the substratum . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Similarly , NGF and BDNF both promoted survival of dissociated neurons from limb and nonlimb segmental levels , whereas NT 3 promoted survival of more neurons from limb compared to nonlimb levels . ^^^ To evaluate this possibility directly , we compared the survival of retrogradely labeled muscle and cutaneous neurons in NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study analyzed the effects of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) on phosphorylation of PLC gamma 1 in primary cultures of embryonic rat brain cells . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 stimulated the phosphorylation of PLC gamma 1 , followed by hydrolysis of PI . ^^^ The stimulation of PLC gamma 1 phosphorylation occurred within 20 s after addition of BDNF or NT 3 and lasted up to 30 min , with a peak after 4 min . ^^^ ED 50 values were similar for BDNF and NT 3 , with approximately 25 ng / ml . ^^^ Phosphorylation of PLC gamma 1 by BDNF and NT 3 was found in cultures from all major brain areas . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Tyrosine phosphorylation , cross linking , and ligand binding assays indicate that TrkC receptors interact with NT 3 and not with the related neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , xNT 4 , or hNT 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Potentiation of developing neuromuscular synapses by the neurotrophins NT 3 and BDNF . ^^^ Here we report that acute exposure to neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , but not nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , rapidly potentiates the spontaneous and impulse evoked synaptic activity of developing neuromuscular synapses in culture . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both assays detected mouse NGF and recombinant human NGF with approximately equal sensitivity , whereas the antibodies showed little cross reactivity with the recombinant human proteins NT 3 and brain derived neurotrophic factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The immunological properties of the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 were compared using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against the beta subunit of mouse NGF . ^^^ Affinity purified anti NGF IgG consistently recognized NGF and NT 3 on Western blots , and inhibited the trophic activity of NGF and NT 3 but not BDNF . ^^^ In contrast , anti NGF monoclonal antibodies did not block the trophic activity of either NT 3 or BDNF . ^^^ These results are consistent with the greater structural overlap between NGF and NT 3 than between NGF and BDNF . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The structural properties of human brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) were studied using sedimentation equilibrium and circular dichroism ( CD ) , fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies , and compared with those of human nerve growth factor ( NGF ) . ^^^ Both NT 3 and BDNF have very hydrophilic surfaces at neutral pH , as indicated by a low binding affinity to a hydrophobic probe , anilinonaphthalenesulfonate . ^^^ Sedimentation equilibrium showed that BDNF , NT 3 , and NGF exist as strongly associated dimers in phosphate buffered saline , pH 7 . 1 . ^^^ Fits of the observed fringe displacements to various association models suggested that the BDNF , NT 3 , and NGF samples contain , in addition to the principal dimeric species , some oligomers , and that NT 3 contains a small fraction of incompetent monomer . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 ) have been shown to support motoneuron survival during embryonic development and , after birth , to protect motoneurons from degeneration after nerve lesion . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 ) have been shown to support motoneuron survival during embryonic development and , after birth , to protect motoneurons from degeneration after nerve lesion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
No such changes in trkB or trkC mRNA were observed ; the abundance of these mRNAs , which encode the receptor tyrosine kinase for NT 4 / 5 and brain derived neurotrophic factor , and NT 3 , respectively , remained at very low levels throughout puberty . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In search of the possible involvement of neurotrophic factors in inherited neurological disease , we examined brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNA expression patterns in the ataxic mutant mouse stargazer ( stg ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The ability of neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) to promote survival of postnatal rat vestibular ganglion neurons ( VGNs ) was examined in dissociated cell cultures . ^^^ Of the four neurotrophins , NT 4 / 5 and BDNF were equally effective but more potent than NT 3 in promoting the survival of VGNs . ^^^ As expected , TrkB IgG ( a fusion protein of extracellular domain of TrkB and Fc domain of human immunoglobulin G ) specifically inhibited the survival promoting , effects by NT 4 / 5 or BDNF and TrkC IgG fusion protein completely blocked that of NT 3 . ^^^ However , if the cultures were co treated with neurotrophins , NT 4 / 5 , BDNF , and NT 3 , but not NGF , prevented or reduced the neurotoxicity of the two ototoxins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The presence of the neurotrophin , nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor , neurotrophin 3 and neurotrophin 4 ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 ) and their receptors of the tyrosine kinase family ( trkA , trkB and trkC ) have been investigated in the choroid plexus and dura mater of the adult rat by ribonuclease protection assay . ^^^ The choroid plexus contained high levels of mRNAs for NGF and NT 4 , and low levels of NT 3 and BDNF mRNA ; and high levels of trkB mRNA , and undetectable levels of trkA and trkC mRNA . ^^^ In the dura mater there were high levels of NT 3 and NGF , and low levels of BDNF and NT 4 mRNAs ; and high levels of trkC mRNA , and relatively high amount of trkB mRNA , while levels of trkA mRNA was undetectable . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Members of the neurotrophin family , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factors ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , are capable of supporting survival of injured CNS neurons both in vitro and in vivo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PURPOSE : To investigate in vivo the survival of retinal ganglion cells ( RGC ) 4 to 14 days after optic nerve ( ON ) transection alone or in combination wih a single intraocular injection of neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , or brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) . ^^^ Seven days later , the left ON was intraorbitally transected , and , in several groups of animals , the left eye received a sham injection or was injected with 5 microliters of 1 % bovine serum albumin phosphate buffered saline alone or containing 5 micrograms of NT 4 , NT 3 , or BDNF . ^^^ Effects of axotomy and intraocular administration of NT 4 , NT 3 , and brain derived neurotrophic factor on the survival of adult rat retinal ganglion cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins BDNF , NT 3 and 4 , but not NGF , TGF beta 1 and GDNF , increase the number of NADPH diaphorase reactive neurons in rat spinal cord cultures . ^^^ However , treatment with the neurotrophins BDNF , NT 3 or NT 4 significantly increased their numbers . ^^^ Treatment with BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 also augmented numbers of NADPH d positive neurons when initiated after three or five days in culture , and became consistently apparent within 24 h . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , members of the neurotrohin family of neurotrophic factors that also include nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 ) , are important in development of the neuronal components of the inner ear . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , members of the neurotrohin family of neurotrophic factors that also include nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 ) , are important in development of the neuronal components of the inner ear . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A variety of such factors has been identified over recent years , among them factors of the NGF gene family , for example BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 and NT 6 , and factors such as CNTF and LIF acting on neuronal target cells via receptor components shared with cytokines such as IL 6 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF was significantly more effective than NT 3 in inducing NPY production , and NGF was ineffective . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cellular processing of the neurotrophin precursors of NT 3 and BDNF by the mammalian proprotein convertases . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Immunocytochemical detection of TrkA , TrkB , and TrkC , as well as the ligands neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , was accomplished on normal human fetal and postnatal intestine . ^^^ In postnatal intestine , BDNF immunoreactivity was primarily localized to enteric ganglion cells , with NT 3 localized to enteric plexuses , intermuscular basal lamina , and along or between circular and longitudinal smooth muscle cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study examined whether chronic pain parenchymal administration of the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or NGF could prevent the severe degenerative loss of serotonergic axons normally caused by the selective 5 HT neurotoxin p chloroamphetamine ( PCA ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have now used neurotrophic factors ( BDNF , NT 4 / 5 , NT 3 , NGF , LIF ) , glutamate receptor antagonists ( MK 801 , DNQX , CNQX ) , an antioxidant ( N ace tyl L cysteine ) , and an NOS inhibitor ( L NAME ) to determine whether the early and late phases of lesion induced RGC death involved similar or different mechanisms . ^^^ NT 4 / 5 and BDNF significantly decreased RGC pyknosis 6 and 24 hr PL , whereas NT 3 was only protective 6 hr PL . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) selectively bind to distinct members of the Trk family of tyrosine kinase receptors , but all three bind with similar affinities to the neurotrophin receptor p 75 ( p75NTR ) . ^^^ The effect was selective for NGF ; NF kappa B was not activated by BDNF or NT 3 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pre clinical studies in animal models have demonstrated the likely efficacy of factors such as NGF for small fibre sensory neuropathy , BDNF , CNTF and IGF 1 for motor neurone disease , and NT 3 for large fibre neuropathy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The specificity of neurotrophin action is determined by their selective interaction with the different members of the Trk family ; TrkA , TrkB , and TrkC serve as cognate receptors for nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , respectively . ^^^ Unlike nerve growth factor and brain derived neurotrophic factor , NT 3 can to some extent also bind and activate non cognate TrkA and B receptors , although the physiological relevance of these interactions is unclear . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also show that BDNF and NT 3 were transported efficiently at low doses , whereas NGF was transported significantly only at higher doses . ^^^ The transport of BDNF and NT 3 was reduced by high concentrations of NGF or by antibodies to either trkB or the p 75 neurotrophin receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The ability of the neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) to promote neuronal survival and phenotypic differentiation was examined in dissociated cultures from embryonic day 16 rat cerebellum . ^^^ A subpopulation of these neurons , the Purkinje cells , identified by calbindin staining , was increased to an equivalent extent , approximately 200 % , following BDNF , NT 4 / 5 or NT 3 treatment . ^^^ The number of GABAergic neurons , identified by GABA immunoreactivity , was greatly increased by treatment with BDNF ( 470 % ) and moderately by NT 4 / 5 ( 46 % ) , whereas NT 3 was without effect . ^^^ BDNF , NT 4 / 5 , and NT 3 , but not NGF , induced the rapid expression of the immediate early gene c fos . ^^^ After 4 days in vitro , both BDNF and NT 3 induced the formation of c fos protein in calbindin immunopositive neurons , whereas NT 4 / 5 did not . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This effect is neutralized by NGF and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , but not by brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) . ( 3 ) The combination of SCF and any neurotrophin tested ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 ) is trophic for melanogenic cells , whereas SCF alone does not detectably affect melanogenesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that early hypothyroidism disrupted the developmental pattern of expression of the four neurotrophins , leading to relatively higher levels of NGF and neurotrophin 4 / 5 mRNAs and to a severe deficit in NT 3 and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) mRNA expression , without alteration in the levels of the full length tyrosine kinase ( trk ) B and trkC receptor mRNAs . ^^^ Grafting of P 3 hypothyroid rats with cell lines expressing high levels of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or BDNF prevented hypothyroidism induced cell death in neurons of the internal granule cell layer at P 15 . ^^^ In addition , we found that NT 3 , but not BDNF , induced the differentiation and / or migration of neurons in the external granule cell layer , stimulated the elaboration of the dendritic tree by Purkinje cells , and promoted the formation of the mature pattern of synaptic afferents to Purkinje cell somas . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
An early function for NT 3 on immature DRG neurons is supported further by data presented here that demonstrate that whereas BDNF and NGF can support a subset of immature DRG neurons in vitro , activation of the trkC receptor either by NT 3 binding or via antibody mediated cross linking induces the most robust survival response . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chicken NGF , BDNF and NT 3 have been cloned and sequences have been used to synthesize oligonucleotides for specific localization of expression during development . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that treatment with brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , or neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) causes the transient retention of multiple synaptic contacts on neonatal myofibers . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We used in situ hybridization for the detection of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNAs combined with immunocytochemistry against the calcium binding proteins parvalbumin ( PARV ) , calbindin 28k ( CALB ) , and calretinin ( CALR ) to determine the expression of neurotrophins in functionally distinct subsets of hippocampal interneurons . ^^^ Small subsets of PARV and CALR positive cells expressed NT 3 mRNA , but we did not find hippocampal interneurons expressing BDNF mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This receptor can be activated by three different neurotrophins : BDNF , NT 4 / 5 and NT 3 . ^^^ While the previously described trkB receptor ctrkB Long ( ctrkB L ) and trkB S receptors were activated similarly by BDNF , trkB S interacted poorly with NT 4 / 5 and NT 3 as measured by ligand binding , ligand induced autophosphorylation and ligand dependent activation of p21ras . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Grafts of fibroblasts genetically modified to secrete NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , or basic FGF elicit differential responses in the adult spinal cord . ^^^ We genetically modified primary rat fibroblasts to produce either nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , or basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) , then grafted these neurotrophic factor secreting cells into the central gray matter of the spinal cord in adult rats . ^^^ From 2 wk to 6 mo later , sensory neurites of dorsal root origin extensively penetrated NGF , NT 3 , and bFGF producing grafts , whereas BDNF secreting grafts elicited no growth responses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two neurotrophic factors , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , are able to produce a long lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In situ hybridization showed a transient increase ( maximum at 2 h ) of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , TrkB and TrkC mRNA levels and reduction ( maximum at 12 24 h ) of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNA expression in dentate granule cells after the seizures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the current study , we determined whether human adult CNS derived OLs could be protected from the above immune effector mechanisms by selected neurotrophic factors ( CNTF , BDNF , NGF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 ) or cytokines demonstrated to protect from human or experimental autoimmune demyelinating diseases ( beta interferon [ IFN ] , IL 10 , and TGF beta ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To investigate the influences of growth factors on axonal regeneration in the mammalian CNS , we used intracellular tracers to quantitate the effects of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin ( NT ) 4 / 5 , or NT 3 on individual retinal ganglion cell ( RGC ) axons in the retinas of adult rats after optic nerve transection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NT 3 and / or BDNF therapy prevents loss of auditory neurons following loss of hair cells . ^^^ In situ hybridization and neuronal cell culture studies as well as analyses of the inner ears of neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor gene knockout mice have shown that NT 3 and BDNF mediate both the development and survival of auditory neurons . ^^^ In this study guinea pigs were exposed to the ototoxic combination of an aminoglycoside antibiotic and a loop diuretic and then received 8 weeks of intracochlear infusion of either NT 3 , BDNF or NT 3 + BDNF to determine whether site specific application of these neurotrophins could prevent the loss of auditory neurons that follows a loss of auditory hair cells . ^^^ Infusion of either NT 3 or NT 3 + BDNF into the scala tympani resulted in a > 90 % survival of auditory neurons while BDNF infusion yielded a 78 % survival rate , compared with a 14 24 % neuronal survival rate in untreated ototoxin exposed cochleae . ^^^ These results show that loss of auditory neurons that occurs subsequent to a loss of auditory hair cells can be prevented by in vivo neurotrophin therapy with either NT 3 or BDNF . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Dissociated cell cultures of early postnatal spiral ganglia were used to investigate the effects of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) on maturing auditory neurones . ^^^ BDNF was the most potent stimulator of neuritogenesis , NT 3 provided the strongest support for neuronal survival , while NGF supported limited neuritogenesis , and only at pharmacological levels . ^^^ These findings suggest that both BDNF and NT 3 participate in the postnatal maturation of cochlear innervation and that NGF is most probably not involved in this process . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNA expression were measured in a rodent model of traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) following unilateral injury to the cerebral cortex . ^^^ To obtain reliable data on the co expression of neurotrophin genes , adjacent coronal sections from the same rat brains were hybridized in situ with BDNF and NT 3 cRNA probes . ^^^ Our results suggest that TBI produces rapid increases in BDNF mRNA expression in rat brain without changes in NT 3 mRNA expression , a finding which differs from studies of ischemia and seizures . ^^^ It is possible that increased levels of BDNF mRNA rather than NT 3 are important components of pathophysiological responses to TBI . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF , BDNF and NT 5 , but not NT 3 protect against MPP+ toxicity and oxidative stress in neonatal animals . ^^^ In the present study we examined whether systemic administration of members of the neurotrophin family , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 5 ( NT 5 ) and basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) could protect against 1 methyl 4 phenylpyridinium ( MPP+ ) induced striatal damage in neonatal rats . ^^^ Systemic administration of NGF , BDNF and NT 5 produced significant neuroprotective effects , whereas NT 3 was ineffective . ^^^ Systemic administration of NGF , BDNF and bFGF , but not NT 3 attenuated MPP+ induced increases in hydroxyl radical generation as assessed by the conversion of salicylate to 2 , 3 or 2 , 5 dihydroxybenzoic acid ( DHBA ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Induction of long term potentiation ( LTP ) in the dentate gyrus of awake rats triggered a rapid ( 2 hour ) elevation in tyrosine kinase receptor ( trkB and trkC ) gene expression and a delayed ( 6 24 hour ) increase in brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) gene expression . ^^^ Specifically , trkB and NT 3 mRNA elevations were restricted to granule cells in the ipsilateral dentate gyrus , whereas bilateral increases in trkC , BDNF , and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) mRNA levels occurred in granule cells and hippocampal pyramidal cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In mammals this gene family encompasses NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophins 3 and 4 / 5 , ( NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 ) . ^^^ The neurotrophins initiate signal transduction in responsive cells by ligand induced dimerization and activation of one of the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases ; NGF being specific for TrkA , BDNF and NT 4 / 5 for TrkB , and TrkC the preferred receptor for NT 3 . ^^^ In vitro and in vivo studies , and transgenic mice baring targeted null mutations of the neutrophin genes have established that BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 , like NGF , play critical roles as classical target derived survival factors for subclasses of developing sensory neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF , NT 3 and basic FGF were found to mediate this environmental signalling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NT 3 also increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of 42 , 44 , 49 , 55 , 95 , and 145 kDa proteins ; the pattern induced by brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) was similar but not identical to that induced by NT 3 , suggesting that subtle differences may exist in signaling by TrkB and TrkC receptors . ^^^ The effects of both NT 3 and BDNF on Ca2+ levels were attenuated in Ca ( 2+ ) free medium , suggesting that both neurotrophins increase Ca2+ flux across the plasma membrane as well as release from internal stores . ^^^ Despite the activation of ras MAP kinase and phosphoinositide signaling pathways , neither NT 3 nor BDNF alone or in combination could sustain hippocampal pyramidal neurons deprived of glial support . ^^^ We conclude that in this system NT 3 and BDNF do not appear to be acting as classical `` neurotrophic ' ' factors and that activation of the MAP kinase pathway is insufficient for the promotion of neuronal survival . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We used sensitive and specific two site enzyme immunoassays to assess age associated changes in levels of three neurotrophins++ + nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in the hippocampus of Fischer 344 rats . ^^^ The levels of BDNF and NT 3 increased further 2 6 months after birth , whereas NGF content declined during this period , and the altered protein levels of all three neurotrophins were maintained 6 18 months postnatally . ^^^ In contrast to the patterns of protein expression , BDNF mRNA levels increased during both of these periods , and the NT 3 mRNA levels appeared to decline . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 3 , but not NGF , prevent axotomy induced death of rat corticospinal neurons in vivo . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) have been identified as survival factors for adult axotomized rat corticospinal neurons ( CSN ) in vivo . ^^^ Intraparenchymal application of BDNF or NT 3 at doses of 12 microg / day for 7 days via an osmotic minipump fully prevented the axotomy induced death of CSN . ^^^ Interestingly , no neuronal atrophy was seen after BDNF application while NT 3 had only a partial effect on the size of the axotomized CSN . ^^^ These findings show that BDNF and NT 3 are survival factors for adult rat CSN in vivo , and may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies aiming at the prevention of CSN degeneration in human motor neuron diseases . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cultures were exposed to brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or NT 4 / 5 for 24 h upon plating followed by factor washout . ^^^ As determined by immunohistochemical staining and phosphotyrosine blotting , the functional responses to acute stimulation with BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 , including c Fos induction and phosphorylation of Trk and extracellular signal regulated kinase ( ERK ) proteins , were significantly decreased after 6 days in culture by prior exposure to BDNF . ^^^ Exposure to NT 3 or NT 4 / 5 at the same concentrations as BDNF did not down regulate any of the measured cellular responses or TrkB protein and / or trkB and trkC mRNA levels . ^^^ At least in vitro , this leads to long term functional desensitization to BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 , as well as down regulation of trkB and trkC mRNA . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Autocrine paracrine regulation of hippocampal neuron survival by IGF 1 and the neurotrophins BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 . ^^^ Under the latter conditions , both insulin like growth factor 1 ( IGF 1 ) and neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) rescued a large proportion of cultured neurons . ^^^ Blocking antibodies against NT 3 and IGF 1 decreased hippocampal neurons depend for survival on local neurotrophic factors such as IGF 1 , BDNF and NT 3 , which act in an autocrine / paracrine manner . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Microglia were also responsive to neurotrophins : brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and NT 3 increased [ 3H ] thymidine incorporation in vitro , and NT 3 promoted proliferation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interactions of neurotrophic factors GDNF and NT 3 , but not BDNF , with the immune system following fetal spinal cord transplantation . ^^^ At 5 day intervals , 0 . 5 microgram of GDNF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or cytochrome c ( CC ) was injected into the anterior chamber of the eye and the sizes of the transplants were measured for the Sprague Dawley rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 5 ( NT 5 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , were studied in vitro in a coculture model of human skeletal muscle myotubes and rat embryo spinal cord explants , which enables the different steps of functional innervation to be followed , including neurite outgrowth , synapse formation and induction of contractile activity . ^^^ We found that NT 3 , NT 5 , BDNF , but not NGF simultaneously induced a significant increase in the number and length of neurites emerging from spinal cord explants , the number of endplates per muscle fiber , and the area of innervated muscle fibers around each spinal cord explant . ^^^ These results suggest that neurotrophins NT 3 , NT 5 and BDNF enhance spinal cord motoneurons potential of innervation . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These factors include two members of the neurotrophin family : brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ An in vitro model of early postnatal rat organ of Corti / spiral ganglion explants was used to study the effects of deprivation and supplementation of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , BDNF , and NT 3 on neuronal survival . ^^^ BDNF affected early neuronal survival , whereas NT 3 was the most important survival factor for maturing auditory neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To address this question , primary cultures enriched in DGCs were prepared by microdissecting hippocampal slices from neonatal rats and growing dissociated cells in defined media with added nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT4 / 5 ) , ciliary neurotrophic factor , basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) , or vehicle . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins ( NTs ) , such as nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and NT 3 , are required for survival of certain neurons , and thus their clinical use to counteract age and pathology associated neurodegeneration has been suggested , although mechanistic descriptions for NT cell rescue from apoptosis are not definitive . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using the RNase protection assay , we have found that nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are expressed in the avian retina during development . ^^^ Abundant levels of NGF and BDNF but low levels of NT 3 mRNA were found in the adult retina . ^^^ We also found that light / darkness regulated the levels of NGF and BDNF mRNAs but not the levels of NT 3 mRNA in the 5 day old chicken retina . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This increase in dopaminergic cell survival was not mimicked by GDNF , BDNF or NT 3 within the initial 3 days of cultivation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Known neurotrophins in the nigrostriatal system include brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) which exert biological effects after high affinity binding to their respective tyrosine kinase receptors , trkB and trkC . ^^^ The distinct spatiotemporal developmental profiles of trkBTK+ and trkC mRNA suggest that their respective ligands BDNF and NT 4 / 5 , and NT 3 , may have specialized functions in striatal neuronal development . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also observed that both NT 3 mRNA and bFGF mRNA levels were unaffected , but the BDNF mRNA levels was significantly reduced in CET rat hippocampus [ 18 ] . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By contrasts , neurotrophin dependence switched at E14 . 5 such that BDNF had no survival activity but NGF , NT 3 , and NT 4 supported survival of the same neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Opposing effects of morphine and the neurotrophins , NT 3 , NT 4 , and BDNF , on locus coeruleus neurons in vitro . ^^^ To examine the potential regulation of LC ontogeny by opiates and neurotrophins , we studied the effects of morphine and NT 3 , NT 4 , and BDNF on the survival and differentiation of LC neurons from prenatal rats in dissociated cell culture . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , to investigate whether this up regulation is connected with the trophic effects on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons , we examined the effects of some other neurotrophic agents ( BDNF , NT 3 , bFGF , CNTF , and 40 mM KCI ) upon ChAT activity and trkA gene expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this article we compare the mRNA levels for neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 ) and their high affinity receptors ( trkA , trkB , trkC ) in cultures enriched in specific glial types , such as microglia , type 1 astroglia , and cells of the O / 2A lineage ( type 2 astroglia and oligodendroglia ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are members of the family of neurotrophins that are highly expressed in the adult hippocampus , and to a lesser extent , in the cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb . ^^^ When CBF neurons were selectively and completely destroyed by intraventricular injection of 192 IgG saporin , resulting in a cholinergic deafferentation of the hippocampus , cortex , and olfactory bulb , there were no significant changes in NGF , BDNF and / or NT 3 mRNA levels in these areas from 1 week to 5 months after the lesion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Septal neurons from embryonic day 14 15 rats exposed for 10 14 d to neurotrophin [ nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , or neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , each at 100 ng / ml ] showed a two to threefold increase in choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT ) activity , with little evidence of synergistic interactions . ^^^ However , with very low plating densities ( 2 28 cells / mm2 ) BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 ( but not NGF ) increased total neuronal survival , and BDNF increased survival of AChE positive neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recombinant BDNF was detected at concentrations as low as 10 pg / ml , whereas the EIA did not detect NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 , or NGF at concentrations as high as 100 ng / ml . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Among these factors , the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and NT 4 / 5 but not nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , can prevent embryonic and postnatal motoneuron cell death in a variety of experimental paradigms . ^^^ However , the survival of motoneurons during embryonic development is not reduced in the absence of BDNF , NT 3 or NT 4 , as revealed by gene knockout experiments . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are important for the regulation of survival and differentiation of distinct , largely non overlapping populations of embryonic sensory neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are both expressed in developing cerebellum in addition to their tyrosine kinase receptors . ^^^ The granule neurons however , express both TrkC and Trk B receptors which suggests a basic difference in signaling between BDNF and NT 3 in these neurons . ^^^ Here we have studied whether this difference can be attributed to the presence of alternative TrkC receptor variants on the granule neurons and which signaling pathway is specifically activated by BDNF but not by NT 3 in these neurons . ^^^ In addition , NT 3 was able to phosphorylate the BDNF receptor , TrkB but only at higher concentration ( 50 ng / ml ) . ^^^ There were also distinct differences in the activation of intracellular molecules by BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF , BDNF and NT 3 play unique roles in the in vitro development and patterning of innervation of the mammalian inner ear . ^^^ RT PCR of E 11 through E 14 otocyst CVG RNA extracts have shown that NGF as well as BDNF and NT 3 are expressed in the developing inner ear ( in situ RT PCR on tissue sections of E 12 otocysts localized all three neurotrophins to the otocyst ) . ^^^ To evaluate the functional significance of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 expression , E10 . 5 otocyst CVG explants were treated with antisense oligonucleotides and compared to sense treated and control cultures . ^^^ Confocal microscopic analysis revealed that treatment with BDNF antisense resulted in extensive neuronal cell death , downregulation of NGF caused an inhibition of neuritogenesis and a decrease in the neuronal population of the CVG , whereas treatment with NT 3 antisense resulted in a loss of target directed CVG neuritic ingrowth in this in vitro model . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This chapter reviews recent studies on : ( a ) the specificity of NT 3 for proprioceptive sensory neurons in vitro , and the ability of NT 3 to attenuate deficits arising from large fibre sensory neuropathy ; and ( b ) synergistic actions of BDNF and CNTF towards motor neurons in vitro and the ability of BDNF CNTF co treatment to arrest motor neuron disease in the Wobbler mutant mouse . ^^^ The clinical potential of NT 3 in peripheral neuropathies and of BDNF CNTF co treatment in motor neuron disease is highlighted . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Their cognate ligands nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) act as survival and trophic factors for neurons in the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Northern blot analysis indicated that mRNA levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) were significantly elevated about 1 . 5 fold in the hippocampus of ODC transgenic mice as compared with control animals . ^^^ The levels of BDNF , NGF and NT 3 mRNA were also elevated in the kidneys of the transgenic mice . ^^^ The expression pattern of BDNF mRNA and of trkB and trkC ( high affinity receptors for BDNF and NT 3 respectively ) immunoreactivity in the hippocampal formation did not reveal significant differences . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Other neurotrophins such as brain derived neurotrophin factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) did not induce cell death . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To test the biological function of transgenes transferred through adenoviral vectors , we have constructed vectors with cDNAs or genes for various neutrophic factors : CNTF , NT 3 , BDNF and GDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The resistance of BFCNs to NGF deprivation provided by cortical neurons could be largely reproduced by addition of other trophic factors ( brain derived neurotrophic factor , BDNF ; neurotrophin 3 , NT 3 ; neurotrophin 4 / 5 , NT4 / 5 ; or glial derived neurotrophic factor , GDNF ) during NGF deprivation in pure BF cultures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using aggregate cultures derived from human fetal cortical hemispheres , we assessed the effect of BDNF on NPY production varying the following experimental conditions : fetal and culture age ; medium composition ( with and without serum ) , dose and duration of exposure to BDNF , and neurotrophin species tested ( BDNF , NT 4 / 5 , NT 3 or NGF ) . ^^^ Under none of these conditions did BDNF , NT 4 / 5 , NT 3 or NGF induce an increase in NPY production . ^^^ By comparison , using aggregate cultures derived from rat fetal cortices , BDNF and NT 4 / 5 were equipotent in inducing NPY production but NT 3 and NGF were essentially ineffective . ^^^ Western blot analyses of human and rat derived aggregates indicated the presence of full length Trk receptors which are tyrosine phosphorylated in response to either BDNF , NT 4 / 5 or NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To study the interrelationships between the convertases furin , PC 1 and PC 2 , and the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF and NT 3 , we compared their mRNA distribution in different tissues . