Pubmed abstracts for Protein-Protein Interaction search result :

Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.53450242
Since fly rhodopsin is coupled to phospholipase C , studies of the interaction of rhodopsin with rhodopsin kinase can be useful in analysis of the reactions that lead to termination of the inositol phospholipid signaling pathway . . 0.53450242^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.6582927
The analog reconstituted rhodopsin activated transducin and was phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase on illumination . 0.6582927^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.884961
The results showed that : ( 1 ) Regeneration of alpha band of rhodopsin was complete regardless of regeneration temperature ; ( 2 ) When regenerated at temperatures below 10 degrees C , rhodopsins induced a GTPase activity on transducin in the dark even after treatment with hydroxylamine , whereas rhodopsins after regeneration at temperatures above 13 degrees C did not ; ( 3 ) When regenerated at 0 degrees C , rhodopsin was phosphorylated if incubated with rhodopsin kinase and ATP in the dark , whereas the spectrally regenerated rhodopsin at 30 degrees C was not . 0.884961^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.82702394
Identification of the N terminal region in rhodopsin kinase involved in its interaction with rhodopsin . 0.82702394^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.65606392
Rhodopsin was labeled with a nuclear spin label ( 31P ) by limited phosphorylation with rhodopsin kinase . 0.65606392^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PURPOSE : Homozygous inactivation of the mouse gene for GRK 1 ( G protein coupled receptor kinase 1 , or rhodopsin kinase ) causes severe defects in the recovery of cone phototransduction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The responsible enzyme is known as rhodopsin kinase or G protein coupled receptor kinase 1 ( GRK 1 ) in rods . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Purification and properties of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Light regulated binding of rhodopsin kinase and other proteins to cattle photoreceptor membranes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The influence of arrestin ( 48K protein ) and rhodopsin kinase on visual transduction . ^^^ The underlying mechanisms were studied in functionally intact detached rod outer segments by testing the effect of either sangivamycin , an inhibitor of rhodopsin kinase , or phytic acid , an inhibitor of 48K protein binding to phosphorylated rhodopsin , on light responses recorded in whole cell voltage clamp . ^^^ Higher concentrations of sangivamycin cause changes in the light response that can not be explained by selective inhibition of rhodopsin kinase and suggest that other protein kinases are needed for normal rod function . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Prior to the assays , beta 2 receptors and rhodopsin were phosphorylated by their specific kinases beta adrenergic receptor kinase ( beta ARK ) and rhodopsin kinase , respectively . beta Arrestin was a potent inhibitor of the function of beta ARK phosphorylated beta 2 receptors . ^^^ Conversely , arrestin caused half maximal inhibition of the function of rhodopsin kinase phosphorylated rhodopsin when present in concentrations about equal to those of rhodopsin , whereas beta arrestin at 100 fold higher concentrations had little inhibitory effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Deactivation of Meta 2 involves phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase followed by the binding of arrestin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mechanistic studies on rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase and beta adrenergic receptor kinase ( beta ARK ) are related members of a serine / threonine kinase family that specifically initiate deactivation of G protein coupled receptors . ^^^ Covalent modification in vivo of rhodopsin kinase by a 15 C ( farnesyl ) isoprenoid enables the kinase to anchor to photon activated rhodopsin . ^^^ Mutations that alter or eliminate the isoprenoid , fully disable light specific Rhodopsin kinase translocation . ^^^ These results indicate that rhodopsin kinase ( by means of an integral isoprenoid ) and beta ARK ( through its association with beta gamma ) both rely on the function of isoprenyl moieties for their translocation and activity , illustrating distinct , though related , modes of biological regulation of receptor function . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Identification of the autophosphorylation sites in rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) is a second messenger independent protein kinase that is involved in deactivation of photolyzed rhodopsin ( Rho * ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Consistent with this result , the mutant Trp 265 Phe showed no detectable light dependent activation of transducin or phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin undergoes a change in conformation upon photoexcitation and activates a G protein , transducin , and is phosphorylated by a receptor specific kinase , rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In vivo farnesylation of rat rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ We further identified this 65 kDa prenylated protein as rhodopsin kinase based on its affinity for photolyzed rhodopsin and its ability to autophosphorylate in the presence of [ gamma 32P ] ATP . ^^^ The farnesylation of rhodopsin kinase may be important for correctly targeting this enzyme to the photoreceptor outer segments , allowing it to phosphorylate photolyzed rhodopsin efficiently . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin 2 showed marginal light dependent transducin activation and phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of the beta adrenergic receptor kinase and rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Comparing a variety of kinases , only rhodopsin kinase and casein kinase 2 exhibited significant phosphorylation of the acidic peptides . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated the enzymatic system responsible for this abnormality by measuring the levels of rhodopsin kinase and protein phosphatase 2A in normal ( rd / + ) and diseased ( rd / rd ) mouse retinas of several ages . ^^^ Our results indicate that rhodopsin kinase activity is identical in rd / + and rd / rd retinas until post natal day 11 , and it decreases thereafter in the rd / rd retina , correlating with the loss of rod photoreceptors that occurs in this tissue . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The receptor kinase family : primary structure of rhodopsin kinase reveals similarities to the beta adrenergic receptor kinase . ^^^ Light dependent deactivation of rhodopsin as well as homologous desensitization of beta adrenergic receptors involves receptor phosphorylation that is mediated by the highly specific protein kinases rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) and beta adrenergic receptor kinase ( beta ARK ) , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Requirement of farnesylation / alpha carboxyl methylation for full enzymatic activity of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ The primary structure of bovine rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) , which phosphorylates light activated rhodopsin ( Rho * ) , terminates with the amino acid sequence Cys 558 Val Leu Ser 561 , a motif that has been shown to direct the isoprenylation and alpha carboxyl methylation of many proteins ( e . g . p21Ha ras ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By contrast , the light dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin by the rhodopsin kinase was not stimulated by the beta gamma subunits . ^^^ These results indicate that beta gamma subunits may interact with and activate the mAChR kinase but not rhodopsin kinase and suggest that the beta gamma subunit of G proteins may take part in the desensitization of G protein linked receptors . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transducin , rhodopsin kinase , or cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase are not affected by inositol phosphates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Limited proteolysis of rhodopsin phosphorylated in situ indicates that protein kinase C modifies rhodopsin on a domain distinct from that recognized by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Photoactivated rhodopsin is quenched upon its phosphorylation in the reaction catalyzed by rhodopsin kinase and the subsequent binding of a regulatory protein , arrestin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Regulation of rhodopsin kinase by autophosphorylation . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) catalyzes the phosphorylation of rhodopsin ( Rho ) as one of the steps in quenching photoactivated Rho . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mechanism of rhodopsin kinase activation . ^^^ The role of the cytoplasmic loops and C terminal region of bovine rhodopsin ( Rho ) in binding and activating rhodopsin kinase was investigated . ^^^ The ability of various enzymatically truncated forms of photolyzed rhodopsin ( Rho * ) to stimulate rhodopsin kinase activity was quantified . ^^^ Following endopeptidase Asp N cleavage of all phosphorylation sites on the C terminal , the resulting truncated Rho * ( 329G Rho * ) was not phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ This suggests that rhodopsin kinase only phosphorylates C terminal sites of Rho * . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nucleoside inhibitors of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ The specificity of the ATP binding site of rhodopsin kinase was studied with adenosine analogues that are competitive inhibitors . ^^^ Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives are very potent inhibitors of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ These measurements show that the most potent inhibitors of rhodopsin kinase , sangivamycin and toyocamycin , occur in solution preferentially in the anti conformation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the related rod cell visual pigment , rhodopsin , such serines and threonines have previously been identified as sites for phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ We have purified and reconstituted both chicken rhodopsin and chicken iodopsin and shown them to be phosphorylated by bovine rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Characterization of rhodopsin kinase purified from bovine rod outer segments . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase was purified by sequential chromatography on DEAE cellulose and blue Sepharose . ^^^ Purified rhodopsin kinase is free of any detectable arrestin or the retinal G protein . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase is autophosphorylated on serine residues which is unaffected by the presence of bleached rhodopsin and results in a transition in molecular mass to 64 kDa . ^^^ Peptides corresponding to sequences within opsin loops 3 4 and 5 6 and the COOH terminus inhibited kinase phosphorylation of bleached rhodopsin , suggesting at least three potential sites to account for the stable high affinity binding of rhodopsin kinase to the bleached photoreceptor molecule that are at least in part distinct from the substrate sites for phosphorylation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
An intramolecular hydrogen bond between purine ring substituents is detected in the 10 ray structure and may be an important structural feature of sangivamycin related to its degree of inhibition of rhodopsin kinase and of protein kinases C and A . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The ability of R * to function as a catalyst is terminated by the rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Here it is demonstrated that active site Schiff base deprotonation is also mandatory in the formation of the form of photolyzed rhodopsin that is susceptible to phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ In terms of the spectroscopically defined rhodopsin intermediates , this means that only metarhodopsin 2 and possibly metarhodopsin 3 are the actual substrates for rhodopsin kinase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Substrate recognition determinants for rhodopsin kinase : studies with synthetic peptides , polyanions , and polycations . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase phosphorylates serine and threonine containing peptides from bovine rhodopsin ' s carboxyl terminal sequence . ^^^ The Km for phosphorylation of rhodopsin is about 10 ( 3 ) lower than that for the peptides , which suggests that binding of rhodopsin kinase to its substrate , photolyzed rhodopsin , involves more than just binding to the carboxyl terminal peptide region that is to be phosphorylated . ^^^ Analogous 25 amino acid peptides from the human red or green cone visual pigment , a beta adrenergic receptor , or M 1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are better substrates for bovine rhodopsin kinase than is the peptide from bovine rhodopsin . ^^^ An acidic serine containing peptide from a non receptor protein , alpha s1B casein , is also a good substrate for rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Molecular , enzymatic and functional properties of rhodopsin kinase from rat pineal gland . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase activity from rat pineal gland and from rat retina are indistinguishable , based upon determination of a variety of enzymatic and molecular properties . ^^^ Both are activated by spermine and inhibited by adenosine and some rhodopsin kinase specific adenosine derivatives such as sangivamycin . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase activity from pineal binds in a light dependent manner to rhodopsin in rod outer segments as does the enzyme from retina . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The cascade is turned off by the GTPase activity of transducin and by the action of rhodopsin kinase and arrestin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We find evidence for only three protein kinases in rod outer segments : a protein kinase C like activity , cAMP dependent protein kinase , and rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The Ca2+ dependence of the kinetics and light sensitivity of light activated phosphodiesterase was studied with a pH assay in toad and bovine rod disk membranes ( RDM ) , and in a reconstituted system containing GTP binding protein , phosphodiesterase and rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Light induced phosphorylation of octopus rhodopsin in microvillar membrane was shown to be stimulated by cyclic nucleotides in contrast to vertebrate rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The activity of the enzyme per retina ( approximately 85 pmol of Pi released / min ) is comparable to that of rhodopsin kinase ( 100 pmol of phosphate transferred / min ) . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The beta adrenergic receptor kinase is an enzyme , possibly analogous to rhodopsin kinase , that multiply phosphorylates the beta adrenergic receptor only when it is occupied by stimulatory agonists . ^^^ Since this kinase may play an important role in mediating the process of homologous , or agonist specific , desensitization , we investigated the functional consequences of receptor phosphorylation by the kinase and possible analogies with the mechanism of action of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Addition of pure retinal arrestin ( 48 kDa protein or S antigen ) , which is involved in enhancing the inactivating effect of rhodopsin phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase , led to partial restoration of the functional effect of beta adrenergic receptor kinase promoted phosphorylation ( 41 + / 3 % inactivation ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Highly specific receptor kinases , such as rhodopsin kinase and beta adrenergic receptor kinase , which show stimulus dependent phosphorylation of receptors have been described . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent evidence suggests that the function of receptors coupled to guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins may be controlled by highly specific protein kinases , e . g . rhodopsin kinase and the beta adrenergic receptor kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Purification and characterization of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase was purified to near homogeneity by affinity binding to light exposed rod cell outer segment membranes , followed by DEAE cellulose and hydroxyapatite chromatography . ^^^ This resulted in a 1055 fold purification of highly active rhodopsin kinase with an overall recovery of 19 % . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase is a single polypeptide chain with Mr = 67 , 000 70 , 000 as determined by gel filtration and SDS PAGE . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase is competitively inhibited by adenosine and its mono and diphosphate derivatives , but not by most other adenosine derivatives . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Experiments using hydroxylamine as an artificial quencher of rhodopsin activity suggest that calcium acts upon rhodopsin kinase and not upon the rate of the GTPase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The abundance of protein kinase C in ROS is similar to that of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We report here that deactivation of PDEase in rod outer segment suspensions is highly enhanced by addition of ATP and purified 48 kDa protein , which is an intrinsic rod outer segment protein that is soluble in the dark but binds to photolyzed rhodopsin that has been phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase and ATP [ Khn , H . , Hall , S . ^^^ In contrast , PDEase activation or deactivation with unphosphorylated control membranes was not influenced by 48 kDa protein , even in the presence of ATP , provided rhodopsin kinase was absent . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This property of protein kinase C contrasts with that of rhodopsin kinase , which in vitro phosphorylates only bleached rhodopsin . ^^^ Peptide maps of rhodopsin phosphorylated by protein kinase C or rhodopsin kinase were compared using limited Staphylococcus aureus V 8 protease digestion or complete tryptic digestion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Fast reversal associated with regenerability requires in addition the presence of some protein ( s ) of the cytoplasm ( probably the rhodopsin kinase ) and ATP . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The latter is mediated by a unique protein kinase , rhodopsin kinase , which phosphorylates only the light bleached form of rhodopsin . ^^^ Moreover , rhodopsin kinase can phosphorylate the agonist occupied beta AR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase prepared from bovine rod disk membranes quenches light activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase in a reconstituted system . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase was extracted into a buffer containing 200 mM KCl and no MgCl 2 . ^^^ A reconstituted cGMP phosphodiesterase ( PDE ) system consisting of peripheral protein depleted rod disk membranes ( RDM ) , GTP binding protein ( G protein ) , and PDE was used to test the effectiveness of the rhodopsin kinase preparation in mediating the ATP dependent quench of light activation of PDE . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As noted , it is somewhat analogous to the rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Deactivation of photoactivated rhodopsin by rhodopsin kinase and arrestin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase was purified from bovine retina rod outer segments as a 62 64 kDa protein that phosphorylated purified rhodopsin reconstituted into egg phosphatidylcholine / phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes . ^^^ A competition binding assay in which transducin competes with rhodopsin kinase for binding sites on rhodopsin was used to assess the interaction of purified transducin subunits with rhodopsin . ^^^ The results indicate that rhodopsin must have a binding site for T beta gamma as well as a binding site for T alpha , and each subunit influences the recognition of bleached rhodopsin by rhodopsin kinase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
How ATP quenches PDE is not established ; however , leading hypotheses favor the intervention of a 48 kDa ATP binding protein and / or an ATP utilizing rhodopsin kinase in this reaction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Arrestin , the 48 kDa protein of the photoreceptor , is one of the proteins required for rapid recovery , however , it requires the synergistic action of other soluble proteins ( besides rhodopsin kinase ) in order to exert its effect : When arrestin is included in the reaction mixture without the ' helper protein ( s ) ' , it can not speed recovery , and when a mixture of soluble proteins is added which lacks arrestin , there is also no effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Inactivation of photoexcited rhodopsin in retinal rods : the roles of rhodopsin kinase and 48 kDa protein ( arrestin ) . ^^^ The inactivation of excited rhodopsin in the presence of ATP , rhodopsin kinase , and / or arrestin has been studied from its effect on the two subsequent steps in the light induced enzymatic cascade : metarhodopsin 2 catalyzed activation of G protein and G protein dependent activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase . ^^^ Our results show that rhodopsin kinase alone can terminate the activation of G protein and that arrestin speeds up the process at a relative concentration similar to that reported in the rod ( half maximal effect at 50 nM for 4 . 4 microM rhodopsin ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Purification method of bovine rhodopsin kinase using regeneration of rhodopsin . ^^^ We report a rapid and high yield purification method of bovine retinal rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ According to our method , 500 micrograms of rhodopsin kinase was purified from 100 bovine retinae within 12 h . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase bound to bleached rhodopsin was extracted effectively from rod outer segment membranes after regeneration of rhodopsin by the incubation with exogenous 11 cis retinal . ^^^ The purified rhodopsin kinase had an apparent molecular weight of 68 , 000 and phosphorylated rhodopsin at the rate of 10 nmol phosphate / min / mg of the enzyme . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase : substrate specificity and factors that influence activity . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase was prepared from bovine retinas by the method of Sitaramayya [ Sitaramayya , A . ( 1986 ) Biochemistry 25 , 5460 ] with some minor modifications . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase can phosphorylate synthetic peptides containing the appropriate sequences from bovine rhodopsin ; however , the Km values for these peptides are about 3 orders of magnitude higher than that for rhodopsin or ATP . ^^^ Other physiologically important cations such as Ca2+ , Na+ , and K+ reduce the activity of the kinase , probably by forming a metal ion ATP complex , thereby reducing the concentration of Mg ATP . 5 ' [ p ( Fluorosulfonyl ) benzoyl ] adenosine ( FSO2BzAdo ) , an inhibitor of kinases and ATPases , inhibits rhodopsin kinase according to pseudo first order kinetics . ^^^ This indicates that a reversible complex between the ATP analogue and the enzyme is formed prior to the covalent attachment of the analogue to rhodopsin kinase . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Since these sites on rhodopsin are possible binding sites for transducin and rhodopsin kinase , an alteration in these regions would have profound effects in the dystrophic state . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase activity in the mammalian pineal gland and other tissues . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase , an enzyme involved in photochemical transduction in the retina , has been found in the mammalian pineal gland in amounts equal to those in the retina ; other tissues had 7 percent of this amount , or less . ^^^ This finding suggests that , in mammals , rhodopsin kinase functions in the pineal gland and other tissues to phosphorylate rhodopsin like integral membrane receptors and is thereby involved in signal transduction . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Omission of GTP leads to ca 70 % inhibition of rhodopsin phosphorylation , presumably due to the GTP binding protein blocking access of rhodopsin kinase to rhodopsin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This suggests that bleaching of rhodopsin is the primary step in enzyme activation , and that some light induced changes in the molecular interaction of the enzymes with rhodopsin , the major intrinsic ROS membrane protein , should be involved . 1 have indeed found that light induces profound changes in the interation of rhodopsin kinase , GTPase ( reported here ) , and other proteins with the photoreceptor membrane . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase with emphasis on function and immunopathogenicity ( author ' s transl ) ] . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Development and regulation of rhodopsin kinase in rat pineal and retina . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase , once thought to be a retinal enzyme , was recently found at high levels in the pineal gland . ^^^ Pineal and retinal rhodopsin kinase activities showed a 25 % increase in in the middle of the dark and the beginning of the light period , respectively . ^^^ Exposure to constant light caused a 50 % decrease in rhodopsin kinase levels in both tissues . ^^^ However , only pineal rhodopsin kinase activity declined followed bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Soluble enzymes , extracted from bovine retinal rod outer segments ( ROS ) , were recombined with native ROS discs and discs which had been modified either by protease treatment or phosphorylation with rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Protein kinases of retinal rod outer segments : identification and partial characterization of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinase and rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ One peak of protein kinase activity has the characteristics reported for rhodopsin kinase ( category one ) ; it phosphorylates only bleached rhodopsin , and its activity is not affected by light , exogenous adenosine cyclic 3 ' , 5 ' monophosphate ( cAMP ) , guanosine cyclic 3 ' , 5 ' monophosphate ( cGMP ) , or a protein kinase inhibitor from skeletal muscle . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase has an apparent molecular weight of 68 000 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the absence of rhodopsin kinase , ATP had no effect on either V 0 or toff of reconstituted preparations containing phosphodiesterase and GTP * binding protein . ^^^ Addition of partially purified rhodopsin kinase to such reconstitutions again permitted ATP to quench both initial velocity and turn off time . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rod outer segments ( ROSs ) of vertebrate photoreceptor cells have been reported to contain several enzyme systems including a dark , Ca2+ stimulated ATPase , a rhodopsin kinase , a phosphodiesterase and a GTPase , all of which are light stimulated . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this report , we use preparations retaining more endogenous rhodopsin kinase , higher specific activity ATP , and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase quenching conditions to show that ATP dependent multiple phosphorylation of rhodopsin at very weak bleaches ( 10 ( 5 ) ) is complete in less than 2 s , easily compatible with cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase quench times of 4 s measured under identical conditions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The 48 kDa protein , a major protein of rod photoreceptor cells , is soluble in the dark but associates with the disk membranes when some ( 5 10 % ) of their rhodopsin has absorbed light and if this rhodopsin is additionally phosphorylated by ATP and rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Light dependent phosphorylation of sheep opsin was obtained in purified discs to which was added a partially purified preparation of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To obtain more information about the relationship between the postchemical and biochemical reactions of rhodopsin we have investigated which transition leads to the activation of rhodopsin as a substrate for rhodopsin kinase , and report here that it is the transition from lumirhodopsin to metarhodopsin I . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the experiment in which urea treated outer segments and rhodopsin kinase were incubated with ATP in the presence of 30 % glycerol , the extent of phosphate incorporation at 10 degrees C was about 30 % of that at 37 degrees C . ^^^ Since the maximum phosphorylation at 10 degrees C ( at which metarhodopsin 2 is stable ) occurred at a pH value ( 6 . 0 ) lower than the pKa for metarhodopsin 1 metarhodopsin 2 transition , metarhodopsin 2 was suggested to be the preferred substrate for rhodopsin kinase at 10 degrees C . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