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of mRNAs for neurotrophic factors ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and GDNF ) and their receptors ( p75NGFR , trkA , trkB , and trkC ) in the adult human peripheral nervous system and nonneural tissues . ^^^ The steady state mRNA levels of the four neurotrophic factors of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) and their receptors ( p75NGFR , trkA , trkB and trkC ) in the adult human peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) as well as nonneural tissues were examined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) . ^^^ NGF and BDNF mRNA levels were high in the heart and spleen as well as in the dorsal root ganglia ( DRG ) and spinal cord , showing similar spatial expression patterns , while NT 3 mRNA levels were more pronounced in the liver and spleen . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Initially the neurons survive in response to BDNF and NT 3 and later switch to becoming NGF dependent ( Buchman , 5 . 1 . and Davies , A . ^^^ To determine if this in vitro switch in neurotrophin responsiveness is physiologically relevant , we studied the timing of neuronal death in the trigeminal ganglia of embryos that are homozygous for null mutations in the trkA , trkB and trkC genes , which encode receptor tyrosine kinases for NGF , BDNF and NT 3 , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Later in organogenesis , the NTs NT 3 and BDNF colocalized with their respective receptors in differentiated tubules . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These nerve growth factor like dimeric soluble molecules are basic neurotrophic factors and the five members ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 , NT 5 ) are not related to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effects on spontaneous behaviour after 7 and 14 days of continuous unilateral infusion of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF , 12 micrograms / day ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 , 12 micrograms / day ) into the rat substantia nigra were investigated during the day and night . ^^^ Animals subjected to these treatments were compared to untreated controls and vehicle infused controls that were weight matched for the decreases in body weight produced by BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ BDNF but not NT 3 markedly decreased drinking , suggesting that weight loss in BDNF treated rats may be secondary to hypodypsia , whereas in NT 3 treated rats weight loss was more likely a direct consequence of decreased feeding . ^^^ NT 3 increased limb flicks and mouth movements , but had a smaller effect than BDNF on exploratory behaviour . ^^^ Most of the behavioural effects of the neurotrophins are consistent with the view that BDNF increases activity of both dopaminergic and serotonergic systems within the nigrostriatal system , and that NT 3 increases serotonin activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Intestinal resection specimens from 20 children with HD and from 10 normal age matched controls were evaluated immunocytochemically for the presence of TrkA , TrkB , and TrkC protein , and the neurotrophin ligands brain derived neurotrophic factor [ BDNF ] and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This paper presents a case study of using a multicompartment isoelectric focusing apparatus to determine the isoelectric points and focus preparative quantities of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophic factor 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ Both BDNF and NT 3 have substantially higher pI values in this system than is predicted from sequenced based modeling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Permeability at the blood brain and blood nerve barriers of the neurotrophic factors : NGF , CNTF , NT 3 , BDNF . ^^^ The plasma washout showed a decreasing plasma half life in the order of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) < neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) < ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) < nerve growth factor ( NGF ) . ^^^ The other neurotrophic proteins were all significantly higher than NGF ( CNTF : 9 . 5 10 ; NT 3 : 20 . 8 10 ; BDNF : 18 . 9 10 ) . ^^^ The PS for CNTF ranged from 6 . 0 to 8 . 0 fold higher than NGF ; NT 3 : 10 . 6 to 15 . 2 fold higher ; and BDNF : 11 . 3 to 16 . 4 fold higher . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Signaling pathways and survival effects of BDNF and NT 3 on cultured cerebellar granule cells . ^^^ We investigated the signaling pathways exerted by brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in relation to their survival promoting effects on dissociated cultures of cerebellar granule cells prepared from postnatal 9 day old rats . ^^^ Granule neuron survival in culture was supported by BDNF , but not significantly by either nerve growth factor ( NGF ) or NT 3 . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 resulted in not only the respective autophosphorylation of the Trk receptors , TrkB or TrkC , but also tyrosine phosphorylation of SHC , a protein involved in controlling p21ras activity , and phosphatidylinositol 3 ' ( PI 3 ' ) kinase . ^^^ In parallel , c fos was induced within 30 min , in response to BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins NT 3 and BDNF failed to protect from OKA induced apoptotic neurotoxicity that was , however , totally prevented by insulin like growth factor 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins , including nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , have been shown to enhance survival and differentiation of a variety of central neuronal populations , such as those with the dopaminergic , cholinergic , GABAergic phenotype during development . ^^^ In this paper we present evidence that BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 acting synergistically with dopamine ( DA ) can artificially induce the full dopaminergic phenotype in rat fetal cerebral cortex which normally has very few dopaminergic neurons in adulthood . ^^^ Thus , BDNF / DA , NT 3 / DA , NT 4 / DA elicited a great increase in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase ( TH ) immunoreactive cells , which was up to 5 7 % of total neuronal population in cultures of fetal rat cortical cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
COS 8 augmented the increase of nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor , and NT 3 mRNA expression in the distal stump of the axotomized sciatic nerve . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In mammals , there are four members of the family : NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using in situ hybridization histochemistry , we show that brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNA are expressed in a specific pattern in the taste buds , tongue papillae , and lingual epithelium during development and that expression persists into adulthood . ^^^ NT 3 and mRNA seems to be located in areas other than those where BDNF mRNA is expressed , mainly in the superior epithelial surfaces of circumvallate papillae , the outer surface epithelium of foliate papilae , the superior surface and the lateral epithelium of the fungiform papillae , and the epithelium of the filiform papillae . ^^^ Based on present and prior studies , we suggest that BDNF is needed during initiation and for maintenance of gustatory innervation of taste buds and gustatory papillae and that NT 3 is mainly needed for somatosensory innervation of the tongue . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A high potassium culturing condition has been reported to increase the intracellular calcium concentration ( [ Ca2+ ] 1 ) and the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , which in turn induces the expression of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in these neurons . ^^^ In low potassium cultures , the neurotrophic effect of BDNF approached that found in high potassium cultures but was much more robust than that of NT 3 . ^^^ In contrast , undifferentiated neurons cultured in high potassium medium were much less responsive to BDNF and not responsive at all to NT 3 . ^^^ BDNF , NT 3 , and a high potassium concentration , alone or in combination , were unable to protect neurons treated with nitroprusside at 50 or 100 microM . ^^^ Because nitroprusside neurotoxicity is less robust in high potassium cultures , high potassium induced BDNF expression and subsequent NT 3 expression may participate in its neuroprotection and neurotrophism in these cultures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , K 252b did not potentiate DNA synthesis by submaximal doses of BDNF , NT 4 / 5 , or NT 3 in trkB or trkC expressing NIH3T3 cells , suggesting that the potentiation profile for K 252b was specific for NT 3 in trkA expressing cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CONFOCAL analysis of early postnatal auditory neurones in a bicompartmental culture system was used to test for chemoattractant properties of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 on neuronal process outgrowth . ^^^ However , BDNF was important for the support of neuronal survival in NGF treated cultures and for neuritogenesis in NT 3 treated cultures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We compared the effects of glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) on dorsal root ganglion ( DRG ) sensory neurons to that of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ Iodinated BDNF and NT 3 were transported by medium to large neurons with mean sizes of 501 . 48 and 529 . 27 microns 2 , respectively . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 did not promote any detectable level of neuronal survival despite the fact that they underwent retrograde transport . ^^^ GDNF , NGF , and NT 3 were effective in vitro , while BDNF was not . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Moreover , the expression of functional channels and receptors in primary cultures of progenitor cells is up regulated strongly by growth factors such as BDNF , and NT 3 , whereas sodium and calcium currents in passaged cultures respond to such growth conditions to a lesser extent . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF but not NT 3 or BDNF prevents the A fiber sprouting into lamina 2 of the spinal cord that occurs following axotomy . ^^^ Rats which had undergone sciatic axotomy were treated intrathecally with NGF , BDNF , or NT 3 . ^^^ NGF ( 12 microg / day for 2 weeks ) , but not NT 3 or BDNF , prevented both the axotomy induced reduction in CGRP staining within lamina 2 and the sprouting of A fibers into this region . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Four weeks after spinal cord injury , gel foam saturated with brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) , or saline as a control was placed into the lesion cavity . ^^^ The total number of TB / NY labeled neurons was significantly increased following exposure to BDNF , NT 3 , or CNTF . ^^^ Specific regions most influenced by NT 3 and BDNF were the reticular formation and red nucleus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Application of NT 3 or nerve growth factor produced a rapid and gradual rise in BK current that was sustained for 30 50 min ; brain derived neurotrophic factor , ciliary neurotrophic factor , and insulin like growth factor 1 had no significant effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF , NT 3 , chlorphenylthio cAMP , and depolarization ( veratridine or elevated [ K+ ] o ) all promote survival of SGNs in vitro , depolarization being the most effective . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
All three neurotrophins tested , NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , were capable of supporting survival of pluripotent neural crest cells ( or their closely related progeny ) in the presence of bFGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PURPOSE : To see if cultured human retinal pigment epithelial ( RPE ) cells have the capacity to synthesize neurotrophins , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived growth factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ RESULTS : Cultured human RPE cells were found to express mRNAs for NGF , BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This effect of BDNF is likely to be mediated by the p 75 neurotrophin receptor because : ( 1 ) p 75 immunoreactive protein is expressed by a subset of satellite cells ; ( 2 ) neutralization of p 75 abolishes the BDNF induced stimulation ; ( 3 ) a treatment of non neuronal cell cultures with equimolar concentrations of either soluble NGF or NT 3 also affects the proportion of cells that become SMP positive . ^^^ Whereas NGF stimulates the acquisition of this glial antigen to a similar extent as BDNF , NT 3 inhibits its expression , suggesting that distinct neurotrophins signal differentially through p 75 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
At the developing neuromuscular junction in culture , exogenous application of the neurotrophin BDNF or NT 3 has been shown to acutely potentiate synaptic transmission and chronically promote synapse maturation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
For nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , these are p75NTR ( p 75 ) and p140trk ( referred to as trk or trkA ) , which binds both BDNF and neurotrophin ( NT ) 4 / 5 , and trkC receptor , which binds only NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In mice lacking both BDNF and NT 3 , or both TrkB and TrkC , there is a complete loss of innervation to the inner ear . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Regional specificity of alterations in NGF , BDNF and NT 3 levels in Alzheimer ' s disease . ^^^ Using two site enzyme immunoassays ( EIAs ) , we measured the levels of neurotrophins , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) simultaneously in three brain regions ( motor cortex , dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex ) of patients with Alzheimer ' s disease ( AD ) and control individuals . ^^^ The NGF level in the dentate gyrus of AD patients was higher , whereas the BDNF level in the entorhinal cortex and the NT 3 level in the motor cortex were lower than the corresponding control levels . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Lingual deficits in BDNF and NT 3 mutant mice leading to gustatory and somatosensory disturbances , respectively . ^^^ A combination of anatomical , histological and physiological data from wild type and null mutated mice have established crucial roles for BDNF and NT 3 in gustatory and somatosensory innervation of the tongue , and indeed for proper development of the papillary surface of the tongue . ^^^ BDNF is expressed in taste buds , NT 3 in many surrounding epithelial structures . ^^^ These findings demonstrate distinct roles for BDNF and NT 3 in the establishment of the complex innervation apparatus of the tongue with non overlapping roles for the lingual gustatory and somatosensory systems . ^^^ The distinction between different sensory modalities , being dependent on either BDNF or NT 3 may also have clinical implications . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The TrkB family of transmembrane proteins serve as receptors for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin ( NT ) 4 / 5 , and possibly NT 3 , three members of the neurotrophin family of neurotrophic factors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neuritin message is induced by neuronal activity and by the activity regulated neurotrophins BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , the survival promoting effect of IGF 1 was not attenuated by the addition of K252a , a selective blocker of Trk signaling , indicating that the survival promoting effect of IGF 1 did not require or was not mediated by endogenously produced neurotrophins , such as BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Treatment with brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) induced changes in the metabolic rate of NIH3T3 / trkB cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The tyrosine kinase receptors trkB and trkC are essential components of the high affinity receptors for members of the neurotrophin family , including brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Embryonic precursor cells that express Trk receptors : induction of different cell fates by NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and CNTF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Corticosterone regulates expression of BDNF and trkB but not NT 3 and trkC mRNA in the rat hippocampus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have examined the effects of prolonged post ictal times on the expression of Brain derivered nerve factor ( BDNF ) and Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) following Kainic acid ( KA ) induced seizures . ^^^ BDNF mRNA increased bilaterally 1 and 2 weeks after injections , whereas NT 3 mRNA decreased contralaterally 1 week and bilaterally 2 weeks post injection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NT 4 , BDNF and , to a lesser extent , NT 3 , increased the survival of ganglion cells in our assay , while NGF had no effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Opposing roles for endogenous BDNF and NT 3 in regulating cortical dendritic growth . ^^^ By neutralizing endogenous neurotrophins in organotypic slices of developing cortex with Trk receptor bodies ( Trk IgGs ) , we found that BDNF and NT 3 oppose one another in regulating the dendritic growth of pyramidal neurons . ^^^ In layer 4 , both endogenous and exogenous NT 3 inhibited the dendritic growth stimulated by BDNF . ^^^ In contrast , in layer 6 both endogenous and exogenous BDNF inhibited dendritic growth stimulated by NT 3 . ^^^ These antagonistic actions of endogenous BDNF and NT 3 provide a mechanism by which dendritic growth and retraction can be dynamically regulated during cortical development , and suggest that the multiple neurotrophins expressed in developing cortex represent distinct components of an extracellular signaling system for regulating dendritic growth . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Granule cell mRNA levels for BDNF , NGF , and NT 3 correlate with neuron losses or supragranular mossy fiber sprouting in the chronically damaged and epileptic human hippocampus . ^^^ Granule cell mRNA levels using in situ hybridization for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) ; 2 . neo Timm supragranular mossy fiber sprouting ; and 3 . ^^^ Results showed that compared to non HS cases , HS patients showed increased granule cell mRNA levels for BDNF , NGF , and NT 3 ( p = 0 . 035 , p = 0 . 04 , p = 0 . 045 respectively ; one tail directional test ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using a dissociated cell culture system , we found that bFGF and the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and nerve growth factor differentially affect the expression of the calcium binding protein calbindin in selective neuronal subpopulations in the developing cerebral cortex . ^^^ Specifically , BDNF and NT 3 greatly promoted the morphological differentiation of a relatively small , early generated population of GABAergic neurons and induced the expression of calbindin in these cells . ^^^ Furthermore , treatment with BDNF , NT 3 , and bFGF produced an two to threefold increase in the number of newly generated calbindin positive neurons . ^^^ Our results characterize the roles of BDNF , NT 3 , and bFGF in the expression of calbindin in developing neocortical neurons . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Preliminary results strongly suggest that neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) are also involved in the regulation of cell death , by first promoting necrosis and then protecting the remaining cells from apoptosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These neurons are considered to be maintained by neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and trk family of neurotrophin receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NT 3 and BDNF for potential inner ear therapy ] . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Quantitative analysis of long term survival and neuritogenesis in vitro : cochleovestibular ganglion of the chick embryo in BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 , and insulin . ^^^ CVG cells were explanted from chick embryos after 90 h of incubation into a defined medium containing BDNF , NT 3 , or NT 4 / 5 and an insulin , transferrin , selenium , and progesterone supplement . ^^^ In 0 . 872 microM insulin containing medium the ED 50 for BDNF and NT 3 was 100 pg / ml , whereas the ED 50 for NT 4 / 5 was 600 1200 pg / ml . ^^^ Dose dependent effects of BDNF and NT 3 on explant neuritogenesis were reflected as an initial delay in outgrowth , whereas NT 4 / 5 had no effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Suppressed kindling epileptogenesis and perturbed BDNF and TrkB gene regulation in NT 3 mutant mice . ^^^ In situ hybridization showed 30 % reduction of basal NT 3 mRNA levels and lack of upregulation of TrkC mRNA expression at 2 h after a generalized seizure in dentate granule cells of the NT 3+ / mice , whereas the seizure evoked increase in brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and TrkB mRNA levels was enhanced . ^^^ These results indicate that endogenous NT 3 levels can influence the rate of epileptogenesis , and suggest a link between NT 3 and BDNF gene regulation in dentate granule cells . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent studies have demonstrated that the neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) are induced in hippocampal neurons following the induction of long term potentiation ( LTP ) , a model of memory , and that BDNF and NT 3 ( but not NGF ) can induce LTP like increases in synaptic efficacy . ^^^ Receptors for these neurotrophins have been cloned and characterized and we investigated whether LTP alters the expression of two neurotrophin receptors , trkB ( BDNF receptor ) and trkC ( NT 3 receptor ) in dentate granule neurons of the hippocampus using in situ hybridization analysis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using primary cultures established from murine cerebella at different development stages , we analyzed the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA and the neurotrophins BDNF and NT 3 on nNOS expression in developing granule cells . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 are shown to increase nNOS levels in cultures derived from postnatal , but not in those from embryonic cerebella . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have used enriched dissociated , low density cultures of neonatal rat corticospinal motor neurons to evaluate the survival promoting effect of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) and the ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) . ^^^ Among the other factors tested , we also found that NT 4 and GDNF increased the number of surviving neurons in a dose dependent manner , whereas NGF , BDNF and NT 3 showed no survival promoting effect on corticospinal motor neurons . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Early induction of mRNA for calbindin D28k and BDNF but not NT 3 in rat hippocampus after kainic acid treatment . ^^^ The influence of kainic acid ( KA ) , which induces acute seizures , on expression of mRNA for the calcium binding protein , calbindin D28k , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and early response genes [ c fos , zif 268 ( NGFI A ) , nur 77 ( NGFI B ) ] was examined in rat hippocampus by Northern blot analysis . ^^^ Although calbindin D28k and BDNF mRNAs were induced , a 3 . 4 3 . 8 fold decrease in NT 3 mRNA was observed by Northern analysis 3 24 h after KA treatment . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Infusion of trkB IgG , which binds BDNF and NT 4 / 5 , inhibited the formation of OD patches within layer 4 , while trkA IgG and trkC IgG , which preferentially bind NGF and NT 3 , respectively , had no effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The increased level of BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs were first observed at 6 h and the labeling was enhanced at 24 h and 72 h . ^^^ In MP treated group , the levels of IL 1 beta , BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs were attenuated compared with those of MP untreated SCI group . ^^^ Our data show that MP depress the production of BDNF and NT 3 following SCI , which might be disadvantageous to the survival of spinal neurons . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophin family of polypeptide growth factors , consisting of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , are produced in limited amounts in target areas . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , members of the nerve growth factor ( NGF ) gene family , have been suggested to play a role in experience dependent modification of neural networks in the developing nervous system . ^^^ We recorded layer II / III field potentials and whole cell currents evoked by test stimulation of layer 4 at 0 . 1 Hz in visual cortical slices prepared from young rats ( postnatal day 15 25 ) and observed effects of BDNF , NT 3 , and NGF on these responses . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , members of the nerve growth factor ( NGF ) gene family , have been suggested to play a role in experience dependent modification of neural networks in the developing nervous system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Reproducible standard curves were generated with an EC 50 of approximately 16 ng / ml NGF for gD . trkA KIRA , 11 ng / ml for NT4 / 5 and 20 ng / ml for BDNF in gD . trkB KIRA , and 9 . 4 ng / ml for NT 3 in gD . trkC KIRA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chronic treatment of day 1 cultures with brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) or glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) for 2 days , increased the ACh quantal size of naive motoneurons in a concentration dependent manner , whereas insulin like growth factor 1 ( IGF 1 ) and basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) had no effect , even at high concentrations . 4 . ^^^ Combination of CNTF plus BDNF or CNTF plus NT 3 had synergistic effects in potentiating SSC amplitude of the manipulated synapse of naive neurons , whereas NT 3 plus BDNF , NT 3 plus GDNF , BDNF plus GDNF or CNTF plus GDNF had no synergistic action . 5 . ^^^ Concomitant treatment with BDNF , NT 3 , GDNF , CNTF but not bFGF or IGF 1 , reconstituted the SSC amplitude . 6 . ^^^ Taken together , these findings suggest that BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 , CNTF and GDNF may regulate and maintain the synaptic function of developing motoneurons , and different neurotrophic factors utilizing distinct signalling mechanisms may have synergistic actions . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , HMC 1 cells expressed mRNAs for NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , the cognate ligands for TrkA , TrkB , and TrkC , whereas NGF and BDNF transcripts were detectable in human umbilical cord blood mast cell preparations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF levels were relatively higher than NGF and NT 3 levels in these tissues . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have investigated the phylogenetic relationships of monotremes and marsupials using nucleotide sequence data from the neurotrophins ; nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ The analysis was performed with NGF , BDNF , or NT 3 sequence data used individually as well as with the three neurotrophins in a combined matrix , thereby simultaneously considering phylogenetic information from three separate genes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Minor immunoreactivity in GDNF , BDNF , or NT 3 treated substantia nigra allografts . ^^^ At 5 day intervals , an aliquot ( 0 . 5 microgram ) of GDNF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , or cytochrome C ( CC ) was injected into the anterior chamber of the eye of the recipients , and the sizes of the transplants were measured . ^^^ BDNF treated grafts showed only weak immunoreactivity , and even weaker reactions were seen in grafts treated with NT 3 , GDNF , or CC . ^^^ Ramified microglial cells were found in GDNF treated grafts and to a lesser extent in NT 3 and BDNF treated grafts . ^^^ ED 1 labeled reactive microglial components were found in NT 3 and BDNF treated grafts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Addition of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , but not nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , increased the survival of embryonic Xenopus spinal neurons in culture , although all three neurotrophins enhanced neurite outgrowth . ^^^ When applied as microscopic concentration gradients , both BDNF and NT 3 , but not NGF , induced the growth cone to grow toward the neurotrophin source . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We examined the effects of the neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and BDNF on distal neurite elongation from adult rat dorsal root ganglion ( DRG ) neurons . ^^^ Neurons were plated in the center compartments of three chambered dishes in the absence of neurotrophin , and neurite extension into the distal ( side ) compartments containing NGF , BDNF , or NT 3 was quantitated . ^^^ In contrast to the effects of NGF , no distal neurite elongation was observed into compartments with BDNF or NT 3 . ^^^ To examine possible additive influences , neurite extension into compartments containing BDNF plus NGF or NT 3 plus NGF was quantitated . ^^^ There was no increased neurite extension into NGF plus NT 3 compartments , while the combination of BDNF plus NGF resulted in an inhibition of neurite extension compared with NGF alone . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunofluorescence with anti protein gene product 9 . 5 , anti 200 kDa neurofilament protein ( RT 97 ) , and anti calcitonin gene related product was used to label innervation in mystacial pads from mice with homozygous null mutations for nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , the three tyrosine kinase receptors ( trkA , trkB , trkC ) , and the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor p 75 . ^^^ Second , consistent with the various affinities for particular trk receptors , the elimination of NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 has an impact comparable to or more complex than the absence of their most specific high affinity receptors : trkA , trkB , and trkC , respectively . ^^^ Third , most types of afferents are dependent on a different combination of neurotrophins and receptors for their survival : reticular and transverse lanceolate afferents are dependent upon NT 3 , NGF , and trkA ; Ruffini afferents upon BDNF and trkB ; longitudinal lanceolate afferents upon NGF , trkA , BDNF , and trkB ; and Merkel afferents on NGF , trkA , NT 3 , trkC , and p 75 . ^^^ Fourth , NT 4 and BDNF signaling through trkB may suppress Merkel innervation and NT 3 signaling through trkC may suppress Ruffini innervation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 are members of the neurotrophin family of proteins , which support the survival and induce differentiation of vertebrate neurons . ^^^ BDNF and NT 4 / 5 cause growth cone collapse and transient neurite growth inhibition in NGF dependent or NT 3 dependent rat dorsal root ganglion ( DRG ) neurons but not in BDNF dependent or NT 4 / 5 dependent neurons , whereas NGF and NT 3 do not produce growth cone collapse in these neurons . ^^^ All neurotrophins show a chemoattractive effect on growth cones of embryonic DRG neurons : NGF and NT 3 are chemoattractants for all DRG neurons , except NT 3 dependent and NT 4 / 5 dependent neurons ; BDNF and NT 4 / 5 are chemoattractants only for BDNF dependent DRG neurons . ^^^ BDNF induced and NT 4 / 5 induced growth cone collapse is quantitatively characterized as a 50 % decrease in F actin content , total protein content , and area of growth cones of NGF dependent or NT 3 dependent neurons , and a reorganization of microfilaments . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Alterations in BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs in rat hippocampus after experimental brain trauma . ^^^ Previous studies have suggested that the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are neuroprotective or neurotrophic for certain subpopulations of hippocampal neurons following various brain insults . ^^^ In the present study , the expression of BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs in rat hippocampus was examined after traumatic brain injury . ^^^ Following lateral fluid percussion ( FP ) brain injury of moderate severity ( 2 . 0 2 . 1 atm ) or sham injury , the hippocampi from adult rats were processed for the in situ hybridization localization of BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs using 35S labeled cRNA probes at post injury survival times of 1 , 3 , 6 , 24 and 72 h . ^^^ These results demonstrate that FP brain injury differentially modulates expression of BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs in the hippocampus , and suggest that neurotrophin plasticity is a functional response of hippocampal neurons to brain trauma . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) are crucial target derived factors controlling the survival of peripheral sensory neurons during the embryonic period of programmed cell death . ^^^ The neurotrophins acting on the developing placode derived visceral nodose / petrosal ( N / P ) ganglion neurons are BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 . ^^^ Both NT 3 and NT 4 are crucial during the period of ganglion formation , whereas BDNF acts later in development . ^^^ Many , but not all , of the NT 3 and NT 4 dependent neurons switch to BDNF at later stages . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The time spent in vitro by GL 15 cells did not affect GAP 43 and neutrophic factor BDNF and NT 3 expression as revealed by RT PCR analysis . 4 . ^^^ These mechanisms are not involved in GAP 43 and neutrophic factor BDNF and NT 3 expression . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Patch clamp and calcium imaging techniques were used to assess the acute effects of the neurotrophins , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , on the responses of cultured and acutely isolated hippocampal and cultured striatal neurons to the glutamate receptor agonist N methyl aspartic acid ( NMDA ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have analyzed embryonic and neonatal mice with mutations in the BDNF , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and TrkC genes . ^^^ Our data confirm an unexpectedly high proportion of sensory neuron losses in NT 3 ( > 70 % ) , BDNF ( > 20 % ) , and TrkC ( > 30 % ) mutants , which encompass populations thought to be NGF dependent . ^^^ Our data further indicate that mature NGF requiring neurons undergo precocious and transitory requirements for NT 3 and / or BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In situ hybridization and Northern blot assay were used to evaluate the effects of exogenous AVP ( 4 8 ) on the transcription of mRNAs for nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in the adult rat brain . ^^^ NGF and BDNF expression was found to be significantly enhanced by AVP ( 4 8 ) administration in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus , but NT 3 expression was not changed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Since the highest concentration of neurotrophins [ NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) ] is found in the hippocampus , the peptides were injected into the 3rd ventricle of anesthetized adult rats . ^^^ The ( NGF binding ) LRM 2 A peptide , but not the ( BDNF binding ) LRM 2 B or the ( NT 3 binding ) LRM 2 C peptides , caused severe apoptotic neurodegeneration of hippocampal pyramidal CA 1 neurons as revealed by cresyl violet staining and the TUNEL reaction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effects of the application of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) neurotrophins on the intracellular calcium level ( [ Ca2+ ] 1 ) were studied in vestibular ganglion neurons ( VGNs ) from postnatal day 3 ( P 3 ) rats cultured for 50 hr . ^^^ Both neurotrophins induced transient [ Ca2+ ] 1 elevations in VGNs : BDNF treated neurons responded in 65 % and NT 3 treated neurons in 56 % . ^^^ The responses could be inhibited by anti BDNF or anti NT 3 antibodies . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunohistochemical analysis of the neurotrophins BDNF and NT 3 and their receptors trk B , trk C , and p 75 in the developing chick retina . ^^^ In the retina , BDNF and NT 3 have been shown to promote the survival of differentiated ganglion cells ( Rodriguez Tebar et al . , 1989 ; De La Rosa et al . , 1994 ) . ^^^ Here , we examine immunohistochemically the expression of BDNF and NT 3 proteins , their cognate receptors , trk B and trk C , respectively , and the p 75 neurotrophin receptor in the developing chick retina . ^^^ Although some of the immunoreactivity for BDNF , NT 3 , and their receptors in retina may reflect trophic mechanisms operating in association with the optic tectum and isthmo optic nucleus , the colocalization of ligands and receptors in retina strengthens the assertion that these neurotrophins function locally during development . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Incubation of 70W cells with NGF or NT 3 but not brain derived neurotrophic factor , neurotrophin 4 / 5 or mutant NGF resulted in increased release of heparanase activity that was capable of degrading a subpopulation of heparan sulfate molecules . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To address this issue , we used an in vitro coculture paradigm in which wild type 3T3 NIH fibroblasts or two different 3T3 cell clones stably expressing trkB T 1 receptors served as monolayer substrates upon which to evaluate the effect of trkB T 1 receptors on nonneuronal cells to influence neurotrophin ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 ) induced neurite outgrowth from retinoic acid ( RA ) treated SY5Y neuroblastoma cells . ^^^ In these experiments , BDNF and NT 4 / 5 induce the strongest neurite outgrowth , followed by NT 3 and then NGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins , NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 , are one family in a growing repertoire of neurotrophic factors . ^^^ Lack of functional NGF , BDNF and NT 3 genes results in severe neuronal deficits and an early postnatal death . ^^^ Phenotypic analyses of mice lacking neurotrophin receptors , TrkA , B and C , confirm that TrkA is the functional receptor for NGF , TrkB acts as the primary receptor for BDNF and NT 4 , and NT 3 signals primarily through TrkC . ^^^ As a mechanism to explain programmed cell death that occurs in the developing nervous system , recent studies examining neurotrophin gene dosage effects suggest that the availability of neurotrophins , NGF , BDNF and NT 3 , may be limiting for some neuron populations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors which in mammals also includes brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) . ^^^ These receptors are trkA , which binds NGF ; trkB , which binds both BDNF and NT 4 / 5 ; and trkC , which binds NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Based on in situ hybridization , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) is the major neurotrophin there , in contrast to the mammalian cochlea , where neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) predominates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This synergism is specific for NGF but not for the related neurotrophins BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The following neurotrophic factors were administered at the site of injury and transplantation : brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , ciliary derived neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) , or vehicle alone . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The localization of the neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) was demonstrated immunohistochemically in discrete neuronal subsets of the human trigeminal ganglion at ages ranging from 23 weeks of gestation to adulthood . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) but not glial derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) or nerve growth factor ( NGF ) were capable of significantly improving the rate of labeling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In untreated cultures , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin ( NT ) 4 / 5 mRNAs were detected by use of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction but NT 3 mRNA was not . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) promote survival of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in vitro and affect normal and damaged ones in vivo . ^^^ Here , these neurotrophins had markedly different potencies to prevent the death of axotomized nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons when infused close to the rostral end of the nigral nucleus of adult rats ( NT 4 > BDNF > NT 3 ; nerve growth factor or NGF without effect ) . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) promote survival of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in vitro and affect normal and damaged ones in vivo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential regulation of BDNF and NT 3 mRNA levels in primary cultures of rat cerebellar neurons . ^^^ Reciprocal developmental patterns of expression for BDNF and NT 3 have been observed in several neuronal types , including cerebellar granule neurons : NT 3 mRNA level decreased and BDNF mRNA increased in granule cells concomitantly with their migration and maturation . ^^^ Interestingly , we observed that up regulation of BDNF expression in vitro is accompanied by a dramatic decrease of NT 3 expression : a differential regulation that is highly reminiscent of the reciprocal developmental patterns of expression observed in vivo for BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ In conclusion we show the existence of a reciprocal regulation of BDNF and NT 3 expression in cultured cerebellar granule neurons and we propose that this culture system could represent an in vitro model for the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental regulation of these neurotrophins in cerebellum . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 3 modulate expression and threonine phosphorylation of microtubule associated protein 2 analogues , and alter their distribution in the developing rat cerebral cortex . ^^^ Following ventricular administration of BDNF or NT 3 at embryonic day ( E ) 16 , expression of microtubule associated protein ( MAP ) 2 of 280 kDa was enhanced at E 18 and / or E 20 , and threonine phosphorylation of MAP 2 analogues of 120 and 66 kDa was modulated in different ways . ^^^ These findings suggest that NT 3 and BDNF play a role in regulating production and phosphorylation of MAP 2 analogues during development of the rat cerebral cortex . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) , mRNAs for tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF alpha ) were detected in the transplanted cells , whereas results were negative for nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , or acidic fibroblast growth factor ( aFGF ) and basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Incubation of 70W cells with NGF or NT 3 , but not BDNF , NT 4 / 5 , or mutant NGF , resulted in increased release of heparanase activity that was capable of degrading a subpopulation of heparan sulfate molecules . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The cell death was significantly suppressed by neurotrophic factors , NT 3 , NT 4 , BDNF , and GDNF , but not by NGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
ELISA measurements revealed that both NT 3 and BDNF are produced by the middevelopmental stage inner ear , and that NT 3 protein levels are higher than BDNF levels . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We studied the expression of neurotrophin receptors ( trk A , trk B , trk C ) and their responsiveness to neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 ) in 25 human neuroblastomas using a primary culture system . ^^^ The tumours in early stages and stage 4s responded to both NGF and NT 3 , but not to BDNF , by surviving and differentiating terminally and the responsiveness was correlated with high levels of trk A , especially the neuronal isoform . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , efferent ( parasympathetic and motor ) neurons located in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and nucleus ambiguus retrogradely transported [ 125I ] BDNF , [ 125I ] NT 3 , and [ 125I ] NT 4 , but not [ 125I ] NGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The septal area and the hippocampi were analyzed using the reverse transcriptase PCR method for quantitation of NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , NT 3 , and NT 4 messenger RNA ( mRNA ) levels . ^^^ In hippocampus of hyperthyroid rats , as compared to controls , we found higher levels of BDNF and NT 3 mRNA over the total investigation period , whereas in the septum a thyroxine dependent increase in NT 3 mRNA expression was observed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Most previous researches on neurotrophins including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) have focused on the nervous system , because their receptors are widely distributed in neuronal tissues . ^^^ The transcripts of NGF , NT 3 , and TrkC ( high affinity receptor for NT 3 ) , and two BDNF alternative spliced transcript variants with exons 3 and 4 were clearly detected in VSMCs cultured under conventional culture conditions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We quantitated mRNA levels of neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 ) and their receptors ( trkA , trkB , trkC , p 75 ) in AD postmortem parietal cortex ( n = 16 ) and cerebellum ( n = 11 ) . ^^^ NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 , as well as trkB , trkC and p 75 mRNA levels were unchanged in AD parietal cortex and cerebellum as compared to controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Previous studies have shown that BDNF and NT 3 have distinct biological effects on survival and differentiation of cerebellar granule neurons and Purkinje cells . ^^^ We will here review some of the recent developments in the neurotrophin field with regard to cerebellum and also discuss what is known about the signaling event following stimulation of cerebellar neurons with BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As a step towards addressing these issues we have investigated the subcellular localization of epitope tagged nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in neuroendocrine cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ltrk has the highest sequence identity with the TrkC mammalian receptor and , when exogenously expressed in fibroblasts or COS cells , binds human NT 3 , but not NGF or BDNF , with an affinity of 2 . 5 nM . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF or NT 4 improves , but NT 3 or CNTF reduces , survival of isolated Purkinje cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of mRNAs for neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 ) and their receptors ( p75NGFR , trk , trkB , and trkC ) in human peripheral neuropathies . ^^^ The steady state mRNA levels of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 , and the mRNA levels of their receptors p75NGFR , trk , trkB , and trkC were examined in various human peripheral neuropathies , to determine the correlation with myelinated fiber pathology and T cell and macrophage invasions in the diseased nerves . ^^^ The NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 mRNA levels were elevated in the diseased nerves . ^^^ The increase in BDNF and NT 3 mRNA levels were proportional to the extent of invasion of the nerves by T cells and macrophages , but did not directly correlate with axonal nor demyelinating pathology , thus suggesting that inflammatory cell invasions are involved in the regulation of BDNF and NT 3 mRNA expressions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We obtained two PC12h cell lines , PC pAB 1 and PC pAB 2 , stably expressing TrkB receptor and investigated the effects of BDNF and NT 3 in these cell lines . ^^^ Next , we examined the survival promoting effects of NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 under apoptotic conditions of oxygen toxicity in naive cells and NGF deprivation in differentiated cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 and GDNF in tooth development . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophin family of growth factors , which includes Nerve Growth Factor ( NGF ) , Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ( BDNF ) , Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and Neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT4 / 5 ) bind and activate specific tyrosine kinase ( Trk ) receptors to promote cell survival and growth of different cell populations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The brains were removed 4 h after the seizure and processed for in situ hybridization of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNAs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunohistochemistry was used with antibodies to nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and NT 3 , their cognate high affinity receptors as well as to neuronal and glial markers . ^^^ TrkA , TrkB , and TrkC were observed in 5 ( 25 % ) , 8 ( 40 % ) , and 17 ( 85 % ) , respectively , of these medulloblastomas while NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 were observed in 6 ( 30 % ) , 8 ( 40 % ) , and 3 ( 15 % ) , respectively , and antibodies to neurofilament ( NF ) and glial fibrillary acidic proteins ( GFAP ) stained 16 ( 80 % ) and 11 ( 55 % ) , respectively . ^^^ Finally , this study also suggests that BDNF and NT 3 may act in a paracrine or autocrine manner through TrkB and TrkC receptors , respectively , to induce neuronal differentiation in medulloblastomas . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 have a wide range of effects in the development and regeneration of neural circuits in the visual system of vertebrates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To test this hypothesis , they performed unilateral surgical labyrinthectomy in 11 heterozygous ( + / ) neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) knockout mice and in two neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) homozygous ( / ) knockout mice , each with a control ( + / + ) sibling , for a total of 26 mice . ^^^ Four BDNF ( + / ) and four NT 3 ( + / ) mice with their ( + / + ) controls each were allowed to recover in a normal lighted room for 3 , 7 , 14 , and 30 days following labyrinthectomy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cultured human and freshly isolated bovine RPE cells demonstrated saturable specific binding for [ 125I ] labeled BDNF , NT 4 / 5 and NT 3 with little specific binding for CNTF and none for NGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nine putative trophic factors ( BDNF , CNTF , FGF 2 , GDNF , IGF 1 , IGF 2 , NT 3 , NT 4 , TGF beta 2 ) , either alone or in combination , were unable to prevent the rapid death of the cultured motoneurons , even though some of these factors are able to attenuate the affects of less severe injuries such as axotomy or avulsion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
MHC class 2 inducibility was enhanced by neutralization of neurotrophins produced locally within the cultured tissues and was inhibited by the addition of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Among such neurotrophic factors , neurotrophin family ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 ) and GDNF are most potent ones , and they have been demonstrated to express in the distal stump of the experimental nerve transection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The protein family of mammalian neurotrophins , comprising nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 and 4 / 5 ( NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 ) , supports the survival and the phenotype of neurons from the central as well as the peripheral nervous system ( CNS , PNS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As well , expression of mRNAs for the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 was examined . p 75 , trkA , and GAP 43 mRNAs were upregulated in DRGs from the NGF treated , but not the control animals . ^^^ Examination of the neurotrophin mRNAs confirmed the absence of neuronal NGF and NT 3 expression and the presence of neuronal BDNF mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
While brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) messenger RNA ( mRNA ) has been localized in the developing gustatory epithelium , little information is available about neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNA expression pattern in the prenatal developing gustatory and lingual epithelium . ^^^ NT 3 mRNA expression in areas rich in somatosensory innervation of the tongue , as well as its specific expression in defined regions compared with BDNF , and the decreased labeling noted from prenatal and early postnatal animals to adults indicate a specific role for NT 3 in the development of lingual somatosensory innervation , as well as for maintenance of this innervation . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the controls , the majority of motoneurons showed BDNF , NT 3 , trkB and trkC like immunoreactivity ( LI ) suggesting that the motoneurons receive an autocrine regulation by both BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ These findings indicated neurotrophin switching in the remaining spinal motoneurons of ALS patients from BDNF and NT 3 responsive to NGF responsive . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This review will discuss recent studies and examine the role members of the nerve growth factor family ( NGF , BDNF and NT 3 ) and trk receptors as well as additional growth factors ( GDNF , TGF alpha and IGF 1 ) may play in neurodegenerative disorders of the human brain . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Accompanying this attenuation was an activation of c fos and BDNF genes and an inactivation of c jun and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) genes . ^^^ In good agreement with this observation , the mode of activation of c fos , c jun , BDNF and NT 3 genes induced by exogenous BDNF was different from that induced by membrane depolarization . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Retinas taken from 8 to 10 day old Long Evans rats were dissociated and cultured in media supplemented with either nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) , or basic fibroblast growth factor ( FGF 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We find that the sensitivity of growth cones of dorsal root ganglia ( DRG ) neurons to collapsin 1 differs when chronically cultured in BDNF , NT 3 , or NGF with those in BDNF most sensitive and those in NGF least sensitive . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against neurotrophins ( nerve growth factor NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor BDNF and neurotrophin 3 NT 3 ) and against specific epitopes of TrkA , TrkB and TrkC proteins were used . ^^^ BDNF like and NT 3 like reactivity was localised in intestinal epithelial cells , especially endocrine cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated differentiation of stem cells from the postnatal mouse hippocampus in culture using the following trophic factors ( 20 ng / mL ) : brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and glial derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rapid increase of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs in inflamed bladder . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mystacial pads were analyzed from newborn to 4 week old mice that had homozygous functional deletions of the genes for NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , tyrosine kinase ( trk ) A , trkB , trkC , or p 75 . ^^^ Mystacial pads were also analyzed in adult transgenic mice that had overproduction of NGF , BDNF , or NT 3 driven by a keratin promoter gene . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) is a member of the neurotrophin family of polypeptides that includes NGF , NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 and NT 6 . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) is a member of the neurotrophin family of polypeptides that includes NGF , NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 and NT 6 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , fibroblasts producing neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , ciliary neurotrophic factor , nerve growth factor , basic fibroblast growth factor , or beta galactosidase ( control grafts ) were transplanted subacutely into the contused adult rat spinal cord . ^^^ NT 3 and BDNF grafts , however , contained significantly more axons than control or other growth factor producing grafts . ^^^ In addition , significantly more myelin basic protein positive profiles were detected in NT 3 and BDNF transplants , suggesting enhanced myelination of ingrowing axons within these neurotrophin producing grafts . ^^^ NT 3 and BDNF grafts contained significantly more BrdU positive oligodendrocytes than controls . ^^^ The association of these new oligodendrocytes with ingrowing myelinated axons suggests that NT 3 and BDNF induced myelinogenesis resulted , at least in part , from expansion of oligodendrocyte lineage cells , most likely the endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
INTRODUCTION : The neurotrophins are a family of proteins which are closely related structurally and functionally and include nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived nerve factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) and more recently neurotrophin 6 ( NT 6 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This hypothesis was tested in a series of 13 heterozygous brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) knockout mice . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that neurotrophins induced the regulated secretion of brain derived neurotrophic factor , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 . ^^^ The effect of brain derived neurotrophic factor on release of NT 3 could be abolished by REX , a p 75 blocking antibody , but not by K252a , an inhibitor of neurotrophin tyrosine kinase receptor ( Trk ) signaling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Exogenous nerve growth factor ( NGF ; 20 ng / ml ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ; 20 ng / ml ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ; 20 ng / ml ) was added to the cultures alone , or in combination with ethanol ( 400 mg / dl ) . ^^^ In general , BDNF and NT 3 did not offset the toxic effect of ethanol . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent studies have shown that the application of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) acts to encourage the regrowth of motor and sensory fibers after spinal cord injury . ^^^ Other studies have reported that the regrowth of axons after injury was enhanced by the implantation of Schwann cells , which normally secrete BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ The purpose of the present study was to genetically modify Schwann cells to secrete increased amounts of BDNF or NT 3 by infection with a retroviral vector . ^^^ Retroviral vectors were constructed by the ligation of BDNF or NT 3 cDNA to the LXSN vector . ^^^ Northern blot analysis of poly ( A+ ) RNA prepared from Schwann cells that were infected with BDNF or NT 3 containing virus showed the presence of BDNF or NT 3 mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent investigations have shown that expression of mRNAs for the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) is differentially altered in the hippocampus following traumatic brain injury . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To test the hypothesis whether a failure to express neurotrophins or a neurotrophin receptor might underlie the pathology observed in mutant mice with degeneration of regionally distinct subpopulations of neurons , the expression of BDNF , NT 3 , TrkB , TrkC and synaptophysin mRNA was examined in the cerebellum of mutant lurcher ( lc / + ) and weaver ( wv / + ) / ( wv / wv ) mice . ^^^ RT PCR of cerebellar mRNA for BDNF , NT 3 , TrkB and TrkC ( GAPDH as internal standard ) was performed in parallel . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cell cultures were used to analyze the role of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in the development of synaptic transmission . ^^^ BDNF induced formation of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses , whereas NT 3 induced formation of only excitatory synapses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show here that adrenal chromaffin cells in the adult rat store neurotrophin ( NT ) 4 , but do not synthesize or store detectable levels of BDNF or NT 3 , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent investigations into the localization and function of neurotrophins other than NGF , particularly BDNF and NT 3 , have provided evidence indicating that these molecules may not act in a manner consistent with the neurotrophic hypothesis , as originally postulated . ^^^ Numerous studies in the peripheral and central nervous systems have now demonstrated that BDNF ( and NT 3 ) may be preferentially trafficked anterogradely along axonal processes and stored within pre synaptic terminals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The granulocytes expressed mRNA coding for nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , but not neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ In contrast , human bone marrow cells consistently expressed mRNA for trkB ( the BDNF and NT 4 receptor ) and displayed variable expression of mRNA coding for trkA ( the tyrosine kinase NGF receptor ) and LNGFR ( the low affinity NGF receptor ) , whereas mRNA for trkC ( the NT 3 receptor ) was not expressed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These include nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and several recently identified members of the NGF family , namely brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) and neurotrophin 6 ( NT 6 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins act , in large part , through Trk receptor tyrosine kinases : nerve growth factor ( NGF ) via TrkA , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) via TrkB , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) via TrkC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In order to investigate the underlying mechanism of these phenomena , we evaluated the effect of chronic restraint and tianeptine on mRNA expression of neurotrophic factors such as brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
All of the neurotrophins tested nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , increased the secretion of plasminogen and urokinase type plasminogen activator and specific activity of acid phosphatase , but suppressed the release of constitutively produced and lipopolysaccharide stimulated nitric oxide ( NO ) from microglia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have demonstrated previously that , in addition to BDNF , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) also rescue CSNs from axotomy induced death . ^^^ In contrast , NT 3 promotes survival of axotomized CSNs even when endogenous cortical BDNF is neutralized by RAB , indicating a potential of compensatory mechanisms for the trophic support of CSNs . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that rodent motoneurons survive in response to BDNF , NT 3 , and NT4 / 5 . ^^^ Yet , because motoneurons were maintained alive in culture in the presence of muscle extract , they developed a delayed specific survival response to BDNF , NT 3 , and NT4 / 5 that is clearly dose dependent , reaching saturation at doses of 100 pg / ml . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The early development of the inner ear is largely determined by two members of the neurotrophic family : brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The infusion of BDNF and NT 3 into Schwann cell ( SC ) grafts promotes regeneration of brainstem neurones into the grafts placed in adult rat spinal cord transected at T 8 ( Xu et al . , 1995b ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The cutaneous sensory neurones of the trigeminal ganglion , which show an early , transient survival response to BDNF and NT 3 before becoming NGF dependent , were supported by CNTF , LIF , OSM and CT 1 during the late fetal period , several days after the neurones become NGF dependent . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NT 4 / 5 and LIF , but not NT 3 and BDNF , promote NPY mRNA expression in cortical neurons in the absence of spontaneous bioelectrical activity . ^^^ Supplementing chronically blocked cultures with the neurotrophins , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) and the cytokine , leukaemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) , reveals that BDNF and NT 3 are unable to increase the percentage of NPY neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The following factors were tested at a concentration of 50 ng ml 1 : brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , ciliary neuronotrophic factor ( CNTF ) , leukaemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) , insulin like growth factors 1 and 2 ( IGF 1 and IGF 2 ) , and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) . ^^^ Neither BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 , LIF , IGF 1 or IGF 2 singly or in combination caused any significant change in MEPP frequency . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NT 3 , but not BDNF , prevents atrophy and death of axotomized spinal cord projection neurons . ^^^ Hemisected rats were treated with either neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF , 12 microg / day for each ) , or a vehicle solution , delivered continuously to the lesion site via an osmotic minipump . ^^^ Treatment with NT 3 , but not BDNF , completely reversed cell atrophy in three of the four cell populations and also induced a significant increase in the number of surviving cells . ^^^ In situ hybridization experiments showed trkB and trkC mRNA to be expressed in the majority of ascending spinal projection neurons , suggesting that these cells should be responsive to both BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ However , only NT 3 treatment was neuroprotective , indicating that BDNF may not have reached the cell bodies of injured neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 3 applied in the whisker pad reverse cortical changes after peripheral deafferentation in neonatal rats . ^^^ Neonatal rats received gelfoam impregnated with NGF , BDNF or NT 3 under the whisker pad following surgical denervation of whisker rows D and E on P 0 . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 , but not NGF , promoted development of the cortical barrels corresponding to denervated whiskers . ^^^ Furthermore , BDNF and NT 3 prevented the lesion induced expansion of row C barrels , while NGF appeared to promote row C expansion . ^^^ Our results suggest that BDNF and NT 3 arising from the whisker pad are involved in the formation and / or maintenance of the barrel pattern in S 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated the retrograde axonal transport of 125I labeled neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 ) from the sciatic nerve to dorsal root ganglion ( DRG ) sensory neurons and spinal motor neurons in normal rats or after neuronal injury . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study addressed the hypothesis that the neuronal mineralocorticoid receptor ( MR ) regulates genes associated with cell death , such as bax and p 53 , and cell viability , including bcl 2 , BDNF , and NT 3 . ^^^ SPIRO pretreatment had no significant effect on expression of bax , NT 3 , or BDNF mRNAs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The protein family of the neurotrophins , consisting of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and Neurotrophin 3 , 4 / 5 , and 6 ( NT 3 ; NT 4 / 5 ; NT 6 ) is well known to enhance the survival and to stabilize the phenotype of different populations of neurons in the central and the peripheral nervous system . ^^^ The neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 and the BDNF and NT 3 selective receptors ( TrkB , TrkC ) are expressed at high levels in neurons of the basal forebrain , the hippocampus , and the neocortex of the mammalian brain . ^^^ Judged by the analysis of electrophysiological data , the BDNF and NT 3 induced enhancement of glutamatergic synapses is mediated by increasing the efficacy of glutamate release from the presynaptic neuron . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The overall structure of NT 3 resembles that of the other neurotrophins , NGF and BDNF ; each protomer forms a twisted four stranded beta sheet , with three intertwined disulfide bonds . ^^^ A comparison of the dimer interface between the NT 3 homodimer and the BDNF / NT 3 heterodimer reveals similar patterns of hydrogen bonds and nonpolar contacts , which reinforces the notion that the evolutionarily conserved neurotrophin interface resulted from the need for receptor dimerization in signal initiation . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of the mRNAs of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and the neurotrophin receptor , TrkB , was studied in the rat hippocampus by in situ hybridization following normothermic ( 37 degreesC ) and protective hypothermic ( 33 degreesC ) transient cerebral ischemia of 15 min duration . ^^^ Intraischemic hypothermia reduced the induction of NGF mRNA , while the increase of BDNF mRNA expression occurred earlier during recovery , and the post ischemic NT 3 mRNA depression was not affected . ^^^ We conclude that , the expressions of NGF , BDNF , NT 3 or TrkB mRNA in ischemia sensitive hippocampal subregions are not increased by protective hypothermia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Age related changes in the levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) in selected regions of brains from rats , normal mice and senescence accelerated mice were compared to those of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ In senescence accelerated mice with memory disturbances , no marked increases in levels of NGF and BDNF in the hippocampus and in the level of NT 3 in the cerebral cortex were found . ^^^ Thus , increases in levels of BDNF and NT 3 occurred in the murine hippocampus and cerebral cortex , respectively , during normal aging , but not during aging of mice with pathological changes . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Treatment of cultures with brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) causes a dose dependent increase in Fos expression , while neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) causes an increase but at high concentrations only . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we demonstrate that NGF but not neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) induced apoptosis in p75NTR expressing human neuroblastoma SK N MC cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because skeletal muscle is a source of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , NT 4 / 5 , and BDNF , these neurotrophins were individually infused onto the proximal nerve stump for 7 d , beginning at the time of axotomy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophin ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) synergistically enhance survival of spiral ganglion neurons such that simultaneous exposure to both compounds produces a larger response than would be expected from their individual effects . ^^^ After postnatal day 10 , the effects of coexposure to BDNF and NT 3 were additive rather than synergistic . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Such factors include , first , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and the other recently identified members of the neurotrophin family , namely , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) ; second , the neurokines ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) and leukemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) ; and third , the transforming growth factors ( TGFs ) beta and their distant relative , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
At this site , enhanced BDNF and NT 3 immunoreactivities were evident in the anterior horn cells . ^^^ In mice with a more severe degree of compression , astrocyte like cells showing BDNF immunoreactivity became abundant and axons in the anterior column demonstrated a marked NT 3 immunoreactivity . ^^^ We speculate that the presence of BDNF and NT 3 in neurons and astrocyte like cells is proportionate to the severity of chronic mechanical compression and may contribute to the heterotropic neuronal reserve and survival . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and their receptors trkB and trkC , respectively , are expressed in the locus coeruleus ( LC ) and ventral tegmental area ( VTA ) , brain regions known to be involved in opiate addiction . ^^^ In this study , BDNF , NT 3 , trkB , and trkC mRNAs were analyzed in these regions after chronic morphine treatment and during antagonist precipitated withdrawal . ^^^ Although chronic morphine exposure resulted in only modest increases in BDNF and NT 3 mRNA expression in LC , precipitated withdrawal led to a marked , rapid , and prolonged increase in BDNF mRNA and a delayed decrease in NT 3 mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
When the effects of different neurotrophins on the survival of cerebellar granule neurons after glucose deprivation were assessed , BDNF , but not NT 3 or NGF , was found to protect cerebellar granule neurons against glucose deprivation induced cell death . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The genes for BDNF , NT 4 / 5 , trkB receptors , and to a lesser extent NT 3 were upregulated specifically within the regions of neocortex undergoing targeted neuronal degeneration and specifically during the period of ongoing pyramidal neuron apoptosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , as well as their receptors , are expressed in both the developing and adult visual system . ^^^ The roles of NT 3 and NT 4 were investigated in this system along with BDNF , on retinal neuronal outgrowth , both on in vivo retinal transplants and on in vitro retinal explant cultures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Surprisingly , growth factors , such as BDNF , bFGF , GDNF , NGF , NT 3 and EGF , demonstrated no ability to rescue striatal neurons in this model , suggesting that death was not solely caused by the absence of essential trophic factors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The documented trophic actions of the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) upon ventral mesencephalic dopamine neurons in vitro and in vivo are presumed to be mediated through interactions with their high affinity receptors TrkB ( for BDNF and NT 4 / 5 ) and TrkC ( for NT 3 ) . ^^^ The present results demonstrate that essentially all mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons synthesize the neurotrophin receptors TrkB and TrkC and thus exhibit the capacity to respond directly to BDNF and NT 3 in the adult midbrain in vivo . ^^^ Moreover , because BDNF and NT 3 are produced locally by subpopulations of the dopaminergic cells , the present data support the notion that the neurotrophins can influence the dopaminergic neurons through autocrine or paracrine mechanisms . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor and NT 3 , but not nerve growth factor , induced a dose dependent increase in somatostatin content , which was influenced by plating density . ^^^ Our results show that , in rat hypothalamic cultures , brain derived neurotrophic factor , and NT 3 have a potent stimulatory effect on peptide synthesis in somatostatinergic neurons , likely through direct activation of TrkB and TrkC receptors . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotropic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNA expression patterns suggested a possible involvement in lingual gustatory and somatosensory innervation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , we examined the expression of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNAs in the DRG after a peripheral nerve injury . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The protocol presented here details a technique which enables the neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) to be labelled using 125I and the bioactivity of these labelled proteins determined using an in vivo bioassay . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent evidence showing a distinctive cell loss in vestibular and cochlear ganglia of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) versus neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) null mutant mice demonstrates that these neurotrophins play a critical role in inner ear development . ^^^ In this study , biological functions of BDNF and NT 3 in the chick vestibular and cochlear ganglion development was assessed in vitro and compared to those of other neurotrophic factors . ^^^ The embryonic day ( E ) 8 12 vestibular ganglion neurons showed an extensive outgrowth in response to BDNF with less outgrowth to NT 3 . ^^^ In contrast , NT 3 had stronger neurotrophic effects on the E 12 cochlear ganglion neurons compared to BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These data demonstrate that the two neurotrophins , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and their high affinity receptors trkB and trkC , are the sole support for the developing afferent innervation of the ear . ^^^ The ear is a model system to test the interactions of the two neurotrophins , BDNF and NT 3 , with their two high affinity receptors , trkB and trkC . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distinct populations of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons exhibit differential responses to brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ Here we investigated the possibility that both neuronal subsets could also respond differentially to brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ Addition of NT 3 , but not BDNF , enhanced growth and branching of neurites , tyrosine hydroxylase ( TH ) as well as increasing levels of cultured arcuate DA neurons . ^^^ Conversely , BDNF , but not NT 3 , affected the same parameters in cultured periventricular DA neurons . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 were indeed found in both arcuate and periventricular neurons and in the intermediate lobe . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) decrease ionic current activity , and the addition of RA with the neurotrophins enhances this inhibitory response in an age dependent manner . ^^^ We found that high concentrations of BDNF and NT 3 administered together , and low concentrations of both neurotrophins combined and administered with RA suppress otocyst cell numbers after 24 h in vitro . ^^^ This suppressive response is induced by RA and NT 3 , not by RA and BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study we have evaluated changes in nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNA expression induced by different glutamate receptor agonists injected into the neostriatum . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Indeed , many studies over the past five years have shown that neurotrophins , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , NT 4 / 5 and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , have both rapid and long latency influences on synaptic strength . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Levels of mRNA for neurotrophins ( brain derived neurotrophic factor , BDNF ; neurotrophin 3 , NT 3 ; neurotrophin 4 , NT 4 ) and their receptors ( trkA , trkB , trkC ) and for glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) and its receptors ( ret , GDNFR alpha ) were measured in rat thyroid tissue by ribonuclease protection assays . ^^^ In thyroid tissue the NT 3 mRNA level was threefold lower and the NT 4 mRNA level sixfold higher than those detected in adult rat hippocampus , while BDNF mRNA was undetectable . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Of these proteins , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor , neurotrophin ( NT 3 ) and NT 4 / 5 appear to be important for the development and maintenance of peripheral neurons , but others , including insulin like growth factors ( IGFs ) , may also be involved . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Without RA treatment , cells were minimally responsive to neurotrophins ( NTs ) , whereas the sequential application of RA followed by brain derived neurotrophic factor or NT 3 led to a significant increase in neurons displaying mature y a minobutyric acid , acetylcholinesterase , tyrosine hydroxylase , or calbindin phenotypes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 4 , but not NT 3 , promote development of inhibitory synapses in the absence of neuronal activity . ^^^ The neurotrophins , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 , were applied to cerebellar explants during activity blockade . ^^^ Control numbers of inhibitory Purkinje cell axosomatic synapses developed in the presence of the TrkB receptor ligands , BDNF and NT 4 , but not the TrkC receptor ligand , NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study examined survival and growth enhancing effects of cortical cells on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons ( BFCNs ) in culture and the degree to which endogenous nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) contribute to those trophic effects . ^^^ Function neutralizing antibodies to NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 were employed to determine whether they would block the trophic effects of cortical neurons on postnatal BFCNs . ^^^ Treatment of pure BF cultures with exogenous NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 increased the number of AChE ( + ) neurons but did not reproduce the morphologic enhancement of cortical cells on BFCNs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) also induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of BIT and the association with SHP 2 in primary cultured rat neurons . ^^^ Our results suggest that the BIT SHP 2 signaling pathway is a novel signal transduction mechanism of neurons that acts in response to neurotrophic factors such as NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Exogenous delivery of the neurotrophic factors , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , promotes the function , sprouting and regrowth of 5 HT containing neurones in the brains of adult rats . ^^^ In this article , Tony Altar discusses how existing treatments of depression might work by increasing endogenous brain levels of BDNF or NT 3 , which in turn could promote monoamine containing neurone growth and function . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
For a period of 4 weeks , animals received either no treatment , continuous intrathecal infusion of phosphate buffer , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , or brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) . ^^^ BDNF application was virtually non effective , while NGF or NT 3 resulted in a greater number of FB labelled neurons compared to normal controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have investigated the effects of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) on the intraspinal regeneration of anterogradely labeled axotomized ascending primary sensory fibers in the adult rat . ^^^ With infusion of NT 3 , sensory fiber outgrowth was similar to that seen with NGF , but with BDNF fewer fibers reached farther distances into the cord . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have analysed whether brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , its receptor trkB and the NT 3 receptor trkC are expressed in interneurons of rat visual cortex in vivo , and in organotypic visual cortex cultures , paying particular attention to the subsets of neuropeptidergic neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The growth factors studied include : nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) , basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) and transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived nerve growth factor ( BDNF ) , NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 and Trks A , B and C exhibited diffuse cytoplasmic and membranous immunostaining patterns in both the ducts and the acini of the exocrine pancreas and the islets of the endocrine pancreas of both normal and PDAC specimens . ^^^ However , when select cell lines were incubated with lower concentrations of NT 3 and BDNF ( 0 , 1 , 5 , 25 and 50 ng / ml ) , invasiveness was significantly stimulated ( p < 0 . 05 ) through the Matrigel matrix . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , a number of recent studies suggest that adult spinal cord expresses neurotrophin receptors and responds to the neurotrophins , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , particularly after injury . ^^^ To approach this problem , we examined whether spinal cord glia express BDNF and NT 3 in vivo and have begun to define cellular distribution . ^^^ Initial studies indicated that small cells in the white matter of adult rat spinal cord express BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ In the white matter of adult spinal cord , GFAP positive and GFAP negative cells expressed BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF antagonizes brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mediated survival in control but not p75NTR deficient motoneurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As both nerve growth factor and neurotrophin 3 are known to affect the development of a variety of neurons expressing the brain derived neurotrophic factor ( bdnf ) gene , this assay was used to determine levels in tissues isolated from newborn mice carrying a null mutation in the nerve growth factor ( ngf ) or the neurotrophin 3 ( nt 3 ) gene . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Feeding the mice a Trp deficient diet for 2 weeks significantly decreased in the hippocampal level of NGF but not those of BDNF and NT 3 , as compared with feeding an adequate Trp diet . ^^^ The levels of BDNF in the cerebral cortex were also significantly lower in the mice fed on a Trp deficient diet , while the levels of NGF and NT 3 in the region were not modulated upon feeding of the diet . ^^^ The dietary Trp level had no significant effect on the levels of NGF , BDNF , or NT 3 in the entorhinal cortex nor septum of the mice . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent studies have shown that the endogenous neurotrophins , BDNF and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , are transported anterogradely by central and peripheral neurons . ^^^ Anterograde axonal transport provides an ' afferent supply ' of BDNF and NT 3 to neurons and target tissues , where they function as trophic factors and as neurotransmitters . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 3 but not CNTF counteract the Ca2+ ionophore induced apoptosis of cultured cortical neurons : involvement of dual pathways . ^^^ Brain derived neurotophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) prevented the ionomycin mediated cell death in a dose dependent manner . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
After axotomy and during peripheral nerve regeneration , the neurotrophins NGF , NT 3 and BDNF show a well defined and selective beneficial effect on the survival and phenotypic expression of primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia and of motoneurons in spinal cord . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Effects of BDNF and NT 3 on development of Ia / motoneuron functional connectivity in neonatal rats . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , trkB IgG , and trkC IgG were delivered via subcutaneous injection on days 0 , 2 , 4 , and 6 of postnatal life . ^^^ Polysynaptic components were exaggerated in BDNF treated rats and reduced after NT 3 compared with controls . ^^^ We conclude that supplementary NT 3 and BDNF administered to neonates can influence developing Ia / motoneuron synapses in the spinal cord but with opposite net effects . . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , trkB IgG , and trkC IgG were delivered via subcutaneous injection on days 0 , 2 , 4 , and 6 of postnatal life . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , it is as yet unknown whether other members of the NGF family of neurotrophins , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , also modulate keratinocyte proliferation in situ . ^^^ We determined by ELISA and reverse transcriptase PCR that BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 are expressed in C57BL / 6 mouse skin . ^^^ By immunofluorescence , the subcutaneous panniculus carnosus muscle and arrector pili muscle showed strong NT 3 immunoreactivity , whereas BDNF IR was found only in skin nerve bundles . ^^^ The high affinity receptor for both BDNF and NT 4 , TrkB , was detected in basal and suprabasal epidermal keratinocytes , whereas the high affinity NT 3 receptor , TrkC , was observed in skin nerve bundles . ^^^ Compared with the corresponding age matched wild type mice , BDNF or NT 3 overexpressing transgenic mice showed a significantly increased epidermal thickness and enhanced number of Ki 67 positive ( ie , proliferating ) epidermal keratinocytes in vivo , whereas the number of these cells was substantially reduced in BDNF knockout mice . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , NT 4 / 5 and NT 3 were injected locally into the hind paw of rats , and the behavioral response to noxious heat was compared with that from the other paw that received an identical injection of vehicle . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Oligonucleotide probes against BDNF and NT 3 mRNA showed only very few faintly positive neurons in both age groups . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins , such as neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , are potent regulators of neuronal functions . ^^^ Here we show that human immune cells also produce NT 3 mRNA , secrete BDNF , and express their specific receptors trkB and trkC . ^^^ The Th 1 cytokine IL 2 stimulated production of trkB mRNA but not of trkC , whereas the Th 2 cytokine IL 4 enhanced NT 3 but not BDNF mRNA expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found elevation in a number of factors as early as 3 days following the lesion , including neurotrophins BDNF , NT 3 , NGF and the insulin like growth factor IGF 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) activated the FL receptor , as determined by tyrosine phosphorylation . ^^^ As found for the ED isoform , the FL mutated receptor displayed a similar loss of NT 3 and NT 4 mediated activation , in addition to a diminished responsiveness to BDNF . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) activated the FL receptor , as determined by tyrosine phosphorylation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In order to provide the bases for understanding of putative functions of neurotrophins for the development and maintenance of chromaffin cells and their preganglionic innervation , in situ hybridization has been used to study the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and NT 3 , together with their cognate receptors trkB and trkC , in the adrenal gland and in the intermediolateral column ( IML ) of the spinal cord . ^^^ Adrenal medullary chromaffin cells fail to express detectable levels of mRNAs for BDNF , NT 3 , and their cognate receptors trkB and trkC . ^^^ Neurons in the IML express BDNF and trkB , and low levels of NT 3 and trkC . ^^^ Our data make it unlikely that BDNF and NT 3 serve as retrograde trophic factors for IML neurons but suggest roles of BDNF and NT 3 locally within the spinal cord and possibly for sensory nerves of the adrenal cortex . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 each bind to the p 75 receptor and also more selectively to members of the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The three neurotrophins identified in the chick , namely , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , are expressed in either the pigment epithelium ( NT 3 and BDNF ) or in the neural retina ( NGF ) at the onset of neuron birth . ^^^ In addition , trkC and trkB , receptors for NT 3 and BDNF , respectively , together with p 75 , the low affinity neurotrophin receptor , are expressed in the retina at the same developmental period . ^^^ Thus , NT 3 promotes the conversion of neuroepithelial cells into neurons , whereas BDNF and NGF control the programmed cell death ( apoptosis ) that affects early postmitotic neuroblasts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Uniform exposure of TrkA expressing neurons to NGF resulted in a cross desensitization of turning responses induced by a gradient of netrin 1 , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , or myelin associated glycoprotein ( MAG ) but not by a gradient of collapsin 1 / semaphorin III / D or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and NT4 / 5 are all found in the developing cerebellum . ^^^ BDNF and NT4 / 5 increased BPN neuron survival , neurite outgrowth , growth cone size , and elongation rate , while neither NT 3 nor NGF increased survival or outgrowth . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Other structurally related neurotrophins are brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and the neurotrophins NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 and NT 6 . ^^^ Three trk receptor subtypes are known at present , trk A , trk B and trk C , which preferentially bind NGF , BDNF and NT 3 respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Effects of BDNF and NT 3 on hair cell survival in guinea pig cochlea damaged by kanamycin treatment . ^^^ The aim of this study was to determine whether neurotrophic factors such as brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) would protect auditory hair cells from ototoxicity by aminoglycoside antibiotic . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 ( 100 microg / ml ) were delivered into the right scala tympani of guinea pig cochlea through a cannula osmotic pump device . ^^^ This study suggests that NT 3 and BDNF may protect against cochlear hair cell damage caused by kanamycin treatment . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The selective effects of the N 4 , L 38 , and NGFbeta peptide domains of precursor NGF , along with the remaining members of the neurotrophin family , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , were examined for their ability to stimulate growth of prostate tumor epithelial cells in an assay of soft agar colony formation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent evidence indicates that other neurotrophins also play key supporting roles in the development of nociceptors ( e . g . , NT 3 ) and in inflammatory pain ( e . g . , BDNF , NT 4 / 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These molecules , which include the nerve growth factor ( NGF ) related peptides , NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , NT 4 / 5 and NT 3 , promote differentiation and survival in the developing nervous system , and to a lesser extent in the adult nervous system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RT PCR for neurotrophin family members revealed that cultures of both human brain and umbilical cord derived ECs produced brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) mRNA , but no detectable NGF , NT 3 , or NT 4 mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Its action is neutralized by neurotrophins , such as nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) through apoptotic cell death . ^^^ They require the additional presence of a neurotrophin ( NGF , BDNF , or NT 3 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because the reagents used in acute experiments react not only with BDNF but also with neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT4 / 5 ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , we examined the involvement of these neurotrophins in LTP using two highly specific , function blocking monoclonal antibodies against BDNF and NT 3 , as well as a TrkB IgG fusion protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Early BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 signaling events . ^^^ Much more is known about nerve growth factor ( NGF ) signaling than that initiated by brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , or NT 4 . ^^^ We sought to study early BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 signaling events . ^^^ BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 caused rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK and SNT . ^^^ These data suggest that the earliest signaling events for BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 are very similar to those for NGF . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To investigate the possible role of neurotrophins in the induction of these K+ channels , neurons were grown in culture in the presence or absence of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ However , the level of expression of the K+ currents was independent of BDNF or NT 3 application . ^^^ These results indicate that BDNF and NT 3 may not directly regulate the expression of K+ channels in chick cochlear ganglion neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophic factors , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , have been reported to be effective in enhancing neuronal survival against aminoglycoside ototoxicity in vivo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distribution of BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 in the developing auditory brainstem . ^^^ This study describes the developmental expression of three neurotrophins , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin ( NT 4 ) in the rat auditory brain stem using immunohistochemistry . ^^^ However , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 positive neurons were observed in most brainstem auditory nuclei by PND 6 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Previous in vitro studies indicate that select members of the neurotrophin gene family , namely brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , contribute to survival and differentiation of spinal cord motoneurons . ^^^ Both BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs were also densely expressed by alpha motoneurons of lamina 9 , but were detected at lower levels elsewhere in the gray matter . ^^^ In response to systemic administration of KA , NT 4 / 5 and BDNF mRNAs were dramatically upregulated in a spatially and temporally restricted fashion , whereas levels of NT 3 mRNA were unchanged . ^^^ These results provide strong in vivo evidence to support the idea that BDNF , NT 3 , and in particular , NT 4 / 5 , play a role in the normal function of the adult spinal cord . ^^^ Furthermore , our results indicate that the actions of BDNF and NT 4 / 5 participate in the response of the cord to excitotoxic stimuli , and that those of NT 4 / 5 and NT 3 include both neurons and glia . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our results show that GDNF , CNTF BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 increase the number of TH immunoreactive neurons surviving in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Treatment with nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor , NT 3 , ciliary neurotrophic factor or interleukin 1beta was without effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF and NT 3 elicited neurotrophin induced release of glutamate as well as BDNF from the cerebellar granule neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , a close relative of BDNF , did not activate MAPK or PI3K and had no effect on synaptic fatigue in the neonatal hippocampus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophic factors , including BDNF and NT 3 , have been implicated in the regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The first experiments evaluated the effect of three daily intra ventral tegmental area ( VTA ) microinjections of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) on the behavioral activating effects of a subsequent challenge injection of cocaine in rats . ^^^ Finally , the effects of acute and repeated cocaine injections on NT 3 and BDNF mRNA levels in the VTA , substantia nigra , and hippocampus were assessed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Acute stimulation of RA predifferentiated SH SY5Y cells with brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , or neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , but not nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , induces Trk autophosphorylation , followed by phosphorylation of Akt and the extracellular signal regulated kinases ( ERKs ) 1 and 2 . ^^^ In addition , BDNF , NT 3 , or NT 4 / 5 , but not NGF , promotes cell survival and neurite outgrowth in serum free medium . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We tested whether brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) may be target derived factors for neurons in the oculomotor ( MIII ) or trochlear ( MIV ) nucleus in chick embryos . ^^^ Radio iodinated BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 , and GDNF accumulated in oculomotor neurons via retrograde axonal transport when the trophic factors were applied to the target . ^^^ Systemic GDNF rescued oculomotor neurons from developmental cell death , while BDNF and NT 3 had no effect . ^^^ BDNF enhanced neurite outgrowth from explants of MIII and MIV nuclei ( identified by retrograde labeling in ovo with the fluorescent tracer DiI ) , while GDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 had no effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we provide evidence , using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) , of decreased levels of neurotrophin ( nerve growth factor , NGF ; brain derived neurotrophic factor , BDNF ; neurotrophin 3 , NT 3 ; and neurotrophin 4 , NT 4 ) mRNAs in target muscles . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
For RET , p 75 , NT 3 , TrkB and BDNF we also examined the spinal cord without detecting any robust changes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using organotypic spinal cord cultures from postnatal rats , we have demonstrated that insulin like growth factor 1 ( IGF 1 ) and glial derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) significantly increase choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT ) activity , but brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) do not . ^^^ In this model of motor neuron degeneration , IGF 1 , GDNF , and NT 4 / 5 are potently neuroprotective , but BDNF , CNTF , and NT 3 are not . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Patterned expression of BDNF and NT 3 in the retina and anterior segment of the developing mammalian eye . ^^^ PURPOSE : The neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are hypothesized to play an important role in vertebrate eye development because of their patterned expression in the developing and adult neuroretina , their regulated response to retinal and optic nerve injury , and the effects of altered neurotrophin signaling on retinal development . ^^^ To further characterize the role of these neurotrophins in mammalian eye development and maintenance , the pattern of expression of BDNF and NT 3 was analyzed in the developing and mature mouse eye . ^^^ METHODS : Using mouse strains in which the reporter gene lacZ , encoding the enzyme beta galactosidase , was targeted to either the BDNF or NT 3 locus , the expression of BDNF and NT 3 in the eyes of mice heterozygous for these mutations was analyzed by enzyme histochemistry during embryogenesis , postnatal development , and adulthood . ^^^ RESULTS : BDNF and NT 3 expression were first observed in the inner and outer segments of the developing optic cup at embryonic days 10 . 5 to 11 . 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Changes in levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in various regions of the rat brain following kainic acid induced seizure activity were investigated . ^^^ Our results show that kainic acid treatment increases levels of BDNF , but not NGF or NT 3 , in various regions of the rat brain , other than the cerebellum . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have compared the effect of the neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and NT 3 , and of glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) on neurite outgrowth in dissociated cultures of sensory neurons from the lumbar ganglia of young adult rats , and attempted to establish subset specific effects of these trophic factors . ^^^ BDNF exerted an inhibitory effect on growth , and both BDNF and NT 3 could partially block some of the growth promoting effects of NGF on specific neuronal subpopulations . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The novel localization of Trk B and Trk C on adult photoreceptors points to a possible therapeutic potential for BDNF and NT 3 , respectively , in photoreceptor diseases . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Several growth factors , including transforming growth factor beta 5 ( TGF beta 5 ) and TGF beta 3 , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and leukemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) were tested for their ability , individually or in combination , to promote auditory neuron survival in dissociated cell cultures of early rat post natal spiral ganglion cells ( SGCs ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of receptor mediated signaling by the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT4 / 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The dorsal columns of adult rats were crushed and either brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or a vehicle solution was delivered continuously to the lesion site for 4 weeks . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Other neurotrophins , e . g . brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT4 / 5 ) did not have any effect , while glial cell derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) promoted motoneuron survival . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Binding of four mammalian neurotrophins , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , to p75NTR is studied by molecular modeling based on 10 ray structures of the neurotrophins and the extracellular domain of p55TNFR , a homologue of p75NTR . ^^^ The additional involvement of Arg 80 and Glu 53 is specific for NGF and BDNF , respectively , and Glu 73 participates in binding with NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A common mechanism for recombinant human NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and murine NGF slow unfolding . ^^^ The recombinant human nerve growth factor ( hNGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT4 / 5 ) , and murine NGF ( mNGF ) dimers all undergo rapid unfolding and dissociation to monomer in GdnHCl . ^^^ Fluorescence spectroscopy , reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography , and size exclusion chromatography were used to show that this monomer M 1 converts slowly to a more fully unfolded monomer , M 2 , by a first order process with half lives of 22 , 2 . 5 , 1 . 6 , and 0 . 73 h for hNGF , mNGF , NT 3 , and BDNF , respectively , at 25 degrees C . ^^^ Linear Arrhenius plots for the conversion of M 1 to M 2 yielded activation energies of 27 , 22 , 24 , and 24 kcal / mol for hNGF , mNGF , NT 3 , and BDNF , respectively . ^^^ The refolding of these neurotrophins from 5 M GdnHCl was also first order with NT 3 the slowest to refold and BDNF the fastest . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF , but not NT 3 , promotes long term survival of axotomized adult rat corticospinal neurons in vivo . ^^^ Axotomy induced death of corticospinal neurons ( CSN ) is prevented by intracotrical infusions of BDNF or NT 3 within the first week after axotomy . ^^^ The present study examined whether this represents merely a delay of CSN death or whether BDNF and NT 3 can promote long term survival of these neurons in vivo . ^^^ BDNF was able to promote CSN survival for at least 42 days while NT 3 had no significant effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of wild type p75NTR created a state of neurotrophin dependence : cells could be rescued by nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , but not by a mutant NGF that binds well to Trk A but poorly to p75NTR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In adult rats with injured dorsal roots , treatment with nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , but not brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , resulted in selective regrowth of damaged axons across the dorsal root entry zone and into the spinal cord . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study reveals the expression of NGF and BDNF mRNAs in the intermediate plus posterior lobe ( IL+PL ) as well , and the previously unidentified NT 3 mRNA in the AL and IL+PL . ^^^ In addition , NGF , BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs are expressed by dissociated AL cells and IL+PL cells , demonstrating their in situ synthesis in endocrine cells of the gland . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effects of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) on GAP 43 immunoreactivity in dissociated primary cultures of rat and chick dorsal root ganglia have been compared to results obtained by cell counting . ^^^ Results prove that the ELISA can also be used to accurately detect small changes in cell survival as seen with NT 3 and BDNF , or potentiation of the effects obtained with the trophic factor NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of the neurotrophins NT 4 , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and NT 3 in adult rat lumbosacral spinal cord motoneurons is reported . ^^^ At birth , the mRNA encoding NT 3 is expressed in motoneurons , but BDNF mRNA is not apparent until postnatal day 5 ( P 5 ) and NT 4 mRNA first appears at P 9 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have previously demonstrated that following experimental brain trauma of moderate severity ( 2 . 0 2 . 1 atm ) , mRNA levels of BDNF and its high affinity receptor , trkB , are increased bilaterally in the hippocampus for several hours , whereas NT 3 mRNA expression is decreased . ^^^ In the present study , we used in situ hybridization to compare BDNF , trkB , NT 3 , and trkC mRNA expression in rat hippocampus at 3 or 6 h after a lateral fluid percussion brain injury ( FPI ) of mild severity ( 1 . 0 atm ) to sham injured controls at equivalent time points . ^^^ Mild FPI induced significant increases in hybridization levels for BDNF and trkB mRNAs , and a decrease in NT 3 mRNA in the hippocampus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Lingual BDNF and NT 3 mRNA expression patterns and their relation to innervation in the human tongue : similarities and differences compared with rodents . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNAs are expressed in developing and adult rodent tongue and are important for the proper development of lingual gustatory and somatosensory innervation in rodents . ^^^ By using in situ hybridization histochemistry , distinct , specific , and in some instances overlapping patterns of BDNF and NT 3 mRNA expression were found in the developing and adult human tongue , gustatory papillae , and taste buds . ^^^ NT 3 mRNA labeling was observed in the adult fungiform taste buds , overlapping with BDNF mRNA labeling , in contrast to what was seen in rodents . ^^^ Based on these findings , we suggest that BDNF and NT 3 are important for the initiation and maintenance of the gustatory and somatosensory innervation also in humans . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This effect was specific to BDNF , because neither nerve growth factor ( NGF ) nor neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) prevented NO induced growth cone collapse and axon retraction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These studies were performed to determine the developmental expression pattern of neurotrophic factor ( NTF : nerve growth factor ( betaNGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , glial derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and NT 4 mRNA and NGF , NT 3 and NT 4 protein in the urinary bladder of the postnatal Wistar rat . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) was measured in normal developing rat from birth to postnatal day ( PND ) 21 by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay . ^^^ NGF levels were significantly higher than those of BDNF and NT 3 from PND 1 21 . ^^^ BDNF peaked at PND 13 15 , while NT 3 levels peaked at PND 7 9 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We report that Maxillary Factor activity is composed of two neurotrophins , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ( BDNF ) , which are produced by both target epithelium and pathway mesenchyme and which are therefore more likely to have a trophic effect on the neurons or their axons than to provide directional information , at least at initial stages of trigeminal axon growth . ^^^ Consistent with this , the initial trajectories of trigeminal sensory axons are largely or completely normal in mice deficient in both BDNF and NT 3 , indicating that other cues must be sufficient for the initial stages of trigeminal axon guidance . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Several years ago , we put forward the hypothesis that neurotrophic factors of the neurotrophin family ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 ) have a role in mediating the effects of visual experience in the developing visual system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
For the neurotrophins , the evolution of NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 as a family implies that these signaling molecules may be involved in mediating additional neural activities , such as learning , memory , and behavior . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophic factors , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) stimulated phosphorylation of NF H . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A ribonuclease protection assay was used to measure changes in urinary bladder neurotrophic factor mRNA ( betaNGF , BDNF , GDNF , CNTF , NT 3 , and NT 4 ) following spinal cord injury ( acute / chronic ) or cyclophosphamide induced cystitis ( acute / chronic ) . ^^^ Urinary bladders from rats with acute spinal cord injury ( 4 days ) exhibited the largest increase in neurotrophic factor mRNA levels ( betaNGF , 21 fold increase ; BDNF , 78 fold increase ; GDNF , 11 fold increase ; CNTF , 5 . 5 fold increase ; NT 3 , 10 fold increase ; NT 4 , 25 fold increase ) relative to control urinary bladders . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Thus , LPS increased the expression of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 in splenocytes and B cells , whereas Con A increased the mRNA of NT 3 and NT 4 in T cells and NGF expression in splenocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GABA ( B ) receptor antagonists elevate both mRNA and protein levels of the neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) but not neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in brain and spinal cord of rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , are critical for the maintenance and plasticity of central nervous system ( CNS ) neurons . ^^^ Three sets of studies determined the distribution of NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 expressing neurons , the frequency of neurons coexpressing NGF and BDNF , and the frequency of neurons expressing a neurotrophin and its associated high affinity receptor . ^^^ The distribution of NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 immunoreactive neurons was identical . ^^^ About 70 % of the neurons in layers II / III and 5 coexpressed NGF and BDNF or coexpressed NGF and NT 3 . ^^^ For example , nearly 70 % of the NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 positive neurons in layer 5 colabeled with their respective high affinity receptors , i . e . , trkA , trkB , and trkC , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We therefore compared the effects of all neurotrophins , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) on visual cortical plasticity and on cell spontaneous and visually evoked activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NT 3 supports survival of neurons that differentiate primarily into proprioceptors whereas nerve growth factor and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) support subpopulations that transmit nociception and mechanoreception , respectively . ^^^ We examined sensory neurons of gene targeted mouse mutants at the NT 4 , BDNF , NT 3 , and TrkA loci . ^^^ The results are consistent with the model that precursor cells intended to become BDNF dependent mechanoreceptors instead differentiate into NT 3 dependent proprioceptive neurons . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Transcription of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , NT 4 , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , and receptors Trk A E , was investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction . ^^^ RESULTS : Transcription of NGF , NT 3 , BDNF , and Trk A , Trk B , Trk C , and Trk E receptors was detected in both ex vivo and cultured epithelium and stroma . ^^^ Levels of transcription were higher for NT 3 , NT 4 , and the Trk receptors and lower for NGF , BDNF , and GDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We here show a novel feature of this synaptic modulation , i . e . that two populations of excitatory synaptic connections to granule cells in the dentate gyrus , lateral perforant path ( LPP ) and medial perforant path ( MPP ) , are differentially influenced by the neurotrophins BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ Our data suggest that BDNF and NT 3 differentially regulate the synaptic impact of different afferent inputs onto single target neurons in the CNS . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Survival effects of BDNF and NT 3 on axotomized rubrospinal neurons depend on the temporal pattern of neurotrophin administration . ^^^ This study shows that both BDNF and NT 3 can prevent cell death in axotomized adult rat rubrospinal neurons ( RSNs ) , but that the efficacy of neuroprotection depends on the temporal pattern of treatment . ^^^ Continuous infusion for 8 weeks into the lumbar subarachnoidal space with either BDNF or NT 3 gave similar survival rates , while a combination of BDNF and NT 3 resulted in 96 % survival , although the cells were atrophic . ^^^ When administration of either BDNF or NT 3 was delayed and performed during postoperative weeks 5 8 , the number of surviving neurons was increased compared to early treatment . ^^^ Delayed treatment with a combination of BDNF and NT 3 resulted in complete survival and a reduction in neuronal atrophy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunohistochemical labelling was used to address specific deposition of BDNF , NGF , NT 3 , bFGF , CNTF and IGF 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Dynamic regulation of BDNF and NT 3 expression during visual system development . ^^^ To assess potential roles for neurotrophins in these processes , we have examined the developmental expression of BDNF and NT 3 mRNA in the cat ' s visual system using in situ hybridization . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs are dynamically regulated in many CNS structures during embryonic and postnatal development , and both mRNAs undergo striking developmental changes in laminar specificity and levels of expression within primary visual cortex during the critical period for ocular dominance column formation . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs can be detected in the lateral geniculate nucleus at birth , and levels peak during the critical period . ^^^ In both structures , BDNF mRNA expression is maintained into adulthood , while NT 3 is undetectable in the adult . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the subacute phase , expression of NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , p75LNGFR and Trk B mRNAs began to increase in the nonneuronal cells and neuronal cells from 6 h , and peaked at 24 72 h in the area where expression of mRNAs for IEGs and cytokines overlapped . ^^^ Of further interest was the finding that this upregulation of IL 1 beta , BDNF , and NT 3 mRNAs in injured spinal cord was attenuated by treatment with high dose glucocorticoids , with the suggestion that the downregulation of BDNF and NT 3 might be disadvantageous to survival and axonal sprouting of spinal neurons . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , p75NTR / NADE induced cell death was dependent on NGF but not BDNF , NT 3 , or NT 4 / 5 , and the recruitment of NADE to p75NTR ( intracellular domain ) was dose dependent . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , and transforming growth factor beta ( 1 ) ( TGF beta ( 1 ) ) concentrations were measured ( ELISA ) in three regions of interest to respiratory control : ( 1 ) ventral cervical spinal segments associated with the phrenic motor nucleus ( C 3 C6 ) , ( 2 ) ventral thoracic spinal segments associated with inspiratory intercostal motor output ( T 3 T6 ) and ( 3 ) the diaphragm . ^^^ CDR increased BDNF ( 110 % ; p = 0 . 002 ) and NT 3 ( 100 % ; p = 0 . 002 ) in the cervical and NT 3 in the thoracic spinal cord ( 98 % ; p = 0 . 009 ) . ^^^ Immunohistochemistry localized BDNF and NT 3 to motoneurons and interneurons of the ventral spinal cord . ^^^ These studies provide novel , suggestive evidence that BDNF and NT 3 , possibly through their trophic effects on serotonergic neurons and / or motoneurons , may underlie serotonin dependent plasticity in ( spinal ) respiratory motor control after CDR . . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , and transforming growth factor beta ( 1 ) ( TGF beta ( 1 ) ) concentrations were measured ( ELISA ) in three regions of interest to respiratory control : ( 1 ) ventral cervical spinal segments associated with the phrenic motor nucleus ( C 3 C6 ) , ( 2 ) ventral thoracic spinal segments associated with inspiratory intercostal motor output ( T 3 T6 ) and ( 3 ) the diaphragm . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Postsynaptic application of a peptide activator of the non receptor PTK Src ( Src peptide ) enhanced mIPSC amplitudes by 39 % in the presence of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) only ; neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) was ineffective in this regard . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As for BDNF and NT 4 , incubation of cortical neurons with neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) also led to a decrease in calretinin expression . ^^^ However , in contrast to BDNF and NT 4 , NT 3 did not affect calbindin expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Unlike brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , which requires Ca ( 2+ ) influx for its acute effect , NT 3 rapidly enhances spontaneous transmitter release at the developing NMJ even when Ca ( 2+ ) influx is completely blocked , suggesting that the NT 3 effect is independent of extracellular Ca ( 2+ ) . ^^^ Blockade of IP 3 receptors can not prevent BDNF induced potentiation , suggesting that BDNF and NT 3 use different mechanisms to potentiate transmitter release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In cells coinfected with viruses coding for pro NT 3 and pro BDNF , NT 3 is sorted into the regulated pathway , stored in secretory granules , and released in response to extracellular cues together with BDNF , apparently as a result of heterodimerization , as suggested by coimmunoprecipitation data . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As an initial step toward understanding the influence of IGFs in the developing cerebral cortex , the present study examined the effects of IGF 1 and of the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) on the dendritic complexity of layer 2 pyramidal neurons . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 also enhanced dendritic development , but the two neurotrophins increased the extent of only basal , not apical , dendrites and promoted greater elongation than was seen after IGF 1 treatment . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we derived mice lacking three neurotrophins , brain derived growth factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) to study the effect of triple neurotrophin deficiency on peripheral and central neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Localizations of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) at the fracture callus were also investigated by immunostaining , and their mitochondrial RNA ( mRNA ) expressions were investigated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) . ^^^ On the other hand , localization of NGF was observed in almost all bone forming cells , localization of BDNF was observed in osteoblast like cells , and localization of NT 3 was observed in osteoblast like cells and hypertrophic chondrocytes at the fracture callus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neonatal rats were exposed to ethanol throughout gestation , or during the early postnatal period ( postnatal days 4 10 ( P 4 10 ) ) , and enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assays were subsequently conducted in order to assess nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) protein content in hippocampus , septum , cortex / striatum and cerebellum . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We examined whether cranial proprioceptive neurons of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus ( TMN ) require NT 3 , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) for their development . ^^^ Complements of TMN neurons and masticatory muscle spindles were decreased by 62 % in NT 3 null mutants , 33 % in BDNF null mutants , and 10 % in NT 4 null mutant mice at birth . ^^^ Masticatory muscles of embryonic mice heterozygous for the NT 3 ( lacZneo ) or BDNF ( lacZ ) reporter genes expressed both NT 3 and BDNF , consistent with target derived neurotrophin support of TMN neurons . ^^^ Although more than 90 % of TMN neurons expressed TrkB as well as TrkC receptor proteins by immunocytochemistry in wild type newborns , TrkC or TrkB null mice exhibited only partial proprioceptive deficiencies similar to those present in NT 3 or BDNF ; NT 4 null mice . ^^^ The differential dependence of TMN neurons on neurotrophins may reflect differential accessibility of the neurons to limiting amounts of NT 3 , BDNF , or NT 4 in target tissues , especially if the tissue distribution or levels of BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 were dynamically regulated both spatially and temporally . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The establishment of gene targeted null mutant mice for the neurotrophic factors , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) has led to the discovery that they are crucial trophic factors for the survival of auditory and vestibular neurons during development . ^^^ BDNF is the major survival factor for vestibular ganglion neurons , while NT 3 only support a small number of these neurons . ^^^ In the cochlea , auditory type 1 neurons require NT 3 for their survival , whereas type 2 neurons depend on BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 3 were shown to support survival of auditory neurons both in vitro and in vivo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
During development , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) mRNAs are expressed in the auditory sensory epithelium , which composes the peripheral target field of the cochlear ( spiral ) neurons . ^^^ Recently , NT 3 and BDNF were used in vivo as therapeutic agents to protect guinea pig cochlear neurons from aminoglycoside induced degeneration and GDNF from noise induced degeneration . ^^^ These data demonstrate that NT 3 , BDNF , and GDNF might be potential candidates for prevention of degeneration of the auditory nerve in man . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Specific neurotrophins , including NT 4 / 5 , BDNF , and NT 3 , greatly protect SGN from all three types of ototoxins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : In contrast to previously studied normal retinal precursor cells , Y 79 cells not only express nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and p 75 , but also the corresponding high affinity receptors TrkA , TrkB , and TrkC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GDNF , BDNF , and NT 4 , but not NT 3 or NGF , stimulate geniculate axon outgrowth during the ages investigated , embryonic days 12 14 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have analysed the expression of the retinoic acid receptors ( RARs ) and the retinoid 10 receptors ( RXRs ) in NGF , NT 3 and BDNF dependent neurons isolated from embryonic day ( E ) 13 . 5 mouse DRG . ^^^ We show that each population of neurons expressed each of the three RXRs , ( alpha ) , ( beta ) and ( gamma ) ; however , whilst the NGF and NT 3 dependent neurons expressed each of the RARs ( alpha ) , ( beta ) and ( gamma ) , the BDNF dependent neurons only expressed RAR ( alpha ) and ( beta ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND : Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) are members of the neurotrophin gene family that support the survival of specific neuronal populations , including those that are affected by neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease ( AD ) . ^^^ METHODS : We quantitated protein levels of NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 , and calculated neurotrophin / NT 3 ratios in AD affected postmortem hippocampus , frontal and parietal cortex , and cerebellum , and compared them with age matched control tissue ( patients with AD / controls : hippocampus , 9 / 9 cases ; frontal cortex , 19 / 9 ; parietal cortex , 8 / 5 ; and cerebellum , 5 / 7 , respectively ) . ^^^ RESULTS : Levels of BDNF were significantly reduced in hippocampus and parietal cortex ( P < . 001 , and P < . 01 ) as well as BDNF / NT 3 ratios in frontal and parietal cortices ( P < . 05 , and P < . 01 ) in the group with AD compared with the control group . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rats were placed in the different environments at 2 months of age and 12 months later brain regions were dissected and analyzed for NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) levels using Promega ELISA kits . ^^^ These findings demonstrate significant alterations in NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 protein levels in several brain regions as a result of an enriched versus an isolated environment and thus provide a possible biochemical basis for behavioral and morphological alterations that have been found to occur with a shifting environmental stimulus . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of neurotrophins BDNF and NT 3 , and their receptors in rat brain after administration of antipsychotic and psychotrophic agents . ^^^ We have investigated the potential role of neurotrophic factors in antipsychotic drug action by examining the effects of antipsychotic and psychotropic treatments on the mRNA expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and their receptors , trkB and trkC , respectively , in rat brain . ^^^ MK 801 ( 5 mg / kg ; 4 h ) significantly increased BDNF mRNA in the entorhinal cortex , but did not influence NT 3 , trkB , or trkC expression in any brain area except for the olfactory bulb . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also examined expression of two neurotrophic factors , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ In cerebral cortex the IUGR group showed less BDNF and NT 3 expression than controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
With the aim of determining if the proportion of rabies virus ( RV ) infected adult neurons from dorsal root ganglion are affected by in vitro treatment with different neurotrophins , experiments using Nerve Growth Factor ( NGF ) , Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ( BDNF ) or Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) as supplements for cells in culture were performed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both brain derived neurotophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) like immunoreactivities were detected in mainly T and natural killer ( NK ) cells in the spinal cord . ^^^ In addition , very high levels of BDNF , NT 3 , and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor mRNAs were present in T and NK cell populations infiltrating the CNS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The protective efficacy of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) at 1 or 10 microg / ml was assessed in guinea pigs exposed to 4 kHz octave band noise at 115 dB SPL for 5 h . ^^^ BDNF , NT 3 or artificial perilymph was delivered to the scala tympani via a mini osmotic pump , beginning 4 days prior to noise exposure and continuing for 1 week post exposure . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Antisera specific to nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) significantly reduced the sympathetic sprouting and the formation of baskets . ^^^ The effect of BDNF antiserum occurred earlier and lasted longer than those of NGF and NT 3 antisera . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transverse sections 700 microm thick were explanted on cover slips and maintained in roller tube cultures in medium containing serum and the growth factors brain derived neurotrophin factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) and ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cerebellopontine angle cisternal infusion of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 : effects on cochlear neurons disconnected from central target , cochlear nucleus . ^^^ We examined the in vivo effectiveness of the neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF and NT 3 ) on cochlear neuronal survival using our in vivo model , in which the central connection alone was selectively and quantitatively interrupted . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins , such as NGF , BDNF and NT 3 play a regulatory role on the function of microglial cells in vivo and in vitro , and the identification of new compounds with neurotrophic properties is becoming a new strategy for the prevention and / or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have studied the mRNA expression of the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , NT 3 and NT 4 and of their receptors trkB and trkC in individual retrogradely labeled lumbar spinal motoneurons of the adult rat , using quantitative non radioactive in situ hybridization ( ISH ) . ^^^ Within individual motoneuron pools , there was a considerable variation in the intensity of mRNA expression encoding for BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 , as well as for the receptors trkB and trkC . ^^^ Surprisingly , none of the variations in the level of motoneuronal mRNA expression for trkB , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 were related to soma size and no differences were found between EDL and Sol motoneurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
At least four of the five known neurotrophins , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , and their receptors ( p 75 NTR , trkA , trkB and trkC ) are present in the developing ovary . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The previously reported rescue of corticospinal neurons ( CSN ) from axotomy induced death by intracortical glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) infusions depends on endogenous cortical brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) . ^^^ The present study examines whether BDNF , GDNF , or NT 3 can stimulate an autocrine or paracrine BDNF support of lesioned CSN . ^^^ BDNF infusions increase BDNF mRNA expression throughout cortical layers 2 5 and NT 3 treatment results in upregulation of BDNF transcripts in the upper cortical layers . ^^^ The findings suggest that axotomized CSN are supported via a paracrine BDNF mechanism which can be stimulated by BDNF and NT 3 , but not by GDNF . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Developmental regulation of BDNF and NT 3 expression by quinolinic acid in the striatum and its main connections . ^^^ Here we have measured changes in the developmental expression pattern of BDNF and NT 3 in the striatum , cortex , and substantia nigra induced by intrastriatal injection of the N methyl d aspartate glutamate receptor agonist quinolinic acid ( QUIN ) . ^^^ Animals were injected at different postnatal ages , and BDNF and NT 3 mRNA levels were determined 6 h after lesion using a ribonuclease protection assay . ^^^ Intrastriatal QUIN injection did not induce changes in either BDNF or NT 3 expression in the ipsilateral substantia nigra . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Althoughthe neurotrophins BDNF and NT 3 have been recognized as potent survival factors for distinct neuronal populations in the peripheral nervous system , they seem to have only minor effects on the survival of CNS neurons . ^^^ In the present study , we provide evidence that BDNF and NT 3 require distinct additional extracellular signals in order to effectively promote the survival of several established populations of target neurons in the CNS . ^^^ Irrespective of the cultivation time , survival promoting effects of both BDNF and NT 3 on dopaminergic neurons were induced or potentiated upon simultaneous depolarization of cultured mesencephalic cells with NMDA or upon activation of cAMP / PKA dependent signaling pathways with dibutyryl cAMP . ^^^ Dibutyryl cAMP ( dbcAMP ) , but not NMDA , also potentiated or induced the survival promoting effects of BDNF and NT 3 on cultured cerebellar granule cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are known to play important roles in the survival , proliferation , differentiation , and / or maintenance of function in several tissues including neuronal tissues . ^^^ In the present study , we assessed the temporal change in gene expression of neurotrophins , NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 , and their receptors , low affinity neurotrophin receptor ( p75NTR ) and Trks A , B , and C , by RT PCR technique in the liver of rats treated with lead nitrate ( LN ; 0 . 1 mmol / kg body weight ) , an inducer of liver hyperplasia . ^^^ The mRNAs for NGF , BDNF with exon 4 , NT 3 , p75NTR , and all Trk members were detected in the LN untreated liver . ^^^ LN treatment resulted in increases in the levels of NGF , BDNF with exon 4 , NT 3 , p75NTR , and TrkA mRNAs and further led to expression of BDNF mRNA with exon 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Gene expression of basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) and its high affinity receptors [ fibroblast growth factor receptor subtypes 1 3 ( FGF R 1 , FGF R 2 , FGF R 3 ) ] , as well as brain derived growth factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) was analysed at 4 h after the hormone injection in CA 1 CA4 ( cornus of Ammon areas of the hippocampus ) and dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus and in neocortex by means of in situ hybridization . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To determine what changes occur in neurotrophin receptor expression following spinal cord damage , adult rats received a midthoracic spinal cord hemisection alone or in combination with intrathecal application of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 ( but not saline ) applied to the lesion site increased this expression . ^^^ Truncated trkB receptor expression was also increased throughout the white matter ipsilateral to the lesion and BDNF ( but not NT 3 or saline ) prevented this increase . ^^^ The study is the first to show changes in truncated trkB receptor expression that extend beyond the site of a spinal cord lesion and is one of the first to show that BDNF and NT 3 affect Schwann cells and / or p 75 expression following spinal cord damage . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Expressions of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) 1 were examined immunohistochemically in the cerebral cortex and ventricular zone of 6 day old rats with congenital hydrocephalus ( HTX rats ) . ^^^ In the ventricular zone of hydrocephalic rats , potent BDNF like immunoreactivity ( LI ) and weak but significant signals for NT 3 and FGF 1 LIs were observed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Motoneurones synthesising BDNF , NT 4 and NT 3 are a potent source of neurotrophins for the spinal network ( 2 , 3 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) accelerated catagen in the organ cultured skin of C57BL / 6 mice , these neurotrophins failed to promote catagen development in the organ cultured p75NTR null skin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , two important members of the neurotrophin family involved in neuronal differentiation and plasticity , were added to the cultures at seeding time . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , two important members of the neurotrophin family involved in neuronal differentiation and plasticity , were added to the cultures at seeding time . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we have used semiquantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry to detect the regulation in motoneurons of mRNAs for receptors to ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) , leukemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) 1 42 days after the described three types of axon injury . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , the changes in expression of the neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 ) and their cognate receptors ( i . e . , trk and p75NTR ) during the progression of normal prostatic epithelial cells to malignancy were documented . ^^^ METHODS : Immmunocytochemistry , RT PCR , and ELISA assays were used to characterize the changes in the neurotrophin ligands ( i . e . , NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 ) and their cognate high affinity ( i . e . , trk A , B , and C ) and low affinity neurotrophin ( i . e . , p 75 NTR ) receptors in normal vs . malignant human prostatic tissues . ^^^ In contrast , malignant prostate epithelial cells directly secrete a series of neurotrophins ( i . e . , NGF , BDNF , and / or NT 3 ) and express at least one if not more of the trk receptor proteins ( i . e . , trk A , B , and / or C ) , while no longer expressing the p75NTR receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effect of HGF was larger than that observed with either brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and cotreatment of the cultures with HGF and the neurotrophins was additive with respect to calbindin D neurons . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 stimulated neurite outgrowth of calbindin D neurons to a much smaller degree . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Exogenous BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 differentially regulate neurite outgrowth in cultured hippocampal neurons . ^^^ We used this culture system to determine the specific effects of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) on dendritic and axonal differentiation in hippocampal pyramidal neurons . ^^^ Both BDNF and NT 3 had positive effects on the outgrowth of undifferentiated neurites , called minor neurites , and on the axonal process of hippocampal pyramidal neurons . ^^^ However , the effect of NT 3 was more important than that of BDNF . ^^^ Taken together , our results show that BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 exert distinct effects on the neuritic compartments of hippocampal neurons . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The transplantation of fibroblasts , genetically modified to secrete neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and / or brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , into spinal cord injured rats increases the production of new oligodendrocytes and myelination ( McTigue et al . [ 1998 ] J . ^^^ To clarify the effects of NT 3 and BDNF , adult rat spinal cord was dissociated to produce cultures in which both oligodendrocyte precursors ( O 1 ( ) O 4 ( + ) ) and oligodendrocytes ( O 1 ( + ) ) were present . ^^^ Thymidine labeling of cells was determined in the presence and absence of added NT 3 and / or BDNF . ^^^ O 1 ( + ) oligodendrocyte proliferation was not stimulated by NT 3 or BDNF ; however , the proliferation of O 1 ( ) O 4 ( + ) cells was increased in NT 3 treated cultures to a labeling index ( LI : 24 hr ) of 15 20 % . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
After 3 days in vitro , a higher number of DRG neurons expressed galectin 3 in the presence of NGF ( 65 + / 7 % ) than in the presence of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF , 30 + / 3 % ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 , 34 + / 3 % ) . ^^^ After 7 days in vitro , these numbers dropped to 51 + / 3 % ( for NGF ) , 0 % ( for BDNF ) and 8 + / 4 % ( for NT 3 ) , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF , NT 3 and NGF induce distinct new Ca2+ channel synthesis in developing hippocampal neurons . ^^^ Here we show that BDNF , NGF and NT 3 ( 10 100 ng / mL ) exhibit a selective long term up regulation of voltage gated Ca2+ current densities in developing hippocampal neurons of 6 20 days in culture . ^^^ NGF and NT 3 appear more effective in up regulating L currents , while BDNF predominantly acts on non L currents ( N , P / Q and R ) . ^^^ The EC 50 was comparable for BDNF , NGF and NT 3 ( 10 16 ng / mL ) while the time of half maximal activation was significantly longer for NGF compared to BDNF ( 58 vs . 25 h ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , the T cells express mRNA and protein specific to nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND : The neurotrophins , which include nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , NT 4 / 5 and NT 6 , are a family of proteins that play fundamental roles in the differentiation , survival and maintenance of peripheral and central neurons . ^^^ Although there is recent evidence that BDNF and NT 3 can be transported in an anterograde direction along peripheral and central axons , there is as yet no conclusive evidence that these anterograde factors have direct post synaptic actions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Specifically identified were amplification products for the following NTs : NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 . ^^^ Immunoassays ( ELISA ) detected BDNF , NT 4 , NGF , and NT 3 in the culture media from HTM cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analyses were performed using primary antibodies raised against NTs ( nerve growth factor [ NGF ] , brain derived neurotrophic factor [ BDNF ] , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 ) and NT receptors ( TrkA , TrkB , TrkC , and p75NTR ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent studies suggest that the injured adult spinal cord responds to brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) with enhanced neuron survival and axon regeneration . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In order to determine whether neurotransmitter expression is modulated in response to the elevation of neurotrophins , the changes in c fos , neuropeptide and glutamic acid decarboxylase ( GAD ) mRNAs expression was evaluated after BDNF or NT 3 was applied to cultured spinal neurons . ^^^ Both BDNF and NT 3 produced a rapid increase in c fos mRNA . ^^^ These results suggest that BDNF and NT 3 have differential neuronal effects on the synthesis of spinal cord neurotransmitters that are involved in the modulation of nociceptive information . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Extensive analyses with various techniques demonstrated that HAEC and immortalized HAEC synthesize and release brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor also stimulated outgrowth , but to a lesser degree , whereas NT 3 gave only weak stimulatory tendencies . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF abolishes the survival effect of NT 3 in axotomized Clarke neurons of adult rats . ^^^ Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) have previously been shown to support survival and axonal regeneration in various types of neurons . ^^^ The present study investigates the effects of intrathecally delivered NT 3 and BDNF on the survival and atrophy of ascending spinocerebellar neurons of Clarke nucleus ( CN ) after cervical spinal cord injury in adult rats . ^^^ In spite of the fact that the CN neurons expressed both TrkC and TrkB receptors , only NT 3 had a neuroprotective effect , whereas BDNF was ineffective . ^^^ Furthermore , when a combination of BDNF and NT 3 was administered , the neuroprotective effect of NT 3 was lost . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) analysis showed that CORT treated hippocampal CA 1 cells underwent a significant decrease in the expression of mRNA for nerve growth factor beta ( NGF beta ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , but not for neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) compared with those in control . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Changes in brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) contents following thoracic spinal cord transection were investigated in the cerebral cortex , hippocampus , and cerebellum of rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Macrophages expressed TrkB and TrkC but not BDNF , NT 3 or NT 4 . ^^^ LPS induced up regulation of TrkB and TrkC and of BDNF and NT 3 expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show immunoreactivity to antibodies to nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophin ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor p 75 and the high affinity tyrosine kinase receptors ( Trk ) B and C in hepatic stellate cells and weak reactivity for BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 in hepatocytes , in cryosections of human and rat liver , in normal and varying pathologic conditions . ^^^ Hepatocyte RNA was found to contain BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 mRNA ( which is compatible with the immunohistochemical findings ) and Trk A mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sensory axons , but rarely motor axons , were targeted to ectopically placed beads containing any of the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , NT 3 or NT 4 / 5 . ^^^ Conversely , a combination of function blocking monoclonal antibodies to NGF , BDNF and NT 3 dramatically inhibited elongation of both sensory and motor axons in the limb bud , indicating that the growth of mixed nerves is dependent upon neurotrophins during development . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , we investigated the levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in post mortem brain tissue of Alzheimer ' s disease ( AD ) patients , and we observed a significant increase of BDNF concentration in hippocampus and parietal cortex of AD patients , as well as a negative correlation between NT 3 levels and age in hippocampus and putamen of control subjects , and for BDNF in frontal cortex . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have used RNase protection assay to measure mRNA levels of the neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and their trkC and trkB receptors , as well as the growth factors insulin like growth factor 1 ( IGF 1 ) and basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) , in the cerebellum and hippocampus of BDV infected and control rats at different time points p . i . ^^^ Reduced mRNA expression levels of NT 3 , BDNF and NGF were found after day 14 p . i . in the hippocampus , but not in the cerebellum , of newborn infected rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To determine whether growth factors of the neurotrophin family are able to prevent the degeneration of striatal projection neurons , cell lines expressing brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , or neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) were grafted in the adult rat striatum before quinolinate injection . ^^^ In animals grafted with the control cell line , quinolinate injection induced a gradual cell loss that was differentially prevented by intrastriatal grafting of BDNF , NT 3 , or NT 415 secreting cells . ^^^ Glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 , preproenkephalin , and preprotachykinin A but not prodynorphin expressing neurons were protected by grafting of NT 3 or NT 4 / 5 secreting cells but with less efficiency than the BDNF secreting cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
For this , we generated mutant mice for TrkA , TrkB , TrkC , and also for BDNF and NT 3 together with P 2 IRES tau LacZ trangenic mice . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In archived neonatal blood of children with autistic spectrum disorders ( n = 69 ) , mental retardation without autism ( n = 60 ) , or cerebral palsy ( CP , n = 63 ) and of control children ( n = 54 ) , we used recycling immunoaffinity chromatography to measure the neuropeptides substance P ( SP ) , vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP ) , pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide ( PACAP ) , calcitonin gene related peptide ( CGRP ) , and the neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT4 / 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor is the cognate ligand for TrkA , brain derived neurotrophic factor for TrkB , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) for TrkC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This study examined whether continuous intramedullary infusion of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) had either an early neuroprotective effect or a delayed effect on regeneration after spinal cord injury ( SCI ) in adult rats . ^^^ BDNF , NGF , NT 3 or vehicle was infused at a rate of 625 ng / h into the SCI site at T 3 through an implanted cannula attached to an osmotic pump . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor together with possibly other neurotrophins such as BDNF ( brain derived nerve growth factor ) , GDNF ( glial derived nerve growth factor ) or NT 3 are important modulators of immunity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Plasmids that encode basic fibroblast growth factor ( FGF 2 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) promote sustained survival of RGC for over 3 months after the initial injury . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , NT 3 and low ( p 75 ) and high affinity ( Trks ) NT receptors were investigated by immunocytochemistry in cytospin centrifuged preparations of human alveolar macrophages . ^^^ Approximately 2 . 5 % alveolar macrophages were immunoreactive for NGF , whereas no macrophages displaying immunoreactivity for BDNF or NT 3 were observed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RNase protection assay revealed that cultivated skin derived cells express nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) . ^^^ We conclude that skin derived cells stimulate neurite growth from sensory neurons in vitro , that these cells produce NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 and that 3T3 fibroblasts producing NT 3 mimic the effect of skin derived cells on sensory neurons in co culture . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , promote differentiation , growth , and survival of various central and peripheral nervous system neurons . ^^^ Quantitative analysis was performed using sandwich type ELISA for NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 . ^^^ The quantity of total NGF , NT 3 , and BDNF in IHPS was significantly lower than in controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To understand these longitudinal deficits in neurotrophin mutants , we have compared the development of the deficit in the NT 3 mutant to the spatial temporal expression patterns of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and NT 3 , using lacZ reporters in each gene and with expression of the specific neurotrophin receptors , trkB and trkC . ^^^ During the period preceding apoptosis , NT 3 is expressed in supporting cells , whereas BDNF is expressed mainly in hair cells , which become postmitotic in an apical to basal temporal gradient . ^^^ During the period of neuronal loss , BDNF is absent from the basal cochlea , accounting for the complete loss of basal turn neurons in the NT 3 mutant . ^^^ Mice in which NT 3 was replaced by BDNF show a qualitative normal pattern of innervation at E13 . 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rat primary microglia were found to constitutively secrete a limited amount of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , but nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) were undetectable in the conditioned medium . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distribution of BDNF , NT 3 , trkB and trkC in the developing retino tectal system of the pigeon ( Columba livia ) . ^^^ The distribution of the neurotrophins BDNF and NT 3 as well as their corresponding high affinity receptors trkB and trkC was characterized by immunohistochemistry in the developing retino tectal system of the pigeon . ^^^ Here we demonstrate that in altricial pigeons no retinal immunolabeling of BDNF , NT 3 or their receptors could be detected before hatch , although a prominent tectal labeling pattern throughout most layers was evident . ^^^ While the tectal and retinal protein synthesis of NT 3 vanished after 2 weeks , that of BDNF could still be revealed in adults . ^^^ In contrast , BDNF and NT 3 could play a prominent role in posthatch retino tectal plasticity , as the consolidation of tectal asymmetries requires posthatch modifications of tectal circuits and proceeds within the first two posthatching weeks . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neuronal cell type Neuro 2a is a good model to study development and molecules modulating this process , and retinoic acid ( RA ) and neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 ) have been shown to be active in this modulation . ^^^ Through DNA labelling with BrdU we also show that NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 increase survival and proliferation of cells , grown in serum deprived media . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
When dermatomal boundaries were mapped in adult mice , it was found that those in nerve growth factor and brain derived neurotrophic factor overexpressers were indistinguishable from wild type animals but that overlap between adjacent segments was greatly reduced in neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) overexpressers . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Similar alterations in axonal responses to NT 3 and brain derived neurotrophic factor were also noted . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sections of pancreatic cancer and normal pancreatic tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry for the expression of the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 , and their receptors TrkA , TrkB , and TrkC , as well as the low affinity receptor , p75NTR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The localization of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in the gerbil auditory brainstem was studied during normal postnatal development . ^^^ The principal objective of this paper was to compare the developmental distribution of BDNF and NT 3 proteins to the known developmental distribution of their cognate , high affinity tyrosine kinase receptors . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 proteins were localized using standard immunohistochemistry . ^^^ No specific immunoreactivity for BDNF or NT 3 was detected on the day of birth ( P 0 ) in any auditory structure , although fibers comprising the spinal tract of the Vth cranial nerve were well labelled with antibodies against BDNF . ^^^ Diffuse immunoreactivity for both BDNF and NT 3 was first detected at P 3 in the cochlear nucleus and in several second order auditory nuclei in the superior olivary complex . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NT 3 regulates BDNF induced modulation of synaptic transmission in cultured hippocampal neurons . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 can modulate the development and plasticity of central synaptic transmission . ^^^ Although the expression of NT 3 and BDNF in the rodent hippocampus coincides during perinatal development , little is known about possible functional interactions between both neurotrophins in synaptic development . ^^^ Here , we have investigated the effects of combined long term application of NT 3 and BDNF on excitatory glutamatergic ( mEPSC ) and inhibitory GABAergic miniature synaptic currents ( mIPSC ) in cultured embryonic hippocampal neurons . ^^^ Our results show that the BDNF induced twofold increase in mEPSC frequency is abolished by pre treatment with NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differentiation , maturation , and survival of Purkinje cells are shown to involve an intimate interaction between brain derived nerve growth factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) acting primarily through their specific tyrosine kinase ( Trk ) receptors . ^^^ We believe that the specific ethanol vulnerability , and the timing of this vulnerability result from alterations in the BDNF NT 3 interplay . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 4 / 5 induced the dimers , whereas NT 3 formed slight dimers but NGF did not . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mice lacking both BDNF and NT 3 or Trk B and Trk C , reportedly lose all innervation to the inner ear . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sequential exposure to members of the neurotrophin family , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin type 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin type 4 ( NT 4 ) , determines the generation , survival , and maturation of developing neurons . ^^^ BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 each targeted about 15 % of striatal precursors at E 14 but no NGF responsive precursors were detected at this age . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To study the role of low affinity ligand receptor interactions in vivo , we have replaced the Nt 3 gene with the gene for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , a TrkB ligand . ^^^ In the inner ear , the ectopic BDNF rescued the severe neuronal deficits caused by NT 3 absence , indicating that TrkB and TrkC activate equivalent pathways to promote survival of cochlear neurons . ^^^ However , specific increased innervation densities suggest unique functions for BDNF and NT 3 beyond promoting neuronal survival . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunoblots of homogenates from human tumors displayed binding of anti nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and NT 3 antibodies as well as of anti tyrosine specific protein kinase ( Trk ) A , TrkB , and TrkC receptor antibodies , with similar migration characteristics than those displayed by human beta NGF and proteins from rat brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , neither neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) nor brain derived neurotrophic factor influenced their survival during embryonic and postnatal stages , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 3 extend the critical period for developmental climbing fibre plasticity . ^^^ The effect on neonatal brain plasticity of two neurotrophins , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , was studied using the rat olivocerebellar projection as a model . ^^^ However BDNF was more efficacious than NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In order to test this hypothesis , BDNF and NT 3 levels in post mortem brain tissue from schizophrenic patients were determined by ELISA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in extracts were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) . ^^^ In lesion extract , bFGF was slightly and GDNF was significantly increased , while BDNF and NT 3 were the same level in each extract . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Subcellular pathways and accumulation of internalized radiolabeled neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 were examined in retinal ganglion cells ( RGCs ) of chick embryos by using quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography . ^^^ BDNF and NGF also concentrated at the plasma membrane , whereas NT 3 accumulated transiently in the Golgi system . ^^^ Abolishment of trk activity with K252a shifted NT 3 ( and BDNF ) away from the Golgi system and into a lysosomal pathway , indicating that trk activity regulated sorting of the ligand receptor complex . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : NGF and BDNF levels were significantly increased in untreated asthmatics compared to the control and the treated group , while NT 3 demonstrated significantly higher levels in treated asthmatics compared to healthy controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Development of Purkinje cells is known to require binding of the neurotrophins , including brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , to the tyrosine kinase ( Trk ) receptors TrkB and TrkC , respectively . ^^^ In addition , Purkinje cells are reported to experience a critical switch between BDNF dependence and NT 3 dependence during the period of highest ethanol sensitivity between postnatal days ( PN ) 4 6 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To improve nerve regeneration , the growth promoting effects of the neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) were evaluated . ^^^ While BDNF showed a limited effect on axonal regeneration ( 863 + / 39 axons / regenerated nerve , n = 6 ) , NGF ( 1843 + / 482 ) and NT 3 ( 1495 + / 449 ) powerfully promoted regeneration of myelinated axons compared to channels releasing the control protein bovine serum albumin ( 293 + / 39 ) . ^^^ In addition , NGF , but not BDNF nor NT 3 , had a potent effect on the regeneration of unmyelinated axons ( NGF , 55 + / 1 . 4 ; BDNF , 4 + / 0 . 3 ; NT 3 , 4 . 7 + / 0 . 3 axons / 100 microm ( 2 ) ; n = 6 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The addition of neutralizing neurotrophin antibodies indicates that endogenous brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) is necessary for the normal complement of VGF expressing neurons in the perirhinal cortex , although endogenous neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) regulates the expression of VGF in a subpopulation of cells . ^^^ However , the total amount of NT 3 is similar between the two regions and , moreover , there is considerably more NT 3 than BDNF in both areas , a finding seemingly in conflict with regional VGF expression . ^^^ Furthermore , the amount of NT 3 released by the perirhinal neurons is significantly less than the amount of BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study endogenous brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) were identified in Schwann cell / dorsal root ganglia neuronal cocultures and shown to modulate the myelination program of the peripheral nervous system . ^^^ The differential expression of BDNF and NT 3 were examined and compared with the expression profiles of myelin proteins in the cocultures throughout the myelination process . ^^^ BDNF levels correlated with active myelin formation , whereas NT 3 expression was initially high and then down regulated throughout the proliferation and premyelination periods . ^^^ Interestingly , exogenous NT 3 significantly inhibited myelination , whereas the removal of the endogenous NT 3 by using the NT 3 receptor TrkC Fc fusion protein resulted in an enhancement similar to that obtained with the addition of BDNF . ^^^ These results demonstrate that BDNF and NT 3 possess different modulatory roles in the myelination program of the peripheral nervous system and that their mechanisms of action are specific and highly regulated . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins NT 3 and BDNF induce selective specification of neuropeptide coexpression and neuronal connectivity in arcuate and periventricular hypothalamic neurons in vitro . ^^^ Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) was expressed in a much larger population of neurons than brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) at both culture times . ^^^ NT 3 , but not BDNF , was able to reproduce maturation related phenotypic specification in 6 DIV arcuate cultures . ^^^ Maturation dependent phenotypic specification was less marked in periventricular cultures ; in that case BDNF , not NT 3 had a slight effect on phenotype specification . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In comparison with their respective native counterparts , human and rat MA alpha ( 2 ) M bound slightly more NGF , but significantly less BDNF or NT 3 . ^^^ Native human alpha ( 2 ) M and PZP in general have no neuro modulatory activity , but native PZP bound significantly more NGF , BDNF or NT 3 than either native alpha ( 2 ) M or MA alpha ( 2 ) M , which is neuro inhibitory . ^^^ It is known that MA PZP is neuro inhibitory , but it fails to bind more NGF , BDNF , or NT 3 than native PZP . ^^^ MA alpha ( 1 ) M is the only macroglobulin known to stimulate NGF promoted neurite outgrowth , but it bound NGF with similar affinities as native alpha ( 1 ) M and rat alpha ( 2 ) M ; in addition , it bound significantly less BDNF or NT 3 than native alpha ( 1 ) M . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using RT PCR , we found that cultured SGSCs express neurotrophins , including brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , raising the possibility that SGSCs contribute to the trophic support of SGNs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Messenger RNA was found encoding RET , GFR alpha 1 , BDNF , trkB , and trkC in the adult human spinal cord and BDNF , NT 3 , p 75 , trkB , and trkC in the fetal human spinal cord . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins , such as NGF , BDNF and NT 3 also utilize receptor tyrosine kinases , namely TrkA , TrkB and TrkC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In histological sections of the adrenals from untreated control animals , faint immunolabeling for BDNF , NT 3 and NGF was detectable in the adrenal cortex , with some additional labeling for NGF over the adrenal medulla , whereas GDNF immunolabeling was confined to the adrenal medulla . ^^^ Induction of TNBS colitis markedly increased NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 expression within the adrenal cortex after 8 h . ^^^ In case of BDNF and NT 3 basal expression levels were reached after 14 days . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The temporally and spatially regulated expression of neurotrophins , NT 3 and BDNF , and their receptors , TrkC and TrkB , during male germ cell development suggests that neurotrophins play as the paracrine factors in the intercellular communication between the germ cells and the supporting somatic cells to control germ cell development . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We find that brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) and cardiotrophin 1 ( CT 1 ) all promote the outgrowth of embryonic cranial motor neurons , while glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) fail to affect outgrowth . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Increasing evidence indicates that several trophic factors such as brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , fibroblast growth factor ( FGF 2 ) , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , insulin like growth factor ( IGF 1 ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , can move anterogradely along axons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PURPOSE : To investigate the gene expression of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and their high affinity receptors ( TrkA , TrkB and TrkC ) in cultured human Mller cells . ^^^ METHODS : The polymerase chain reaction was performed using specific primers for NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , TrkA , TrkB and TrkC with complementary DNAs as the template , which were generated from poly A+ RNA of cultured human Mller cells . ^^^ RESULTS : We detected the precursor mRNA transcripts for NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , TrkB and TrkC , but not TrkA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Conditional mutant brains produced undetectable amounts of NT 3 mRNA , whereas the expression of the neurotrophin , BDNF , the NT 3 receptor , TrkC , and the nonselective , low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR , were comparable to wild type . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have provided insight into this issue by using whole cell current clamp recordings and immunocytochemistry to show that BDNF and NT 3 , neurotrophins found normally in the cochlea , have profound effects on the firing properties and ion channel distribution of spiral ganglion neurons in the murine cochlea . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
DNA oligonucleotide probes for nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and trkA , trkB , and C were labeled with [ ( 35 ) S ] dATP using terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase for in situ hybridization . ^^^ The results observed were as follows . ( 1 ) The medial septal and striatal NGF mRNA levels increased with severity in animals . ( 2 ) Hippocampal trkB and BDNF mRNA levels increased with time in animals with moderate ventricular enlargement . ( 3 ) Expression of hippocampal trkB , trkC , and NT 3 mRNA increased in animals with moderate ventricular enlargement , while it apparently decreased in the large ventricular enlargement group reaching normal ranges . ( 4 ) In the corpus callosum there was an apparent increase in NGF , NT 3 and trkC mRNA , but not in trkA , in hydrocephalic animals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Signaling by brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) via the TrkB receptor , or by neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) through the TrkC receptor support distinct populations of sensory neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Levels of expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are increased by DR , while levels of expression of high affinity receptors for these neurotrophins ( trkB and trkC ) are unchanged . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study we used immunohistochemistry to investigate the occurrence and localization both of neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF and NT 3 like ) and of Trk like proteins ( TrkA , TrkB , TrkC like ) in alevins of Salmo salar and S . trutta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interestingly , these two populations displayed contrasting expression patterns of nerve growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines with higher inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels in alphabeta+ / TCRBV8S2+ cells at all time intervals , whereas the levels of BDNF and NT 3 were higher in alphabeta+ / TCRBV8S2 cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Infusions of BDNF and NT 3 did not influence locomotor activity or passive avoidance . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Similar data were obtained for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) in primary cortical cultured neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We studied the interactions of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) with brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , fibroblast growth factor 2 ( FGF 2 ) , and their effects on tyrosine kinase C ( TrkC ) expression during cochlear ganglion development . ^^^ Cultures were fed with various combinations of NT 3 , BDNF , and FGF 2 . ^^^ NT 3 appeared to have a greater effect on neurite outgrowth than on migration and was enhanced by BDNF . ^^^ The results from in situ hybridization and immunostaining for TrkC receptor revealed up regulation of the mRNA and protein by combining NT 3 and BDNF . ^^^ The trophic synergism of NT 3 and BDNF may result from up regulation of TrkC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study we report the presence of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 in neurons and endocrine cells of mouse , duck and lizard intestine . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Examination of the messenger RNA expression levels of neurotrophins and their receptors using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed learning selective induction in the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor , its receptor trkB , and NT 3 during , but not after , the learning . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
When neurons are incubated with neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , there are no significant changes in BDNF mRNA or protein expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , comparisons were made with animals treated intrathecally after spinal cord injury with the neurotrophic factors BDNF or NT 3 . ^^^ Implantation of the PHB graft reduced this cell loss by 50 % , a rescuing effect similar to that obtained after treatment with BDNF or NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CONCLUSIONS : It is known that brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) contribute to the differentiation of neuronal precursor cells , dendritic and axonal arborization , synaptic plasticity , and cellular hyperexcitability , so increased expression of trkB and trkC may have a critical pathogenetic role in cytoskeletal abnormalities and epileptogenicity in dysplastic neurons of CD . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The levels of mRNA expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) in the inflamed pancreas reached a peak at 1 week ( 2 . 5 fold , twofold , fourfold , and fivefold increase , respectively ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Present findings will help to develop future gene therapy protocols in the inner ear by using Ad and AAV coding for neurotrophins such as NT 3 , BDNF , GDNF and VEGF . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The family of neurotrophins , encompassing nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) , is important in the regulation of neuronal development and function . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
One hour after severe spinal cord contusion at the T 8 to T 11 level , carbon filaments containing nonsecreting Schwann cells , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) secreting Schwann cells , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) secreting Schwann cells , or Schwann cells secreting both BDNF and NT 3 were implanted into the spinal cord . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although these neurotrophins , which include Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ( BDNF ) , Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and Neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , continue to be expressed into adulthood , there is little evidence that they are survival factors for adult neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The age dependent trophic responses of sympathetic , sensory , and nodose neurons to the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 and to glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) were examined by an explant culture system . ^^^ The DRG from embryos and neonates were influenced by all neurotrophic factors ; however , the effects of BDNF and NT 3 disappeared after maturation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To confirm their neural potential , PPSC derived neurospheres were plated on coated coverslips under varying conditions : Neurobasal medium with N 2 or B 27 , and either NT 3 or BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent reports indicated that neurotrophins [ nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) ] have numerous effects on non neural cells , especially on immune cells . ^^^ However , whether lung cells express neurotrophins and / or their receptors ( TrkA for NGF , TrkB for BDNF and NT 4 / 5 , and TrkC for NT 3 ) has never been systematically investigated . ^^^ New findings were : ( 1 ) RT PCR for neurotrophins and their receptors detected NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 in alveolar macrophages , BDNF , NT 4 / 5 , trkA , the truncated form of trkB , and trkC in lung homogenate , but no trks in alveolar macrophages , ( 2 ) immunohistochemistry for neurotrophin receptors detected TrkA in capillary cells , the truncated form of TrkB , and TrkC in interstitial macrophages , ( 3 ) immunoelectron microscopy for TrkC revealed expression of TrkC on the surface of interstitial macrophages , and ( 4 ) in situ hybridization for neurotrophins detected BDNF in interstitial macrophages and alveolar type 1 cells , NT 3 in alveolar macrophages , and NT 4 / 5 in alveolar and interstitial macrophages . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVES : The aim of this study was to assess whether eosinophils express functional receptors and if their function is influenced by NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ Eosinophils were incubated with NGF , BDNF and NT 3 , and cells and supernatants were collected for measurement of the mediators IL 4 , IL 5 , IL 8 , transforming growth factor ( TGF ) beta 1 , eosinophil cationic protein ( ECP ) , eosinophil protein 10 ( EPX ) as well as eosinophil viability . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 stimulation led to a significant increase in EPX . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The animals were treated by local application into the cavity of Gelfoam soaked in ( 1 ) phosphate buffered saline ( untreated controls ) or ( 2 ) a mixture of the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) ( local treatment ) , or by intrathecal infusion of BDNF + NT 3 for ( 3 ) 2 weeks ( short term treatment ) or ( 4 ) 5 8 weeks ( long term treatment ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To determine whether these findings in rodents could be related to humans , we have now studied nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , and neurturin ( NTN ) mRNA expression patterns in developing human teeth during gestational weeks 6 . 5 11 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Dynamic patterns of BDNF expression in injured sensory neurons : differential modulation by NGF and NT 3 . ^^^ Thus , modulatory influences of NGF and NT 3 on BDNF expression in injured adult rat DRG neurons were examined using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical approaches . ^^^ NT 3 acts in an opposite fashion effecting a down regulation in BDNF expression in intact neurons and preventing / reducing the injury associated increases in BDNF expression in both trkC and nontrkC expressing subpopulations of injured neurons . ^^^ Furthermore , the findings demonstrate that NT 3 can act in an antagonistic fashion to NGF in the regulation of BDNF expression in intact neurons , and mitigate BDNF ' s expression in injured neurons . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins [ NGF , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , NT 4 / 5 , BDNF ] , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) related factors ( GDNF , neurturin ) , and growth factors such as PDGF AA , FGF 2 , and insulin did not increase myelinogenesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Different immune cell subpopulations express different neurotrophin receptors and produce different cytokines , particularly brain derived neurotrophin ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) [ M . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These experiments were designed to assess the influence of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system on the initiation of behavioral sensitization to cocaine . ^^^ A neutralizing antibody for NT 3 , BDNF or their vehicle was administered into the ventral tegmental area ( VTA ) or nucleus accumbens prior to each of four daily injections of 15 mg / kg cocaine . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , members of the neurotrophin family , bind to and activate TrkA , TrkB and TrkC , respectively , members of the Trk receptor tyrosine kinase family , to exert various effects including promotion of differentiation and survival , and regulation of synaptic plasticity in neuronal cells . ^^^ BDNF stimulated much stronger interactions of PLCgamma with Trk than NGF and NT 3 in PC 12 cells stably expressing TrkB and cultured cerebral cortical neurons , respectively , although BDNF , NGF and NT 3 induced similar levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of Trk . ^^^ Furthermore , the cultured cortical neurons showed large PLCgamma dependent increases in intracellular Ca ( 2+ ) levels in response to BDNF compared with NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Therefore the expression of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , BDNF , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) was investigated in postmortem muscle tissue of the biceps from 15 patients with neuropathologically confirmed sporadic ALS and 15 age matched controls . ^^^ Whereas the early phase of the disease was characterized by a strong upregulation of BDNF , levels of NGF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 gradually increased in the course of the disorder , peaking at later stages . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 are well known for their neuron survival promoting functions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interestingly , the expression of nerve growth factor and brain derived neurotrophic factor is rapidly up regulated following seizures , while NT 3 mRNA remains unchanged or undergoes a delayed down regulation , suggesting that NT 3 might have a different function in epileptogenesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , as well as their respective tyrosine kinase ( Trk ) receptors , TrkB and TrkC , influence peripheral target cell innervation , survival , and proliferation . ^^^ In single and double labeled immunofluorescent experiments , 3 , 209 taste bud sections ( profiles ) from 13 hamsters were examined for immunopositive gemmal cells or nerve fibers using antibodies to BDNF and NT 3 , their respective receptors TrkB and TrkC , and the neural marker ubiquitin c terminal hydrolase L 1 [ protein gene product ( PGP ) 9 . 5 ] . ^^^ In each gemmal field , more than 75 % of taste bud profiles showed immunopositivity to BDNF , NT 3 , and TrkB . ^^^ Within bud fields , the number of BDNF like , labeled bud cells / bud profile was greater than that for NT 3 like IR in fungiform ( P < 0 . 0002 ) and foliate ( P < 0 . 0001 ) buds . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The role of the neurotrophin ligands , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and their respective tyrosine kinase ( Trk ) receptors , TrkB and TrkC , in denervated taste buds is not known . ^^^ In taste buds that survived on the posterior tongue , the degree of foliate bud cell BDNF , NT 3 , and TrkB like IR , and circumvallate bud cell BDNF and NT 3 like IR , significantly decreased compared with the unoperated side . ^^^ In contrast , for anterior tongue fungiform bud cells , the degree of neurotrophin and receptor like IR was relatively less affected : NT 3 and TrkB like IR were unchanged ; BDNF like IR , although significantly decreased , was also maintained . ^^^ Hence , NT 3 , BDNF , and TrkB like IR in fungiform gemmal cells may reflect an autocrine capacity promoting survival . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons to BDNF , but not to NT 3 , reduced FMR 1 mRNA levels to 84 . 8 % of control at 4 h and the levels were back to baseline by 24 h or 4 days . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To investigate the potential role of neurotrophins in the afferent synaptogenesis of inner hair cells , we exposed bv newborn cochleas in organotypic culture to brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , and also to gamma aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) , for up to 8 days . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 alone or combined increased synaptogenesis and hair cell survival only during the first 3 days ( by about 10 % ) ; however , the cells became denervated by 8 postnatal ( PN ) . ^^^ The supporting cells that provide sustenance to the denervated inner hair cells displayed strong BDNF ( and possibly NT 3 ) immunoreactivity . ^^^ The inner hair cells expressed all three neurotrophins ; BDNF prevailed in the inner phalangeal cells , NT 3 in the pillar cells and inner phalangeal cells , and NGF in the pillar cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we compared APP promoter activity in the presence of different growth factors and cytokines such as brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , interleukin ( IL 1 ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrofin 3 ( NT 3 ) , transforming growth factor ( TGF beta 1 ) , and tumor necrosis factor ( TNF alpha 1 ) . ^^^ The treatment of cells with BDNF , NT 3 , TGF beta 1 , or TNF alpha stimulated reporter activity in a promoter / UTR specific manner . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Young and aged female rats were tested on a water radial arm maze designed to measure performance as working memory load increased , followed by brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) protein assessments in hippocampus and frontal cortex . ^^^ Neurotrophin assessment showed that frontal cortex NGF and BDNF levels were positively , and hippocampal NT 3 negatively , correlated with number of errors made during specific trials in aged animals . ^^^ Comparison to untested rats showed that testing increased NT 3 , but not BDNF or NGF , protein levels in both age groups . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Apoptotic neurodegeneration was accompanied by an increase in the expression of BDNF and NT 3 in vulnerable brain regions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins are a family of structurally and functionally related neurotrophic factors which , in mammals , include : nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and NT 4 / 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of BDNF and NT 3 in dorsal root ganglion following peripheral and central axotomy an immunohistochemical study ] . ^^^ OBJECTIVE : To explore the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in dorsal root ganglion ( DRG ) following peripheral and central axotomy . ^^^ The sections were stained using antisera of BDNF and NT 3 respectively by immunohistchemical ABC method . ^^^ The neuronal numbers of BDNF and NT 3 of the three groups were counted and compared . ^^^ RESULTS : The positive products of BDNF were mainly distributed in small to medium sized neurons ( 13 57 microns ) while those of NT 3 were mainly in large sized neurons ( 57 100 microns ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This family of proteins consists of four homologous members in mammals : NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The immunohistochemical occurrence of the neurotrophin ( NT ) proteins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) is shown in the pre term newborn , infant , and adult human post mortem cerebellum . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The simple protein band fishing by cell ( SPBFC ) technique was employed in finding the protein bands with neurons attached , and then such protein bands , were taken and transferred to nitric cellulose paper for Western hybridization analysis by antibody for NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and GDNF respectively . ^^^ Moreover , the result of Western hybridization showed that the positive hybridization bands in each scope were that of NGF , BDNF , GDNF ; NGF , BDNF , NT 3 ; NGF , BDNF , NT 3 ; NGF , NT 3 and BDNF , NT 3 respectively ; indicating that the neurotrophic effect of spinal dorsal horn tissue on primary sensory neurons involves NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and GDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A comparison of the kinetic characters of NT 3 , NT 4 and BDNF retrogradely transported in facial nerve ] . ^^^ OBJECTIVE : To compare the kinetic characters of retrograde transport of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) and brain derived neurotrophin factor ( BDNF ) in facial nerve . ^^^ After one lateral facial nerve trunk of adult rabbit was transected , a silicone chamber was inserted between the stumps , and 3 . 7 MBq of 125I NT 3 or 125I NT 4 or 125I BDNF or 125I HSA was administered into the chamber . ^^^ RESULTS : The transport amount of neurotrophin retrogradely transported by facial nerve is NT 3 > BDNF > NT 4 ( P < 0 . 05 ) , the transport rate is NT 4 > NT 3 > BDNF ( P < 0 . 05 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : To investigate the spatiotemporal change rule of NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and their mRNA expression in spinal cord of cats after partial dorsal rhizotomy . ^^^ In normal cat , NGF and it ' s mRNA were detected in part of neurons ; BDNF , in nerve fiber terminals , varicosities and neurons ; NT 3 , in part of neurons , neuroglias and few nerve fiber terminals and varicosities . ^^^ At 10 11d , the population of NGF and NGF mRNA positive neurons was still on the high level as that at 3 5d , and that of NT 3 began to decrease ; the quantity of BDNF recovered to normal except for L , segment , but the density of positive varicosity of BDNF did not yet . ^^^ The mRNAs of BDNF and NT 3 were still negative . 3 . ^^^ The highest level time of NGF was earlier in L 5 , L 6 than in L 3 ; the recovery of the quantity of BDNF was the latest in L 7 ; the change of NT 3 positive neuroglia was the same at each segment , but the number of NT 3 positive neuron in L 5 , L 7 returned to normal at 10 11d , and that of L 3 did not . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This prototypic neurotrophic factor , together with the three structurally and functionally related growth factors brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT4 / 5 ) , forms the neurotrophin protein family . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) had a largely different effect than NT 3 . ^^^ We conclude that anterogradely transported NT 3 affects synapse strength in a way that differs from that of presumably postsynaptic derived BDNF . . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) had a largely different effect than NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : At birth there is a limited expression of BDNF and NT 3 in the mutant sensory epithelia and DiI tracing shows no specific reduction of afferents or efferents that resembles neurotrophin null mutations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sequential analyses were made following ethanol exposure on these two postnatal days , with assessments of NTFs nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) ; apoptosis related proteins Bcl 2 , Bcl xl , Bax , Akt and c jun N terminal kinase ( JNK ) ; antioxidants superoxide dismutase , glutathione reductase and catalase ; and ROS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The main neurotrophic factor families with potential therapeutic applications include the family of neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF or NT 3 ) , GDNF and related neurotrophic factor , CNTF and the members of the IGF family . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) play crucial roles in the differentiation and survival of neural cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the developing cerebellum the roles of the neurotrophins BDNF and NT 3 include a surprising effect on patterning , as revealed by changes in foliation in neurotrophin deficient mice . ^^^ We show that p75NTR is expressed at highest levels in the region of the cerebellum where foliation is altered in BDNF and NT 3 mutants . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , despite overlapping expression of TrkB and TrkC in many sensory ganglia , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) null mutant mice display selective losses in neuronal subpopulations . ^^^ In the present study we have replaced the coding part of the BDNF gene in mice with that of NT 3 ( BDNF ( NT3 / NT3 ) ) to analyse the specificity and selective roles of BDNF and NT 3 during development . ^^^ Analysis of BDNF ( NT3 / NT3 ) mice showed striking differences in the ability of NT 3 to promote survival , short range innervation and synaptogenesis in different sensory systems . ^^^ In the gustatory system , NT 3 is unable to replace the actions of BDNF possibly because of a temporally selective expression of TrkB in taste neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophin levels were determined by using brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) ELISA . ^^^ Interestingly , when a complete course of antenatal steroids was given , BDNF and NT 3 cord blood levels were higher than when no steroid was given . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have examined the chemokinetic effects of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived growth factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) on Schwann cells in vitro using a chemotaxis chamber . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
AIMS : To investigate the staining pattern of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) as well as glial fibrillary acid protein ( GFAP ) and CD 68 in lasered human retina . ^^^ Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate the pattern of staining of NT 3 , NT 4 , BDNF , GFAP , and CD 68 in 7 mm sections of fixed specimens . ^^^ RESULTS : Expression of NT 4 was detected in the inner and outer nuclear layers of all the retinal sections examined but no NT 3 and BDNF staining was seen . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 and NT 6 constitute NGF family ( the neurotrophins ) , which may enhance both survival and differentiation of neurons from the EGF responsive hippocampal and the subventricular zone neural stem cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the following study , we determined the effects of glutamate on early passaged rat Mller cells , specifically their expression of neurotrophic factors including BDNF , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) ; and of glutamate receptors and transporters using immunoblots or enzyme linked immunosorbent assays . ^^^ Our study showed that while glutamate treatment did not promote cell death , it upregulated secretion of BDNF , NGF , NT 3 , NT 4 , and GDNF by Mller cells . ^^^ While solitary bands at approximately 13 14 kDa were observed for NGF , NT 3 , and NT 4 ; two BDNF reactive bands were observed in immunoblots : a faster migrating band at the reported size of the BDNF monomer ( approximately 13 kDa ) ; and a more intense band at approximately 36 kDa . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This study aimed to investigate whether continuous , low dose , intracerebral infusion of either brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) could protect against striatal neuronal loss in mild neonatal hypoxic / ischaemic brain injury . ^^^ The pump continuously infused either BDNF ( 4 . 5 microg / day ) , NT 3 ( 12 microg / day ) , or vehicle solution into the right striatum for 3 days from postnatal day 7 . ^^^ The intrastriatal presence of BDNF or NT 3 was verified immunohistochemically . ^^^ BDNF or NT 3 significantly increased the total number of surviving medium spiny neurons by 43 % and 33 % respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , in order to clarify the differences in the results obtained with the various neurotrophins in different animal preparations we also report new data on the action of NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 in the same preparation , namely the visual cortex of the rat . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ganglia were explanted from rats at gestational day 16 , when growing neurites have entered the papilla core , and maintained in culture with added brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ Neuron survival with BDNF or NT 4 was about 80 % , whereas with NGF or NT 3 less than 15 % of neurons survived over 6 days in culture . ^^^ Geniculate neurons cultured with either BDNF or NT 4 had similar passive membrane and action potential properties , but these characteristics were significantly different from those of neurons cultured with NGF or NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To foster axonal growth from a Schwann cell bridge into the caudal spinal cord , spinal cells caudal to the implant were transduced with adeno associated viral ( AAV ) vectors encoding for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( AAV NT 3 ) . ^^^ AAV BDNF and AAV NT 3 transduced 293 human kidney cells produced and secreted BDNF or NT 3 , respectively , in vitro . ^^^ Compared with controls , a modest though significant improvement in hind limb function was found in rats that received AAV BDNF and AAV NT 3 . ^^^ Retrograde tracing demonstrated that twice as many neurons with processes extending toward the Schwann cell graft were present in the second lumbar cord segment of AAV BDNF and AAV NT 3 injected animals compared with controls . ^^^ Our results suggest that AAV vector mediated overexpression of BDNF and NT 3 in the cord caudal to a Schwann cell bridge modified the local lumbar axonal circuitry , which was beneficial for locomotor function . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Trk receptors are a family of three receptor tyrosine kinases , each of which can be activated by one or more of four neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophins 3 and 4 ( NT 3 and NT 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ribonuclease protection assay of cultured OEC revealed expression of NGF , BDNF , GDNF , and CNTF mRNA , while NT 3 and NT 4 mRNA were not detectable . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that ( 1 ) trk C , a receptor for neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , is dominantly expressed in RCEC , but trk B , a receptor for brain derived neurotrophic factor , is dominantly expressed in RAEC ; ( 2 ) NT 3 inhibited the proliferation of RCEC ; and ( 3 ) NT 3 stimulated the production of nitric oxide ( NO ) with increases in protein expression of endothelial NO synthase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVES : The aim of this study was to assess whether eosinophils of allergic and non allergic donors produce , store and release the neurotrophic factors NGF , BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ Stored NGF , BDNF and NT 3 was demonstrated by Western blotting and flow cytometry . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : Eosinophils store , produce and release NGF , BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunoreactivities for BDNF , NT 3 , trkB and trkC were preferentially localized in the gray matter , particularly in the anterior horn cells . ^^^ In contrast , the expression levels of BDNF , NT 3 , trkB and trkC were significantly higher at the rostral and caudal sites immediately adjacent to the maximal compression site . ^^^ Our results suggest that overexpression of BDNF , NT 3 , trkB and trkC in motoneuron areas neighboring the site of mechanical compression may represent compensatory changes in response to the compromised neuronal function at the level of compression , and that these proteins possibly contribute to neuronal survival and plasticity . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The proteins of the mammalian neurotrophin family ( nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) ) were originally identified as neuronal survival factors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this article the expression and anatomic localization of nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor , and NT 3 and of corresponding high affinity receptors TrkA , TrkB ( full length and truncated [ TR ] isoforms ) , TrkC , and of the low affinity p 75 receptor , were assessed in surgical samples from adult human lung by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction , Western blot , and immunohistochemistry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In all studied species both NGF and NT 3 like immunoreactivity ( IR ) were present in the enteric nervous system , while BDNF like IR was never detected . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Messenger RNAs encoding other neurotrophins , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and the BDNF receptor trkB , were not selectively localized in neonatal VMN . ^^^ As the VMN undergoes sexual differentiation , we compared BDNF , NGF , NT 3 , and trkB mRNA expression in the VMN in males and females at embryonic day 20 and PND 4 , but found no differences between them . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cultured Xenopus spinal cord neurons were treated with a mixture of BDNF , glia derived neurotrophic factor , NT 3 , and NT 4 , in addition to forskolin and IBMX or the cell permeant form of cAMP , to elevate the cAMP level . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNAs were revealed in OLGs in vivo and in culture . ^^^ Moreover , trophic effects of OLG conditioned medium were partially blocked by K252a , a trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor , and by neutralizing anti BDNF or anti NT 3 antisera , indicating that neurotrophins may mediate these effects , perhaps in concert with other signals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the retina , superior colliculus ( SC ) , primary visual cortex ( V 1 ) , hippocampus ( HIPP ) and cerebellum ( CBL ) , using a ribonuclease protection assay ( RPA ) , we examined expression of the mRNAs for nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 , ciliary neurotrophic factor ( CNTF ) and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) . ^^^ LR or DR alter the expression of the mRNAs for NGF , BDNF and NT 3 and CNTF within the visual system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression pattern of neurotrophins changes with age , with falling NGF , NT 3 and NT 4 but increasing granule cell BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PURPOSE : To determine which of the neurotrophins ( NTs ) nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 ) and their receptors ( NTrs ) , TrkA , TrkB , TrkC , and p 75 , are present in the adult rat lacrimal gland . ^^^ RESULTS : RT PCR showed positive bands at the appropriate sizes for NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 , and for the receptors TrkA , TrkB , TrkC , and p 75 . ^^^ Western blot analysis confirmed these results , showing that the lacrimal gland expresses NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 as well as the NTrs TrkA , TrkB , and TrkC and the p 75 protein . ^^^ NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 were localized in the lacrimal gland acini with differing cellular distributions , whereas TrkA , TrkB , and TrkC , were localized in myoepithelial cell and ductal cell membranes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Incubation with NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , or NT 4 caused a significant increase in the viability and CD 69 expression of isolated eosinophils from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF ) but not from peripheral blood , suggesting a unique sensitivity of endobronchial eosinophils to neurotrophins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cultured cortical progenitors express BDNF and NT 3 , as well as their receptors TrkB ( tyrosine kinase receptor B ) and TrkC . ^^^ Here , we investigated the role of two endogenously produced growth factors , the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , in the early progenitor to neuron transition . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) stimulated PI hydrolysis in neocortical and cerebellar slices from neonatal rats in a concentration dependent manner ( 30 1000 ng / ml ) . ^^^ Prior exposure to MeHg had no effect on NT 3 or BDNF stimulated PI hydrolysis in the cerebellum ; however , in the neocortex carbachol stimulated PI hydrolysis and NT 3 stimulated PI hydrolysis were decreased on PND 1 . ^^^ Acute exposure to 10 micro M MeHg increased basal PI hydrolysis in cortical slices and increased NT 3 and BDNF stimulated PI hydrolysis in slices from the cerebellum . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Primary OEG were transduced with AdV vectors encoding rat brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , or bacterial marker protein beta galactosidase ( LacZ ) and subsequently implanted into adult Fischer rats directly after unilateral transection of the dorsolateral funiculus . ^^^ Recovery of hind limb function was also improved after implantation of OEG that were transduced with a BDNF or NT 3 encoding AdV vector . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We tested the hypothesis that exercise induced changes in hippocampal brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) differ among rat strains exhibiting a range of voluntary wheel running activity . ^^^ There were no differences between strains in the correlation between distance run and BDNF or NT 3 levels . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that BDNF specifically induces the extracellular signal regulated kinase 5 ( ERK 5 ) myocyte enhancer factor ( MEF 2 ) signaling pathway in newly generated granule neurons and thereby induces transcription of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , a novel gene target of MEF 2 . ^^^ Inhibition of endogenous ERK 5 , MEF 2 , or NT 3 in neurons by several approaches including disruption of the NT 3 gene in mice revealed a requirement for the ERK 5 MEF2 NT 3 signaling pathway in BDNF induced survival of newly generated granule neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The observed innervation patterns correlate with opposing gradients of Bdnf and Nt 3 expression in cochlear neurones along the tonotopic axis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins , including nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are essential factors for the development of the nervous system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived growth factor ( BDNF ) and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) bind to the p 75 receptor , but each neurotrophin also binds a more selective Trk receptor ( e . g . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we report the effects of wheel running on BDNF and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) protein levels in normal control mice , and in mice selectively bred ( 25 generations ) for increased voluntary wheel running . ^^^ We hypothesized that increased voluntary wheel running in selected ( S ) mice would increase CNS BDNF and NT 3 protein levels more than in control ( C ) mice . ^^^ Spinal and cerebellar BDNF and hippocampal NT 3 levels were not significantly affected by wheel running in any group , but there was a small , positive correlation between spinal C 3 C6 BDNF levels and distance run ( considering C and S mice together ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Semiquantitative RT PCR analysis revealed that an exposure of the primary cortical neurons to 1 microg / mL of FU 248 transiently and significantly enhanced the expression of genes including brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ The amount of the transcript for BDNF was approximately nine times and sixteen times more abundant than those for NT 3 and NGF , respectively ( t=6 hr ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To define the effects of neurotrophins on oligodendrocytes , we monitored NGF , BDNF and NT 3 actions on basal forebrain ( BF ) and cortical populations . ^^^ NGF , BDNF and NT 3 applied to BF oligodendrocytes elicited increases in expression of myelin basic protein ( MBP ) and enhanced the numbers of MBP+ cells , without affecting total cell numbers . ^^^ In the cortex , however , while NGF and NT 3 influenced MBP expression , BDNF was without effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We measured chronic changes in the levels of BDNF , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in the adult hippocampus using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) after a unilateral intracerebroventricular administration of kainic acid ( KA ) , a model of temporal lobe epilepsy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , heterodimers of NT 3 and BDNF have been shown to be released through the regulated secretory pathway . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The distribution of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and 4 ( NT 4 ) , and their high affinity receptors TrkA , TrkB , TrkC and low affinity receptor p 75 , was analyzed in adult porcine retinal sections by immunohistochemistry . ^^^ In vivo , immunolabeling of NGF was very faint , BDNF was especially prominent in RGCs and inner nuclear layer cells , NT 3 stained widespread nuclei , and NT 4 was undetectable . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The MPG or DCR was cultured in serum free medium supplemented with phosphate buffered saline ( PBS , control ) , 50 ng / mL of vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , 20 ng / mL of a neurotrophin ( BDNF , NT 3 , or NT 4 ) , or combinations of these growth factors . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : This improved culturing system is potentially useful for screening nerve regenerating factors ; VEGF had neurotrophic effects comparable with BDNF , NT 3 , or NT4 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We now report that overexpression of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or glial cell derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) in the rat sensorimotor cortex near the CST neuronal cell bodies together with overexpression of NT 3 in the lumbar spinal cord significantly increases axonal sprouting compared to that induced by NT 3 alone . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Substantial evidence suggests that members of the neurotrophin family such as nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 and 4 ( NT 3 / 4 ) have a dramatic effect on both neurons and perineuronal cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The mRNA and protein levels of the neurotrophins of the NGF family ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 ) and their receptors ( trkA , trkB , trkC and p 75 ) were quantified in septum and hippocampus using RT PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Conversely , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and NT 3 promoted the accumulation of Vesl 1S / Homer 1a IR at synapses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using this technique we demonstrate the presence and quantify amounts of the neurotrophic factors neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , in the cochlea and vestibular end organs of postnatal murine inner ear ( P 26 ) . ^^^ Within the combined vestibular end organs , BDNF expression is 43 . 0+ / 1 . 5 times greater than NT 3 expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN : The expression of nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor , NT 3 , and NT 4 / 5 , and the receptors tropomyosin receptor kinase A , B , and C , and P 75 was studied in pancreatic cancer cell lines , and normal and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma ( PDAC ) tissue samples by quantitative reverse transcription PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , well defined concentration gradients of neurotrophic factors ( NFs ) allowed us to study the synergistic effect of different NFs ( e . g . nerve growth factor [ NGF ] , neurotrophin 3 [ NT 3 ] and brain derived neurotrophic factor [ BDNF ] ) for axonal guidance of embryonic lumbar dorsal root ganglion cells ( DRGs ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential influence of BDNF and NT 3 on the expression of calcium binding proteins and neuropeptide Y in vivo . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) show different effects on neuronal phenotypes despite largely overlapping expression of their respective receptors , TrkB and TrkC . ^^^ Using BDNF null mutant ( BDNF / ) mice and mice where the protein coding DNA sequence of BDNF has been replaced by NT 3 ( BDNFNT3 / NT3 mice ) , we have analysed the roles of BDNF and NT 3 in controlling neuropeptide and calcium binding protein expression in the brain . ^^^ Our results show that NT 3 expressed emporally and spatially in the place of BDNF is sufficient in some neuronal populations to compensate for the loss of BDNF . . ^^^ Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) show different effects on neuronal phenotypes despite largely overlapping expression of their respective receptors , TrkB and TrkC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Changes in spinal GDNF , BDNF , and NT 3 expression after transient spinal cord ischemia in the rat . ^^^ Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of several growth factors including glial cell derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , brain derived growth factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) play an important role in defining neuronal survival after brain ischemia . ^^^ In the present study , using a well defined model of transient spinal ischemia in rat , we characterized the changes in spinal GDNF , BDNF , and NT 3 expression as defined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) and immunofluorescence coupled with deconvolution microscopy . ^^^ In control animals , baseline levels of GDNF , BDNF , and NT 3 ( 74 + / 22 , 3 , 600 + / 270 , 593 + / 176 pg / g tissue , respectively ) were measured . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Delayed transplantation of fibroblasts genetically modified to secrete BDNF and NT 3 into a spinal cord injury site is associated with limited recovery of function . ^^^ At 6 weeks postoperative , the experimental group received grafts of a combination of fibroblasts modified to secrete BDNF or NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Simultaneously , plasma levels of neurotrophin , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and 4 ( NT 4 ) were measured . ^^^ Kissing significantly reduced wheal responses induced by HDM and JCP , but not by histamine , and decreased plasma levels of NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 in patients with AR or AD , while it failed to do so in normal subjects . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we examined expression of the Kv 1 . 2 , 1 . 4 , and 4 . 2 genes in the DRG following transection of the sciatic nerve , and investigated the effect of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) on expression of those mRNAs , using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction . ^^^ Expression of these mRNAs was reduced by axotomy and by exposure to BDNF , and NT 3 treatment . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we explore differences in the selective constraints acting on the proregions of the three avian neurotrophin genes NT 3 , BDNF , and NGF in an explicit phylogenetic context . ^^^ These patterns suggest that the high conservation exhibited by the BDNF proregion results from intense functional constraints that are relaxed in NGF and somewhat relaxed in NT 3 . ^^^ The proregion of BDNF is likely to have a function that differentiates it from the corresponding regions of the NGF and NT 3 genes , suggesting that BDNF is the avian neurotrophin most likely to be used both in its precursor and mature forms in vivo . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Delayed grafting of BDNF and NT 3 producing fibroblasts into the injured spinal cord stimulates sprouting , partially rescues axotomized red nucleus neurons from loss and atrophy , and provides limited regeneration . ^^^ Ex vivo gene therapy , utilizing modified fibroblasts that deliver BDNF or NT 3 to the acutely injured spinal cord , has been shown to elicit regeneration and recovery of function in the adult rat . ^^^ We grafted a mixture of BDNF and NT 3 producing fibroblasts or control fibroblasts into a complete unilateral cervical hemisection after a 6 week delay . ^^^ Grafts of BDNF + NT 3 expressing fibroblasts delayed 6 weeks after injury therefore elicit growth from intact segmental and descending spinal tracts , stimulate modest regenerative growth by rubrospinal axons , and partially rescue axotomized supraspinal neurons and protect them from atrophy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Only two neurotrophins , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and their receptors , tyrosine kinase B ( TrkB ) and TrkC , appear to provide trophic support for inner ear sensory neuron afferents . ^^^ BDNF and TrkB are most important for survival of vestibular sensory neurons whereas NT 3 and TrkC are most important for survival of cochlear sensory neurons . ^^^ The largely complementary roles of BDNF to TrkB and NT 3 to TrkC signaling do not reflect specific requirements for innervation of different classes of hair cells . ^^^ Decisive evidence for this suggestion is provided by transgenic mice in which the BDNF coding region has been inserted into the NT 3 gene , resulting in expression of BDNF instead of NT 3 . ^^^ The expression of BDNF in the spatio temporal pattern of NT 3 results in survival of almost all neurons that are normally lost in the NT 3 mutant . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and NT 4 play a pivotal role in the development of the nervous system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cells from the immune system have been detected in CNS injury and found to produce and secrete a variety of neurotrophins such as NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 , and to express ( similarly to neuronal cells ) , members of the tyrosine kinase ( Trk ) receptor family such as TrkA , TrkB and TrkC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF and glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) are both produced by basal keratinocytes and neurotrophin ( NT 3 ) by suprabasal keratinocytes : relative mRNA expression was significantly lower in early diabetic neuropathy skin compared to controls , for NGF ( P < 0 . 02 ) , BDNF ( P < 0 . 05 ) , NT 3 ( P < 0 . 05 ) , GDNF ( < 0 . 02 ) , but not NT4 / 5 , Trk A or p 75 neurotrophin receptor ( all P > 0 . 05 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
For example , murine hair follicles ( HF ) show developmentally and spatio temporally stringently controlled expression of NTs , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and NT 4 , and their cognate receptors , tyrosine kinase A C ( TrkA C ) and p 75 neurotrophin receptor ( p75NTR ) . ^^^ NT 3 / TrkC and NGF / TrkA signaling stimulate HF development , while NT 3 , NT 4 and BDNF inhibit the growth ( anagen ) of mature HF by the induction of apoptosis driven HF regression ( catagen ) . p75NTR stimulation inhibits HF development and stimulates catagen . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To address this issue , we have focused our research on three neurotrophic factors , namely nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Overall , the expression of the early neuronal marker beta 3 tubulin was most pronounced in the presence of DMEM / F12 and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , when marrow stromal cells were cultured onto fibronectin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are members of the neurotrophin family , which is involved in the differentiation , growth , repair , plasticity and maintenance of many neuronal populations . ^^^ They act through three tyrosin kinase ( Trk ) specific receptors : NGF bind to TrkA , BDNF to TrkB and NT 3 to TrkC . ^^^ In the frog gut NT 3 like immunoreactivity ( IR ) was observed in both the nervous system and endocrine cells of the stomach and intestine , while NGF like IR was observed only in the enteric nervous system , and BDNF like IR in the intestinal endocrine cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 4 ( but not NT 3 or CNTF ) significantly enhanced the outgrowth of early embryonic and adult regenerating RGC axons when provided with a supportive substrate in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) promote the function and / or survival of basal forebrain ( BF ) cholinergic neurons in vivo and in culture . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A larger number of axons could be traced across the boundary in co cultures from P 3 animals that were treated with neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF , or NT 3 ) , whereas neurotrophins produced minimal growth enhancement in P 7 co cultures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using in situ hybridization , mRNA levels of six different trophic factors [ BDNF , neurotrophin ( NT ) 4 / 5 , NGF , NT 3 , aFGF , and bFGF ) were measured at varying time points during the consolidation period after fear conditioning . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Vesicle factions affinity purified by the CAPS 2 antibody from mouse cerebella contained significant amounts of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and chromogranin B but not marker proteins for synaptic vesicle synaptophysin and synaptotagmin . ^^^ In cerebellar primary cultures , punctate CAPS 2 immunoreactivities are primarily colocalized with those of NT 3 and BDNF and near those of a postsynaptic marker , postsynaptic density 95 , around dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells . ^^^ Exogenously expressed CAPS 2 enhanced release of exogenous NT 3 and BDNF from PC 12 cells and endogenous NT 3 from cultured granule cells in a depolarization dependent manner . ^^^ Thus , we suggest that CAPS 2 mediates the depolarization dependent release of NT 3 and BDNF from granule cells , leading to regulation in cell differentiation and survival during cerebellar development . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The concentrations of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbant assays ( ELISAs ) . ^^^ The parietal cortex was susceptible to ethanol exposure , NGF and BDNF content increased , and NT 3 content fell , whereas no changes were detectable in the entorhinal cortex . ^^^ Neurotrophin content in the two segments of the basal forebrain was affected ; NGF and NT 3 content in the basal forebrain was reduced and NGF and BDNF content in the septal nuclei was increased by ethanol exposure . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we report that DA cells can be increased 5 to 10 fold in vitro by the soluble factors from cortex in early developmental stages , which is much more than any previously identified growth factors such as BDNF , GDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In mixed primary cultures , 1 microM CORT up regulated basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ; FGF 2 ) after 6 h of exposure , but down regulated nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) were unchanged . ^^^ A 100 microM NMDA alone decreased NT 3 , increased BDNF , but had no effect on NGF or FGF 2 . ^^^ Concurrently administered CORT had no additional effect on either NGF , BDNF or NT 3 , but up regulated FGF 2 . ^^^ In astrocytic cultures , 1 microM CORT increased FGF 2 and NT 3 , but decreased BDNF and NGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show the cellular distribution of immunoreactivity ( IR ) for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and tyrosine kinase receptors TRKB and TRKC in idiopathic Parkinson ' s disease ( IPD ) and controls at post mortem . ^^^ In IPD nigra , increased numbers of BDNF IR and , less frequently , NT 3 IR ramified glia surrounded fragmented neurons , accompanied by BDNF IR in surrounding neuropil . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Construction and identification of recombinant adenovirus vector containing Tet on adjustable NT 3 and BDNF genes ] . ^^^ AIM : To construct Tetracycline ( tet ) inducible recombinant adenovirus vectors containing human neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) genes , respectively and perform PCR and restrictive enzyme digestion analysis . ^^^ METHODS : Full length NT 3 and BDNF cDNAs were subcloned into pIND vector , followed by being cloned into pTRE shuttle 2 vector . ^^^ The NT 3 and BDNF gene fragments resulted from the pTRE shuttle 2 NT3 and pTRE shuttle 2 BDNF digested with 1 Ceu 1 and PI Sce 1 were linked to the linear adeno 10 virus DNA . ^^^ All the above results indicated that human NT 3 and BDNF genes had been connected with pAdeno 10 vectors correctly . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We directly compared TrkA and p75NTR for their ability to internalize NGF , and we also examined the endocytosis of iodinated brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) by p75NTR . ^^^ Surprisingly , cells expressing only p75NTR internalized far more BDNF or NT 3 than NGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
ELISAs were used to determine the concentration of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By using semiquantitative RT PCR , we examined gene expression of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and the trkB BDNF receptor in autoreactive T cells from SWXJ mice immunized with the p 104 117 encephalitogen of myelin proteolipid protein ( PLP 104 117 ) . ^^^ We observed antigen inducible expression of NGF and BDNF , but not NT 3 and trkB , in lymph node cells activated with PLP 104 117 . ^^^ CD 3 ( + ) , CD 4 ( + ) , and CD 8 ( + ) T cells as well as NK1 . 1 ( + ) cells and CD11b ( + ) monocytes and macrophages did not express any detectable BDNF , NGF , NT 3 , or trkB under any conditions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The development of crural Pacinian corpuscles was explored in neonatal mutant mice lacking nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) or neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , or their cognate Trk receptors . ^^^ Deficits of the corpuscles and their afferents were greatest in NT 3 , less in BDNF , and least in NT 4 null mice . ^^^ No Pacinian corpuscles were present in NT 3 ; BDNF and NT 3 ; NT 4 double or NT 3 ; BDNF ; NT 4 triple null mice . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurogenic effects of valproate on rat stem cells exceeded those obtained with the neurotrophins brain derived growth factor ( BDNF ) or NT 3 , and slightly exceeded the effects obtained with another mood stabilizer , lithium . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brn 3c ( POU4F3 ) regulates BDNF and NT 3 promoter activity . ^^^ Mice lacking Brn 3c also show reduced innervation and loss of sensory neurons presumed to be an indirect effect of hair cell loss potentially through lower BDNF and NT 3 expression . ^^^ Using transient transfection assays we show that Brn 3c is capable of activating both BDNF and NT 3 promoters in inner ear sensory epithelial cell lines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We quantified the concentrations of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in the hippocampus of young , middle aged , and aged Fischer 344 rats at 4 days after kainic acid ( KA ) induced injury . ^^^ Thus , in comparison with the injured young hippocampus , the injured aging hippocampus contains considerably less BDNF but similar levels of NGF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Among these signal molecules , we have focused on somatostatin ( SRIF ) , neurotrophins ( BDNF , NT 4 / 5 and NT 3 ) and their receptors ( Trk ) , growth associated proteins such as GAP 43 and SCG 10 during the development and aging of primate CNS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated the expression of four neurotrophins , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and NT 4 , and five neurotrophin receptors , trkA , trkB , trkC , p 75 , and truncated trkB ( Trn B ) in single sensory neurons of the adult rat geniculate ganglion associated with the five innervation fields . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This effect of BDNF was dependent on activation of trkB neurotrophin receptors because similar effects were not seen with the related neurotrophins NT 3 or NGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In hippocampi from UPE fetuses , there were reductions in the optical density ( OD ) of the immunoreactivity ( IR ) of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) protein within the mossy fibre collaterals of the polymorphic layer and in stratum lucidum ( p < 0 . 05 ) ; there was no consistent effect on tyrosine related kinase ( Trk ) B receptor or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) expression . ^^^ Within the cerebellum , there was an increase in BDNF IR ( p < 0 . 05 ) in the molecular layer ; however , Trk B IR and NT 3 IR were unaltered . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Monocytes of allergics and non allergics produce , store and release the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ OBJECTIVE : The aim of this study was to assess whether monocytes of allergic and non allergic subjects produce , store and release the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ RESULTS : Human monocytes express the neurotrophins NGF , BDNF and NT 3 but also their specific receptors TrkA , TrkB and TrkC . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : Monocytes , produce , store and release NGF , BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Spinal cord isolation ( SI ) , which eliminates any supraspinal and peripheral monosynaptic input to the lumbar region but maintains the motoneuron muscle connectivity , decreased the levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNA and protein in the isolated segments . ^^^ BDNF and synapsin 1 mRNAs were lower and NT 3 levels were higher in the lumbar hemicord ipsilateral to the BTX A injection . ^^^ Combined , these results indicate that the level of supraspinal and muscle afferent input plays an important role in modulating the levels of BDNF and NT 3 in the spinal cord . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pretreatment of CGC cultures for 24h with brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , but not neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , robustly protected against AraC neurotoxicity . ^^^ BDNF , but not NT 3 , treatment of immature CGC caused a marked , but transient activation of Akt through phosphatidylinositol ( PI ) 3 kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
While estrogen treatment increased BDNF , NGF , and NT 3 levels in entorhinal cortex , progesterone abated the effects of estrogen resulting in neurotrophin levels comparable to aged Ovx rats not given hormone . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Protein expression of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 by LC cells and ONH astrocytes increased following OGD , as did NGF secretion . ^^^ Also , the increase in NGF , BDNF and NT 3 protein expression and NGF secretion following OGD also suggest LC cells and ONH astrocytes may be a paracrine source of neurotrophins for RGCs . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , we investigated whether other cytokines in addition to BDNF , i . e . , GDNF , CNTF , or NT 3 , might have a similar or greater effect in this model . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
At vanishingly low concentrations , factors of the neurotrophin family ( NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT4 / 5 ) can promote neuronal survival or death . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Measurement of neurotrophin production from implanted cells in the lesion site revealed that the grafts naturally contain nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and that transduction with BDNF markedly raises levels of BDNF production . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Application of exogenous neurotrophins , including brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , to cultures stimulated dendritic growth and led to more complex dendritic arbors during the initial 3 days in culture . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , and GDNF mRNA expression in rat skeletal muscle following denervation and sensory protection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Regulation of NT 3 and BDNF levels in guinea pig auditory brain stem nuclei after unilateral cochlear ablation . ^^^ To determine if sensorineural hearing loss induces such changes , we used an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) to measure neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) levels in adult guinea pig brain stem auditory nuclei 3 60 days after a unilateral cochlear ablation ( UCA ) . ^^^ Coincident elevation at 3 and 7 days of BDNF or NT 3 and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated protein kinase 2 ( ERK 2 P ) suggested a relationship to stimulated signal transduction activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also examined the physiological response of AmphiTrk to vertebrate neurotrophins , and found that despite 500 million years of divergence , AmphiTrk transduces signals mediated by NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In both species studied , NGF like and NT 3 like immunoreactivity were present in the kidney with different distribution patterns , while BDNF like immunoreactivity was never detected . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Eya 1 acts upstream of Tbx 1 , Neurogenin 1 , NeuroD and the neurotrophins BDNF and NT 3 during inner ear development . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 in satellite cells of dorsal root ganglion ] . ^^^ OBJECTIVE : To investigate the distribution of NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and their mRNA in satellite cells of dorsal root ganglion ( DRG ) in adult cat . ^^^ The sections were stained by immunohistochemistry ABC method ( NGF antibody 1 : 1000 , Sigma ; BDNF antibody 1 : 500 , Santa Cruz ; NT 3 antibody 1 : 1500 , Santa Cruz ) , and in situ hybridization study ( cRNA probe 1 : 100 ) . ^^^ RESULTS : NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and their mRNA were observed in some satellite cells . ^^^ The positive signal of mRNA for NGF , BDNF and NT 3 was observed in cytoplasm . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , the mRNA expressions of cytokines ( IL 1alpha , IL 1beta , TNF alpha , IL 6 , TGF beta ) and neurotrophic factors ( BDNF , GDNF , NGF , NT 3 ) of these brains were evaluated by the reverse transcription PCR method . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
At the protein level , brain derived neurotrophic factor and NT 3 were significantly higher in the SF of patients with SpA than in those with OA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In line with this hypothesis , accumulating preclinical and clinical data indicate that dysfunctions of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) may contribute to impaired brain development , neuroplasticity and synaptic `` dysconnectivity ' ' leading to the schizophrenic syndrome , or at least some of its presentations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In embryonic day ( E ) 15 rat trigeminal ganglion ( TG ) , NGF receptor TrkA is expressed by small diameter neurons , NT 3 receptor TrkC and BDNF receptor TrkB are expressed by large diameter neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To assess changes in the transcriptional expression level , quantitative real time PCR was carried out and revealed differential mRNA expression of neurotrophins , with marked down regulation of NT 3 mRNA expression and constant levels of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived nerve factor ( BDNF ) , and NT 4 / 5 mRNA expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Asthmatic airways contain elevated levels of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) albeit , their effect on neural activity is unclear . ^^^ This study evaluates the effects of NT 3 and BDNF on nerve mediated airway contractions in vitro . ^^^ Tracheal segments from BALB / c J mice were cultured for 4 days with NT 3 or BDNF . ^^^ NT 3 reduced the EFS contractions in a concentration dependent manner whereas BDNF had no effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Dissociated spheres cultured either with glia cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) or brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , induced differentiation of the progenitor cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Anterograde axonal transport of BDNF and NT 3 by retinal ganglion cells : roles of neurotrophin receptors . ^^^ In adult rodents , anterograde transport of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) was receptor mediated , and transport of exogenous BDNF and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) was more efficient , per RGC , in rodents than chicks . ^^^ Anterograde transport of BDNF or NT 3 was not diminished in p 75 knock out mice ( with unaltered final numbers of RGCs ) , but BDNF transport was substantially reduced by co injected trkB antibodies . ^^^ Thus , neither BDNF nor NT 3 utilizes p 75 for anterograde transport in adult rodent RGCs , while anterograde NT 3 transport requires the p 75 receptor in embryonic chicken RGCs . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As a first step toward exploring this , we studied in murine back skin ( C57BL / 6 ) whether intradermally injected interleukin 1beta ( IL 1beta ) , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF alpha ) , and interferon gamma ( IFN gamma ) altered the cutaneous immunoreactivity patterns of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) , Trk A , Trk B , Trk C and p75NTR and their receptors ( TrkA , TrkB , TrkC , p75NTR ) on the protein level in situ . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present investigation was undertaken to examine whether there is an abnormality in brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) proteins in suicide victims . ^^^ BDNF and NT 3 levels were assayed either with the Western blot or with the ELISA method . ^^^ Results indicated a significant decrease in BDNF and NT 3 levels in the hippocampus and PFC ( only BDNF ) but not in the entorhinal cortex , of suicide victims who were drug free compared with non suicide controls . ^^^ This study supports a role of BDNF and NT 3 neurotrophin , in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior . ^^^ The absence of change in BDNF and NT 3 levels of drug treated suicide victims suggests that both neurotrophins are mediators of psychotropic drugs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Northern hybridization showed that NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 mRNAs are expressed in the shaft of the penis . ^^^ However , all the NT receptor mRNAs were expressed in penile sensory neurons of sacral level 1 ( S 1 ) DRG . ( 125 ) 1 NT 3 injected into the shaft of the penis was retrogradely transported into the MPG and S 1 DRG , whereas radioiodinated NGF and BDNF were transported specifically into the S 1 DRG , thus confirming the existence of functional NT receptors in these penile neurons . ^^^ In conclusion , these data suggest that NT 3 may act as a target derived neurotrophic factor for both erection inducing and penile sensory neurons , whereas NGF and BDNF may be more important for the sensory innervation of the penis . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The Trk family consists of three receptor tyrosine kinases , each of which can be activated by one or more of four neurotrophins NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We discovered previously that neurotrophins like neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , involved in processes of neuroplasticity , are also secreted by immune cells , but only by subpopulations of immune cells . ^^^ Therefore , infection of the immune cell subpopulation , specialized in secreting BDNF , or of another subpopulation , specialized in secreting NT 3 , could distort communication of immune cells with the central nervous system ( CNS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To test this hypothesis , we determined effects of LPS on brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , and NT 3 levels in the brain after intraperitoneal injection of saline or LPS ( 0 . 1 , 0 . 3 or 1 . 0mg / kg ) in rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using in vitro studies , we detected the synthesis of various growth factors , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^ Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) demonstrated that MSCs cultured in Dulbecco ' s modified Eagle medium ( DMEM ) produced substantial amounts of NGF for at least 7 weeks , whereas the levels of BDNF , GDNF and NT 3 remained unchanged . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In parallel , we study the hippocampal expression of NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 , i . e . , neurotrophins with known trophic roles on cholinergic neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : NOS isoenzymes , pro ( Bax ) and antiapoptotic factors ( Bcl 2 , Bcl XL ) , and neurotrophic factors ( brain derived neurotrophic factor , BDNF ; neurotrophin 3 , NT 3 ; fibroblast growth factor 2 , FGF 2 ) were determined by immunoblotting in the EL mouse brain at various developmental stages . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BDNF and NT 3 regulation of trkB and trkC mRNA levels in the developing chick spinal cord . ^^^ TrkC mRNA levels were down regulated at all developmental stages with NT 3 treatment and at E 10 and E 15 with BDNF treatment . ^^^ For both receptors the down regulation was greater in NT 3 treated chicks than those treated with BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Continuous supply of the neurotrophins BDNF and NT 3 improve chick motor neuron survival in vivo . ^^^ Several neurotrophic factors , including the neurotrophins BDNF and NT 3 , have survival effects although no single factor has been shown to support the survival of all motor neurons . ^^^ In this study , we have used an expression system to supply a continuous source of BDNF and / or NT 3 to the developing motor neurons in the chick . ^^^ Continuous supply of BDNF resulted in the survival of 40 % of the motor neurons normally lost between embryonic day 6 and embryonic day 10 , whereas NT 3 supported 36 % of the motor neurons normally lost . ^^^ In combination , BDNF and NT 3 supported 62 % of the motor neurons normally lost indicating that there is some redundancy in neurotrophin requirements . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : To investigate whether partial dorsal root rhizotomy promotes the anterograde Five adult cats were transportation of BDNF , NT 3 and GDNF in the primary sensory neuron . ^^^ The sections were stained using specific BDNF , NT 3 , GDNF antibody ( 1 : 1500 ) by ABC method . ^^^ RESULTS : In the control group ( with spared L 6 DRG ) , there were no marked differences in NT 3 and GDNF immunoreactivity between the site near DRG and the site near spinal cord , while BDNF immunoreactivity was more intense in the site near DRG than that in the site near spinal cord . ^^^ In the operation group , the immunoreactivity of each neurotrophin in the site near DRG was stronger than that in the site near spinal cord , and the immunoreactivities of BDNF , NT 3 , GDNF in the site near DRG of the operation were stronger than those of the control group respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential mRNA expression of neurotrophic factors GDNF , BDNF , and NT 3 in experimental herpes simplex virus encephalitis . ^^^ Glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) mRNA levels were studied in the course of murine herpes simplex virus encephalitis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These increases were found for nerve growth factor ( NGF ) in the heart , thymus , kidney and liver , for brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) in the lung , and for neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in the colon . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND : Neurotrophins ( NTs ) are a family of growth factors , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) that are involved in inflammation . ^^^ Serum NGF , BDNF and NT 3 were measured by enzyme immunoassay . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transplants of fibroblasts expressing BDNF and NT 3 promote recovery of bladder and hindlimb function following spinal contusion injury in rats . ^^^ We examined whether fibroblasts , genetically modified to express BDNF and NT 3 ( Fb BDNF / NT3 ) and transplanted into a thoracic spinal injury site , would enhance recovery of bladder function and whether this treatment would be associated with reorganization of lumbosacral spinal circuits implicated in bladder function . ^^^ The density of small dorsal root axons increased in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn in OP controls but not in Fb BDNF / NT3 , suggesting sprouting of primary afferents following injury that was inhibited by Fb BDNF / NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This sequence of events may be regulated through changes in expression of neurotrophic factors such as NGF , BDNF , HB FGF , and NT 3 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) have been shown to promote survival and differentiation of midbrain dopaminergic ( DAergic ) neurons in vitro and in vivo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show here that rat embryonic day 14 spinal cord derived glial restricted precursor cells ( GRPs ) , which differentiate into both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes , formed normal appearing central myelin around axons of cultured DRG neurons and had enhanced proliferation and survival in the presence of neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and brain derived neurotrophin factor ( BDNF ) . ^^^ We infected GRPs with retroviruses expressing the multineurotrophin D15A ( with both BDNF and NT 3 activities ) and then transplanted them into the contused adult thoracic spinal cord at 9 d after injury . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We evaluated the effects of R ( ) BPAP on the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and their receptors , trkB and p 75 ( NTR ) in rat mesencephalic slice cultures . ^^^ R ( ) BPAP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of BDNF , without affecting the level of NT 3 mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interestingly , these features are altered by exposure to brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , suggesting that the electrophysiological diversity is not preprogrammed into the neurons but instead results from extrinsic regulation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins are a family of secreted neuronal survival and plasticity factors comprising NGF , BDNF , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and NT 4 . ^^^ Whereas synaptic secretion of BDNF has been described , the routes of intracellular targeting and secretion of NGF , NT 3 , and NT 4 in neurons are poorly understood . ^^^ We show that BDNF and NT 3 are targeted more efficiently to dendritic secretory granules of the regulated pathway of secretion ( BDNF , in 98 % of cells ; NT 3 , 85 % ) than NGF ( 46 % ) and NT 4 ( 23 % ) . ^^^ Preincubation of neurons with monensin ( neutralizing intragranular pH , thus solubilizing the peptide core ) increased the speed of secretion of BDNF , NGF , and NT 3 to the value of NT 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , macaque Schwann cells expressing green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) were infected with human immunodeficiency virus derived vectors overexpressing brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , two neurotrophins that also modulate glial cell biology . ^^^ The ability of transgenic Schwann cells to secrete growth factors was assessed by ELISA and showed 35 and 62 fold increases in BDNF and NT 3 , respectively , in transduced macaque Schwann cell supernatants . ^^^ Conditioned media of BDNF and NT 3 transduced Schwann cells reduced Schwann cell proliferation and favored their differentiation in vitro . ^^^ Two behavioral assays showed that NT 3 and BDNF transduced Schwann cells promoted faster and stronger functional recovery than GFP transduced Schwann cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NT 3 and BDNF synergistically promoted outgrowth . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , we determined the production of various neurotrophins [ brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) ] and some pro inflammatory cytokines [ tumour necrosis factor alpha ( TNF alpha ) and interferon gamma ( IFN gamma ) ] by unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) in 21 relapsing remitting MS patients during different phases of disease ( stable , relapse and post relapse ) . ^^^ During acute phase of disease , we detected a considerable increase of BDNF , TNF alpha and IFN gamma production , while significantly higher levels of GDNF , NGF , NT 3 and NT 4 were found in post relapse phase . ^^^ When neurotrophin production was correlated with clinical outcome ( complete or partial recovery from new symptoms ) , we found a significantly higher BDNF production in relapse phase followed by increased GDNF , NGF , NT 3 and NT 4 levels during post relapse phase in subjects with complete remission only . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These data demonstrate that localized overexpression of BDNF or NT 3 , but not NGF , is sufficient to promote sprouting of serotonergic axons in the cortex following an experimental neurotoxic injury . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , we have directly addressed the in vivo preference of NT 3 to signal through TrkB or TrkC , by crossing the NT 3 knock in mice ( BDNF ( NT 3 / NT 3 ) mice ) with the TrkB or TrkC null mutant mice . ^^^ We find that TrkB is dispensable , whereas TrkC is required for the neuronal rescue by the NT 3 allele in the brain derived neurotrophic factor and NT 3 dependent cochleovestibular system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : OECs were harvested from olfactory mucosa of Sprague Dawley rats based on the differing rates of attachment of the various cell types , followed by glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , anti low affinity receptor for NGF ( NGFRp 75 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and S 100 immunocytochemistry . ^^^ The OECs were immunoreactive for GFAP , NGFRp 75 , S 100 , NGF , BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , whereas combining the neurotrophins brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) was shown to provide only an additive effect on SGN survival , the interaction between PKC and neurotrophin signalling gave rise to a synergistic increase in SGN survival . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our data suggested that : ( a ) during the peak of motor neuron cell death , the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia distribution of neurotrophins was not altered ; ( b ) the distribution of BDNF , NT 4 / 5 , TrkB and TrkC , and not NT 3 , was necessary for the maintenance of the spinal cord motor neurons ; ( c ) the distribution of BDNF , NT 4 / 5 and TrkC , and not NT 3 and Trk B , was necessary for the maintenance of the DRG proprioceptive neurons ; ( d ) NT 3 was responsible for the maintenance of the remaining neurons and glia in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia ( possibly via TrkB ) . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two members of the neurotrophin family , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , have been shown to increase the survival of dopaminergic neurons from the ventral midbrain in vitro . ^^^ Both BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs and their receptor mRNAs , trkB and trkC mRNAs , respectively , have been localized to the ventral mesencephalon . ^^^ In the present study , the postnatal developmental expression of BDNF , NT 3 , trkB , and trkC mRNAs was analyzed via in situ hybridization to gain insight into the possible roles of these factors in vivo . ^^^ We found that there was a developmental decline in the expression of BDNF and NT 3 mRNAs in the ventral mesencephalon . ^^^ The present results suggest a role for BDNF and NT 3 in the earlier postnatal developmental events of responsive populations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Concentrations in control subjects differed by age : BDNF rose markedly with age , while NT 3 and NT 4 / 5 concentrations were lower in adults than in newborn infants . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In spinal cord slice preparations from rats with inflammation induced by complete Freund ' s adjuvant ( CFA ) , BDNF , but not nerve growth factor ( NGF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , acted presynaptically to increase the frequency of excitatory miniature EPSCs in substantia gelatinosa ( SG ) neurones of the CFA treated , but not untreated rats , through activation of lidocaine ( lignocaine ) sensitive , TTX resistant Na+ channels . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and Neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) are members of the neurotrophin family and are expressed in the developing and adult tongue papillae . ^^^ BDNF null mutated mice exhibit specific impairments related to innervation and development of the gustatory system while NT 3 null mice have deficits in their lingual somatosensory innervation . ^^^ To further evaluate the functional specificity of these neurotrophins in the peripheral gustatory system , we generated double BDNF / NT 3 knockout mice and compared the phenotype to BDNF ( / ) and wild type mice . ^^^ BDNF ( / ) xNT 3 ( / ) mice exhibited additive losses in both somatosensory and gustatory innervation indicating that BDNF and NT 3 exert specific roles in the innervation of the tongue . ^^^ However , the additional loss of fungiform papillae and taste buds in BDNF ( / ) xNT 3 ( / ) mice compared to single BDNF knockout mice indicate a synergistic functional role for both BDNF dependent gustatory and NT 3 dependent somatosensory innervations in taste bud and taste papillae innervation and development . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To gain some insight into the possible roles played by these molecules in monkey cerebellum , we examined the protein levels of BDNF , NT 4 / 5 and NT 3 and distributions of those neurotrophins and TrkC , a high affinity receptor for NT 3 , in the cerebellum of developing macaque monkeys using ELISAs and immunohistochemical methods . ^^^ We found that the level of BDNF increased during development , while the level of NT 3 was higher during embryonic stages and decreased toward adulthood . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Different expressions of BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 in muscle and nerve after various types of peripheral nerve injuries . ^^^ The changes in the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and neurotrophin 4 ( NT 4 ) in the rat neuromuscular system as a result of three different types of sciatic nerve injuries have been evaluated . ^^^ The changes in mRNA and protein levels for BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 in the soleus muscle and sciatic nerve were assessed 4 28 days after sciatic nerve transection ( neurotmesis ) , sciatic nerve crush ( axonotmesis ) , and mild acute compression ( neurapraxia ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , we analyzed the effect of Barhl 1 on the promoters of the neurotrophin genes NT 3 and BDNF in OC 1 and OC 2 cell lines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two other neurotrophins , which are also ligands for p 75 , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) did not block NGF induced SP up regulation , raising the possibility that activated p 75 is able to cooperate in SP regulation regardless of which neurotrophin ligand occupies it . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We hypothesize that neurotrophins ( NTs ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and NT 3 , besides their importance in immune system activities , participate in chronic inflammatory disorders and in repair processes . ^^^ Furthermore , BDNF expression in alveolar macrophages and NT 3 expression in the three different BAL immune cell populations investigated were induced during sarcoidosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distribution and change of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 in the hippocampus of rat with AD ] . ^^^ OBJECTIVE : To investigate the distribution and change of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 in hippocampus of rat with Alzheimer disease ( AD ) by immunohistochemistry . ^^^ Brain sections were processed by immunohistochemical procedure with molocloned antibodies against NGF , BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ The number of positive neurons of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 was counted and analyzed statistically . ^^^ CONCLUSION : results show that NGF , BDNF , NT 3 have experienced different changes in hippocampus of rat with AD , suggesting that they play different roles in the course of AD and bear relation to the physiological function of cholinergic neurons in hippocampus of rat with AD . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we demonstrate that Sema3A acts as a death inducing molecule in neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and nerve growth factor ( NGF ) dependent E 12 and E 13 cultured DRG neurons . ^^^ Interestingly , increasing concentrations of other neurotrophic factors , such as NT 3 or BDNF , do not elicit similar effects . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Screening a human MSC cDNA library revealed expressed transcripts encoding BDNF and beta NGF but not NT 3 and NT 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Previous studies indicate that brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) increase myelin basic protein , ( MBP ) in differentiating basal forebrain ( BF ) oligodendrocytes ( OLGs ) ( Du , Y . , Fischer , T . ^^^ While p 75 was implicated in the actions of NGF and NT 3 , it did not affect actions of BDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The group of neurotrophic factors consists of : growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurotrophins ( NTs ) such as BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 are important modulators of neuronal function and survival . ^^^ In contrast , GA treatment led to sustained augmentation in the expression of BDNF , NT 3 , and NT 4 in various brain regions as demonstrated by histological analysis of immunostained brain sections . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NGF ( nerve growth factor ) , BDNF ( brain derived neurotrophic factor ) , NT 3 ( neurotrophin 3 ) and NT 4 ( neurotrophin 4 ) also mediate additional higher order activities , such as learning , memory and behaviour , in addition to their established functions for cell survival . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also assessed brain content of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , have been shown to be elevated during airway inflammation and evoke airway hyperresponsiveness . ^^^ We studied if HBSMC may be a source of NGF , BDNF and NT 3 , and if so , how inflammatory cytokines may influence their production . ^^^ RESULTS : We observed a constitutive NGF , BDNF and NT 3 expression . ^^^ CONCLUSION : Taken together , our data indicate that , in addition to the contractile capacity , HBSMC can express NGF , BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Plasma levels of NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and NT 4 were measured in a total of 58 subjects who had recently fallen in love and compared with those of two control groups , consisting of subjects who were either single or were already engaged in a long lasting relationship . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : We explored the possibility of transducing pluripotent fetal rat cortical neural progenitor cells ( NPCs ) using lentiviral vectors encoding the green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) or neurotrophic factors ( BDNF , CNTF , D15A , GDNF , MNT and NT 3 ) prior to implanting these cells into the contused spinal cord or injured brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It has been shown that CAPS 1 regulates catecholamine release from neuroendocrine cells , whereas CAPS 2 is involved in the release of two neurotrophins , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , from parallel fibers of cerebellar granule cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To elucidate the effects of neurotrophins , we treated day 5 neurons with NT 3 , BDNF or NGF for 48 h . ^^^ NT 3 and BDNF both inhibited downregulation of NDAP mRNA levels but NGF slightly enhanced the already present downregulation ; this effect of NGF was significant when examined in day 3 neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Levels of NGF , NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 , BDNF , GDNF , CNTF , and FGF 2 were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) of 21 TSP / HAM patients and 20 controls . ^^^ No significant differences were detected in the concentrations of NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 / 5 , GDNF , and CNTF in the CSF between TSP / HAM patients and controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , we have investigated the expression profile of neurotrophins NGF , BDNF and NT 3 and their high affinity ( TrkA , TrkB , TrkC ) and common low affinity ( p75NTR ) receptors before and during neural differentiation of rat BMSCs by RT PCR . ^^^ Results indicate that NGF and BDNF but not NT 3 are expressed in both un differentiated as well as neurally differentiated BMSCs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the mammalian brain , four neurotrophins have been identified : nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) and neurotrophin 4 / 5 ( NT 4 / 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : Mural and cumulus granulosa cells were positive for BDNF , NT 4 / 5 , NT 3 , and NGF , as well as for Trk B , Trk C , and Trk A receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent investigations have linked neurotrophins , including nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , to allergic airways diseases . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We examined 4307 base pairs ( bp ) of nucleotide sequence data obtained from five nuclear loci ( c mos , NT 3 , BDNF , RAG 1 , and ODC ) and one mitochondrial locus ( cyt b ) for all genera of erycines and boines , plus representatives of other groups , including those previously thought to be closely allied with boines ( Ungaliophiidae , Loxocemidae , Xenopeltidae , and Pythoninae ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
VM but not DM derived spheres expressed En 1 , the molecular marker of isthmic organizer , and contained transcripts of BDNF , FGF 2 , IGF 1 and NT 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
They synthesized BDNF and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in addition to expressing high affinity neurotrophin receptors , full length TrkB ( FL ) , truncated TrkB ( TK ( ) ) , and TrkC , thus suggesting an autocrine influence of BDNF and NT 3 . ^^^ BDNF , but not NT 3 , enhanced phagocytic activity and stimulated synthesis / secretion of interleukin 1beta in the same manner as lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we attempted to further promote this spontaneous repair mechanism by applying the neurotrophic factor BDNF ( brain derived neurotrophic factor ) , in the vicinity of the cell bodies of lesioned corticospinal neurons or NT 3 , intrathecally to the cervical spinal cord . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND : The neurotrophin ( NT ) family , including nerve growth factor NT 3 and brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , has a critical role in the survival , growth , maintenance , and death of central and peripheral neurons . ^^^ The difference in BDNF levels , but not NT 3 , between the coronary sinus and aorta was significantly greater in the unstable angina group compared with the stable effort angina and non coronary artery disease groups . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
When rhesus NSPCs were induced to differentiate with a cocktail of retinoic acid and the neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF , and NT 3 ) , they underwent morphologic changes including taking on an oligodendrocyte precursor morphology . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human ASM cells were incubated for 30 min in medium ( control ) or 1 or 10 nM BDNF , NT 3 , or NT 4 ( acute exposure ) or overnight in 1 nM BDNF , NT 3 , or NT 4 ( prolonged exposure ) and imaged after loading with the Ca ( 2+ ) indicator fura 2 AM . [ Ca ( 2+ ) ] ( 1 ) responses to ACh , histamine , bradykinin , and caffeine and SOCE following SR Ca ( 2+ ) depletion were compared across cell groups . ^^^ Basal [ Ca ( 2+ ) ] ( 1 ) , peak responses to all agonists , SOCE , and force responses to ACh and histamine were all significantly enhanced by both acute and prolonged BDNF exposure ( smaller effect of NT 4 ) but decreased by NT 3 . ^^^ ASM cells showed positive immunostaining for BDNF , NT 3 , NT 4 , trkB , and trkC ( NT 3 receptor ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cultures were divided into groups fed with defined medium , with or without FGF 2 , BDNF , and NT 3 supplements , alone or in combinations , for 7 days . ^^^ NT 3 interacts with FGF 2 and BDNF to promote neurite outgrowth , fasciculation , and synapse formation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two genes of interest are brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) , which are essential for vagal afferent development . ^^^ Preliminary investigation revealed that during development BDNF and NT 3 are each expressed in several GI tract regions , and that their expression patterns overlap in some tissues , but are distinct in others . ^^^ Importantly , GI tissues that express BDNF or NT 3 are innervated by vagal afferents , and expression of these neurotrophins occurs during the periods of axon invasion and receptor formation , consistent with roles for BDNF or NT 3 in these processes and in receptor survival . ^^^ These results provide a basis for targeting BDNF or NT 3 knockouts to specific GI tract tissues , and potentially altering vagal afferent innervation only in that tissue ( e . g . , smooth muscle vs . mucosa ) . ^^^ Conditional BDNF or NT 3 knockouts that are successful in selectively altering a vagal GI afferent pathway will be valuable for developing an understanding of that pathway ' s roles in GI function and food intake . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Axon kinesis was assessed on planar substratum with growth factors BDNF , NT 3 and GDNF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Delayed intervention with transplants and either brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) or neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) restored skilled left forelimb reaching to pre injury levels . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We demonstrate that FRS 3 binds all neurotrophin Trk receptor tyrosine kinases and becomes tyrosine phosphorylated in response to NGF , BDNF , NT 3 and FGF stimulation in transfected cells and / or primary cortical neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Light and electron microscopy immunohistochemistry showed that human tonsillar samples were positive for all analyzed neurotrophins ( NGF , BDNF and NT 3 ) and their high affinity receptors ( TrkA , TrkB and TrkC , respectively ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , NT 3 and NT 4 represent a family of proteins essential for neuronal survival and plasticity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The neurotrophins nerve growth factor , brain derived neurotrophic factor , NT 3 ( neurotrophin 3 ) and NT 4 are known for regulating neuron development , function and survival . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Effects of early life trauma on adult behavioral responses , corticosterone ( CORT ) concentration , and levels of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , brain derived neutrophic factor ( BDNF ) , and neurotrophin 3 ( NT 3 ) in hippocampus and frontal cortex were investigated . ^^^ Traumatized animals showed an increase in rearing in both the elevated plus maze and open field after adult restress , higher basal levels of CORT , lower levels of BDNF in dorsal hippocampus , and lower levels of NT 3 in dorsal and ventral hippocampus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of neurotrophic factors , including NGF , BDNF , NT 3 , GDNF , CNTF , and VEGF , was analyzed using semiquantitative RT PCR , enzyme immunoassay , and immunohistochemistry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because recent studies suggest that proNGF , the precursor form of NGF , is more active than mature NGF in inducing apoptosis after binding to p75NTR and a coreceptor , sortilin , we asked whether the precursor of BDNF ( proBDNF ) is also a proapoptotic ligand in the nervous system . proBDNF is secreted by cultured neurons , and recombinant proBDNF binds to sortilin . ^^^ In contrast , mature BDNF , but not proBDNF , is effective in inducing TrkB phosphorylation . proBDNF effects are dependent on cellular coexpression of both p75NTR and sortilin , because neurons deficient in p75NTR are resistant to proBDNF induced apoptosis , and competitive antagonists of sortilin block sympathetic neuron death . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This study examined transgene expression using ELISA after viral delivery of D15A , a neurotrophin with BDNF and NT 3 activities , at 1 , 2 , and 4weeks after in vivo and ex vivo delivery using lentiviral , adenoviral , and retroviral vectors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q99523 and P23560	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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