S antigen was also shown to be synthesized in the retina , and the primary translation product was indistinguishable from purified S antigen by SDS PAGE , thus eliminating the possibility that it is derived from or is cross reactive with the 67 , 000 m . w . rhodopsin kinase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Resemblance between rhodopsin kinase and S antigen induced uveitis . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) , an enzyme probably unique to the mammalian eye , is reported here to resemble the retinal S Ag in its capacity to induce uveitis in experimental animals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent studies indicate that recoverin inhibits rhodopsin phosphorylation by directly regulating rhodopsin kinase , a G protein coupled receptor kinase ( GRK ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , in vitro studies demonstrate no differences in the ability of the mutant and the wild type rhodopsin to activate transducin , the rod cell G protein , to be phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase or to bind arrestin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Inhibition of rhodopsin kinase by recoverin . ^^^ Ca ( 2+ ) recoverin directly inhibits rhodopsin kinase activity , and Ca ( 2+ ) dependent binding of recoverin to rod outer segment membranes is not required for its action . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Overexpression of rhodopsin kinase , beta ARK 1 , beta ARK 2 , or GRK 5 significantly increases agonist induced beta 1AR phosphorylation and concomitantly decreases agonist stimulated cellular cAMP production ( p < 0 . 05 ) . ^^^ Like the beta 2AR , the beta 1AR appears to bind either beta arrestin 1 or beta arrestin 2 and to react with rhodopsin kinase , beta ARK 1 , beta ARK 2 , and GRK5 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ca ( 2+ ) dependent interaction of recoverin with rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) , interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein , and tubulin interact with Rv in the presence of Ca2+ . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A key reaction in the inactivation of rhodopsin is its phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ In recent years , extensive studies related to rhodopsin kinase function and enzymatic properties were carried out . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase is a Ser / Thr protein kinase and a member of the G protein coupled receptor kinases sub family ( GRKs ) which consists of six recently identified members . ^^^ Photolyzed rhodopsin is phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase sequentially , with the first phosphate transferred preferentially to Ser 338 , and subsequent phosphates transferred to Ser 343 and Thr 336 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The Km value of meta iodopsin 2 and rhodopsin kinase was lower than meta rhodopsin 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Autophosphorylation of rhodopsin kinase from retinal rod outer segments . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase has been identified as a 68K protein that is more readily extracted from dark adapted rod outer segments ( dark extract ) than from illuminated rod outer segments ( light extract ) . ^^^ Light and dark extracts were centrifuged simultaneously on individual sucrose density gradients revealing that the 68K phosphoprotein cosediments with endogenous rhodopsin kinase activity and that both greater 32P incorporation and higher rhodopsin kinase activity are found in dark extract as compared to light extract . ^^^ These findings suggest strongly that the 68K phosphoprotein and rhodopsin kinase are identical and that rhodopsin kinase undergoes autophosphorylation . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The catalytic domain of Pkn 2 contains 27 % and 25 % identity to rat Ca2+ / calmodulin dependent protein kinase and Bos taurus rhodopsin kinase , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase ( GRK 1 ) requires a post translationally added farnesyl isoprenoid to bind to light activated rhodopsin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase autophosphorylation . ^^^ Upon illumination , rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) phosphorylates the visual pigment rhodopsin , which is thought to partially terminate the biochemical events that follow photon absorption . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin mutants discriminate sites important for the activation of rhodopsin kinase and Gt . ^^^ The cytoplasmic loops of rhodopsin , the rod cell photoreceptor , play important regulatory roles in the activation of both rhodopsin kinase and the rod cell G protein , Gt . ^^^ However , less is known concerning the cytoplasmic regions that regulate phosphorylation of the photoreceptor by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Membranes prepared from these cells were reconstituted with the opsin chromophore , 11 cis retinal , and characterized for their ability to undergo light dependent phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase and to catalyze GTP gamma S ( guanosine 5 ' O ( 3 thiotriphosphate ) ) binding to Gt . ^^^ The use of these two assays in parallel have allowed us to distinguish the presence of distinct functional domains within the cytoplasmic loops which are specific for interaction with rhodopsin kinase or Gt . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cleavage with trypsin indicates that Ser 338 , the primary phosphorylation site of rhodopsin kinase , is not phosphorylated significantly ; rather , the primary phosphorylation site of protein kinase C is on the membrane proximal half of the carboxyl terminus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Outer segment membranes containing 9dR or regenerated rhodopsin were flash illuminated in the presence of [ gamma 32P ] ATP and rhodopsin kinase , further incubated in darkness , and then analyzed for opsin bound [ 32P ] Pi . [ 32P ] Pi incorporation by 9dR * increased with both incubation period and bleaching extent but , under all conditions tested , was less than that measured in rhodopsin controls . ^^^ The results imply that the low incorporation of Pi by 9dR * results from a reduced rate of phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase and are consistent with the prolonged lifetime of 9dR * determined electrophysiologically . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The best characterized members of this family include the beta adrenergic receptor kinase ( beta ARK ) and rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Here we report the isolation of a cDNA that encodes a 590 amino acid protein kinase , termed GRK 5 , which has 34 . 8 % and 47 . 2 % amino acid identities with beta ARK and rhodopsin kinase , respectively . ^^^ In addition , GRK 5 neither contains a consensus sequence for isoprenylation like rhodopsin kinase nor is activated by G protein beta gamma subunits like beta ARK 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The family of G protein coupled receptor kinases includes rhodopsin kinase , beta ARK 1 , beta ARK 2 , IT 11 A ( GRK 4 ) , GRK 5 , and GRK 6 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , ATP utilizing enzymes such as hexokinase or rhodopsin kinase were not effected . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Calcium sensitive control of rhodopsin phosphorylation in the reconstituted system consisting of photoreceptor membranes , rhodopsin kinase and recoverin . ^^^ Rhodopsin phosphorylation in the reconstituted system consisting of urea washed photoreceptor membranes , rhodopsin kinase and recoverin is regulated by Ca2+ : the process takes place at low [ Ca2+ ] but is suppressed at high [ Ca2+ ] . ^^^ In the absence of recoverin , rhodopsin kinase is active irrespective of the cation concentration used . ^^^ Hence , recoverin is an inhibitor ( at high [ Ca2+ ] ) but not an activator of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Based jointly on these data obtained on the reconstituted system and on our preceding experiments on rod outer segments suspension , one may conclude that ( 1 ) the function of recoverin in retina rod cells is the Ca ( 2+ ) sensitive control of rhodopsin phosphorylation and ( 2 ) the presence of recoverin is essential and sufficient to provide rhodopsin kinase with the Ca2+ sensitivity . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Active pseudophotoproducts , which stimulate Gt activation and opsin phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase , are formed with opsin and all trans retinal as well as retinal analogues lacking the 13 methyl or the terminal two carbons of the polyene chain . ^^^ Our results support the hypothesis that all trans retinol dehydrogenase could influence the phototransduction cascade , including activities of Gt , rhodopsin kinase , and binding of arrestin , by impeding the recycling of rhodopsin at high bleach levels . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In retinal rods , photoexcited rhodopsin ( R * ) is inactivated upon phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase and the subsequent binding of arrestin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase : studies on the sequence of and the recognition motif for multiphosphorylations . ^^^ Peptides of 10 12 amino acids in length , which overlapped with the sequence of the last 20 amino acids in the C terminal tail of rhodopsin , were synthesized and used as substrates for rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We conclude that the Ca2+ effects observed are mediated by recoverin which inhibits rhodopsin kinase at a high Ca2+ level . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
At the same time we found that a Ca ( 2+ ) sensitive complex of p 26 and a protein with apparent M ( r ) 67 kDa , presumably rhodopsin kinase , is present in the ROS extract . ^^^ We suggest that rhodopsin kinase can be a functional target for p 26 in retina rod cells . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
G protein coupled receptor kinases ( GRKs ) , such as rhodopsin kinase and beta adrenergic receptor kinase ( beta ARK ) , are involved in mediating agonist specific phosphorylation and desensitization of G protein coupled receptors . ^^^ GRK 6 is the most recently identified member of the GRK family and displays higher homology with GRK 5 ( 70 . 1 % amino acid identity ) and IT 11 ( 68 . 5 % ) compared to beta ARK ( 37 . 4 % ) and rhodopsin kinase ( 47 . 1 % ) . ^^^ Additionally , GRK 6 does not undergo significant autophosphorylation even though it contains residues identical to those that are autophosphorylated in GRK 5 and rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ These data extend our knowledge of a growing family of receptor specific kinases and suggest that GRK 6 has a substrate specificity distinct from beta ARK , rhodopsin kinase , and GRK5 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The cDNA sequence predicts a 590 amino acid protein with high overall similarity to rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ GRK 5 possesses neither a CAAX motif specifying protein prenylation like rhodopsin kinase nor similarity to the G protein beta gamma subunit binding domain of beta adrenergic receptor kinases . ^^^ The GRK 5 protein does not undergo agonist dependent translocation from cytosol to membranes as do beta adrenergic receptor kinase and rhodopsin kinase , but rather appears to associate with membranes constitutively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Opsins with mutations at the site of chromophore attachment constitutively activate transducin but are not phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ It has been suggested that this mutant opsin molecule may cause rod degeneration by depletion of the components used to inactivate rhodopsin , such as rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ In this work we test this idea by determining whether two constitutively active opsin mutants are phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ We found that opsin mutants where Lys 296 is replaced either by Glu ( K296E ) or by Gly ( K296G ) are not substrates of rhodopsin kinase in the absence of chromophore . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase mediates the reaction and requires specific cytoplasmic loop domains on rhodopsin , distinct from the sites of phosphorylation , for binding and activation . ^^^ Centrifugation of the membranes after illumination and subsequent polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrates light dependent binding of rhodopsin kinase to the membranes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
G protein coupled receptor kinases ( GRKs ) such as rhodopsin kinase and the beta adrenergic receptor kinase ( beta ARK ) play an important role in agonist specific phosphorylation and desensitization of G protein coupled receptors . ^^^ GRK 5 is a recently identified member of the GRK family that has greater homology with rhodopsin kinase than with beta ARK . ^^^ Peptide phosphorylation studies suggest that in contrast to beta ARK and rhodopsin kinase , GRK 5 preferentially phosphorylates on nonacidic peptides with a Km of approximately 1 . 5 mM . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this system , rhodopsin kinase was inactive and BARK 1 was markedly less effective than BARK 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
G protein coupled receptor kinases ( GRK ) , such as the beta adrenergic receptor kinase ( beta ARK ) and rhodopsin kinase , specifically phosphorylate the activated form of G protein coupled receptors . ^^^ Here we report the isolation of a cDNA that encodes a 576 amino acid protein kinase , termed GRK 6 , that has significant homology with GRK 5 ( 70 . 1 % amino acid identity ) , IT 11 ( 68 . 5 % ) , rhodopsin kinase ( 47 . 1 % ) , and beta ARK ( 37 . 4 % ) . ^^^ These data extend the family of GRKs and suggest that GRK 6 may have a substrate specificity quite distinct from beta ARK and rhodopsin kinase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Insights into the activation of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Using this method , the rhodopsin kinase catalysed phosphorylation of photoexcited rhodopsin and native rhodopsin was studied in rod outer segment membranes at different levels of bleaching . ^^^ We have previously proposed that rhodopsin kinase normally exists in an inactive form and is only activated following interaction with photoexcited rhodopsin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The identification herein of three putative receptor kinases indicates that in addition to beta ARK and rhodopsin kinase subfamilies , there are other receptor kinase subfamilies that regulate the broad spectrum of G protein coupled receptors . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mutants containing serine substitutions at Cys 140 or Cys 323 showed reduced light dependent phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Plasma membrane rhodopsin was found to undergo light dependent , rhodopsin kinase catalyzed phosphorylation to the same extent as disk membrane rhodopsin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The stimulation by G protein beta gamma subunits was also observed for the light or agonist dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin and beta AR by the mAChR kinase but not for the light dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ The beta gamma subunit is considered to interact with the extra 130 amino acid residue carboxyterminal tail of beta ARK , which does not exist in rhodopsin kinase , and the interaction results in the activation of the kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The inactivation of photolyzed rhodopsin requires phosphorylation of the receptor at multiple sites near the C terminus by rhodopsin kinase and binding of a regulatory protein , arrestin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase catalyzes the incorporation of up to seven phosphates into the carboxyl terminal region of freshly bleached rhodopsin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Phosphorylation experiments with highly purified membrane preparations indicate that rhodopsin kinase is tightly associated with the rhabdomeric membrane or the microvillar cytoskeleton . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase is released from the membrane or inactivated upon treatment with urea . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have shown previously that GTP binding regulatory protein ( G protein ) beta gamma subunits stimulate the agonist or light dependent phosphorylation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors ( mAChRs ) and rhodopsin by a protein kinase partially purified from porcine brain ( mAChR kinase ) but not the phosphorylation of rhodopsin by rhodopsin kinase ( Haga , K . , and Haga , T . ( 1992 ) J . ^^^ By contrast , the beta gamma subunits do not stimulate the phosphorylation of mAChRs or rhodopsin by a beta ARK 1 mutant lacking a part of the carboxyl terminal region which is present in beta ARKs but not in rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ These results indicate that the beta ARK 1 is the same as or very similar to the mAChR kinase but is distinguished from the rhodopsin kinase with respect to activation by the beta gamma subunits and that the extra carboxyl terminal sequence in beta ARKs is required for the stimulation by the beta gamma subunits . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cooperativity during multiple phosphorylations catalyzed by rhodopsin kinase : supporting evidence using synthetic phosphopeptides . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase is a key component in the shutdown of visual transduction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Bovine rhodopsin has been phosphorylated in rod outer segments by ATP and endogenous rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sites of phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase have been localized to the C terminal region of rhodopsin , but no information was available on the kinetics and identity of phosphorylated residues . ^^^ Identification of the kinetics of phosphorylation will facilitate understanding the functional significance of rhodopsin phosphorylation at multiple sites and the mechanism of rhodopsin kinase action . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
N myristoylation of recoverin enhances its efficiency as an inhibitor of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Recoverin , a recently identified member of the EF hand superfamily of Ca ( 2+ ) binding proteins , is capable to inhibit rhodopsin phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase at high but not at low free [ Ca2+ ] . ^^^ To clarify the role of the N terminal acylation of recoverin in its inhibitory action upon rhodopsin phosphorylation , we compared the efficiency of myristoylated and non myristoylated forms of recombinant recoverin as inhibitors of rhodopsin kinase activity . ^^^ We have found that rhodopsin phosphorylation by purified rhodopsin kinase , which does not depend on free [ Ca2+ ] in the absence of recoverin , is regulated by Ca2+ in the presence of both forms of the recombinant protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mechanistic studies on rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Using the same protocol , 12 other peptides , mapping in the rhodopsin C terminal , were screened for their effectiveness as substrates for rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ The studies above support a mechanism for rhodopsin kinase that we have termed the ' kinase activation hypothesis ' . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Addition of an inhibitory antibody against rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) lowered phosphorylation at Ser 334 , Ser 338 , and Ser 343 , without changing the ratio between phosphorylation sites . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Novel mechanism for the activation of rhodopsin kinase : implications for other G protein coupled receptor kinases ( GRK ' s ) . ^^^ ATP , its nonhydrolyzable analogue , AMP PNP , and albumin were found to promote the dissociation of rhodopsin kinase from rod outer segments ( ROS ) containing photoactivated rhodopsin ( Rho * ) . ^^^ These features were embodied in a protocol for the recovery of rhodopsin kinase from incubations containing ROS which had been subjected to a wide range of treatments . ^^^ It was found that the supernatants recovered from mixtures containing ATP , rhodopsin kinase , and photolyzed ROS membranes catalyzed a Rho * independent peptide phosphorylation as well as dark phosphorylation of rhodopsin . ^^^ Cumulatively , the results show that the interaction of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Complementing the rod outer segments ( ROS ) with rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) and arrestin or its splice variant p 44 does not significantly shorten the pulse . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differences in the carboxyl terminal region give rise to limited antibody cross reactivity and may also account for a slightly reduced ability of alligator rhodopsin to be phosphorylated by bovine rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This process is terminated when rhodopsin is phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase and subsequently blocked by a protein called arrestin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Some involve calcium binding proteins like recoverin , guanylyl cyclase activating protein and calmodulin , and their target proteins rhodopsin kinase , guanylyl cyclase , the cGMP gated channel , and NO synthase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Thermal relaxation through different intermediates leads into the metarhodopsin states which bind and activate transducin ( Gt ) and rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) . all trans Retinal also recombines with opsin independent of light , forming activating species of the receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Calcium bound recoverin targets rhodopsin kinase to membranes to inhibit rhodopsin phosphorylation . ^^^ We found that Ca2+ bound recoverin forms a complex with rhodopsin kinase preferentially at the membrane surface . ^^^ Addition of increasing amounts of membranes promoted the membrane association of recoverin , and remarkably suppressed rhodopsin kinase activity . ^^^ It was concluded that the Ca2+ recoverin rhodopsin kinase complex is stabilized by membrane association , leading to effective suppression of the kinase activity . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , an activated receptor may be generated without illumination by addition of all trans retinal or its analogues to opsin , as measured in this study by the increased phosphorylation of opsin by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Characterization and chromosomal localization of the gene for human rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ In rod photoreceptors rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) mediates rapid desensitization of rod photoreceptors to light by catalyzing phosphorylation of the visual pigment rhodopsin . ^^^ To study the structure and mechanism of GRKs in human photoreceptors , we have isolated and characterized cDNA and genomic clones derived from the human RK locus using a bovine rhodopsin kinase cDNA fragment as a probe . ^^^ The RK locus , assigned to chromosome 13 band q 34 , is composed of seven exons that encode a protein 92 % identical in amino acid sequence to bovine rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The cytoplasmic interhelical E F loop in rhodopsin is a part of the region that interacts with the G protein transducin and rhodopsin kinase during signal transduction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin thus prepared ( > 90 % recovery at concentrations of up to 15 microM ) is indistinguishable from rhodopsin purified from bovine rod outer segments by the following criteria : ( 1 ) UV / Vis absorption spectra in the dark and after photobleaching and the rate of metarhodopsin 2 decay , ( 2 ) initial rates of transducin activation , and ( 3 ) the rate of phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These properties are distinct from other Ser / Thr kinases identified in rod outer segment preparations including protein kinase A , protein kinase C , and rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The beta adrenergic receptor kinase 1 ( GRK 2 ) desensitizes agonist activated beta 2 adrenergic receptors , whereas rhodopsin kinase ( GRK 1 ) phosphorylates and inactivates photon activated rhodopsin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In particular , it was found that retinal rhodopsin kinase ( GRK 1 ) , but not the ubiquitous betaARK 1 ( GRK 2 ) , can be inhibited by the photoreceptor specific Ca2+ binding protein recoverin through direct binding . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CONCLUSIONS : Zinc can increase initial rhodopsin phosphorylation , apparently acting at the substrate rhodopsin and not at relevant phosphatases or rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Co expression of CCR2B in Xenopus oocytes with beta adrenergic receptor kinase 2 ( beta ark 2 ) , but not beta ark 1 or rhodopsin kinase , specifically blocked receptor activation by MCP 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These include rhodopsin phosphorylation and subsequent binding of arrestin ; modulation of rhodopsin kinase by S modulin ( recoverin ) ; regulation of G protein and phosphodiesterase inactivation by GTPase activating factors ; and modulation of guanylyl cyclase by a high affinity Ca ( 2+ ) binding protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , autosmal retinitis pigmentosa ( RP ) with rhodopsin mutation at 296 Lys , which in the binding site of 11 cis retinal , showed constitutive activation of guanosine 5 ' triphosphate ( GTP ) binding protein and no rhodopsin phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using a reconstructed system , containing urea washed rod outer segment membranes , purified rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) , and a recoverin , it was shown that the three recoverin forms ( natural , recombinant nonmyristoylated , and recombinant myristoylated ones ) perform the calcium dependent regulation of the activity of RK with half a maximum effect at a free calcium concentration of 2 microM . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Defects in the rhodopsin kinase gene in the Oguchi form of stationary night blindness . ^^^ As rhodopsin kinase works with arrestin in shutting off rhodopsin after it has been activated by a photon of light , it is reasonable to propose that some cases of Oguchi disease might be caused by defects in rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ This report describes an analysis of the arrestin and rhodopsin kinase genes in three unrelated cases of Oguchi disease . ^^^ No defects in arrestin were detected , but all three cases had mutations in the rhodopsin kinase gene . ^^^ Our results indicate that null mutations in the rhodopsin kinase gene are a cause of Oguchi disease and extend the known genetic heterogeneity in congenital stationary night blindness . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recoverin inhibits the phosphorylation of dark adapted rhodopsin more than it does that of bleached rhodopsin : a possible mechanism through which rhodopsin kinase is prevented from participation in a side reaction . ^^^ In its resting state rhodopsin kinase is present in an inactive from and is activated after interaction with light activated rhodopsin ( Rho * ) . ^^^ The activated rhodopsin kinase then phosphorylates Rho * but is also able to catalyse the phosphorylation of dark adapted rhodopsin . ^^^ Recoverin and Ca2+ dependent inhibition of rhodopsin kinase was found to be inversely related to the extent of bleaching ; the lower the fraction of rhodopsin bleached , the greater the inhibition . ^^^ These results are interpreted to suggest that one of the roles of the recoverin dependent regulation of the activity of rhodopsin kinase is to prevent the enzyme from participating in the unwanted phosphorylation of dark adapted rhodopsin , directing it to fulfil its ' correct ' function of quenching the transduction activity of Rho * . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Structure and function in rhodopsin : peptide sequences in the cytoplasmic loops of rhodopsin are intimately involved in interaction with rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Phosphorylation of light activated rhodopsin by the retina specific enzyme , rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) , is the primary event in the initiation of desensitization in the visual system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Activated rhodopsin is removed from the cascade of reactions by rhodopsin kinase and arrestin that stop the visual transduction pathway . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recoverin , a calcium binding protein , is supposed to have rhodopsin kinase as a target in the retinal rod cell . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Similar to other G protein coupled receptors , the visual receptor , rhodopsin , is phosphorylated by both a substrate regulated kinase , rhodopsin kinase , and a second messenger regulated kinase , protein kinase C . ^^^ This inhibitor had no effect on the activity of rhodopsin kinase in vitro . ^^^ In conclusion , the present results reveal that the kinetics of rhodopsin phosphorylation / dephosphorylation differ markedly , depending on whether protein kinase C or rhodopsin kinase activity dominates , and that , under the conditions studied , protein kinase C contributes to approximately half of the phosphorylation of rhodopsin in intact frog retinas . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recoverin is a calcium binding protein that regulates the vertebrate photoresponse by inhibiting rhodopsin kinase in response to high calcium concentrations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Of these sites , only Ser 338 is a significant substrate for rhodopsin kinase in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Molecular cloning and localization of rhodopsin kinase in the mammalian pineal . ^^^ Using immunocytochemistry , rod opsin and rhodopsin kinase were found to be co localized in pinealocytes in the human tissue . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These mutants were expressed in HEK 293 cells and analyzed for their ability to be phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase and to bind arrestin . ^^^ The results demonstrate that rhodopsin kinase can efficiently phosphorylate other serine and threonine residues in the absence of the sites reported to be the preferred substrates for rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Substitution of Thr 340 and Ser 343 with glutamic acid residues ( T340E and S343E , respectively ) was not sufficient to promote the binding of arrestin in the absence of phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In vitro assay for trans phosphorylation of rhodopsin by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Trans phosphorylation of rhodopsin refers to a reaction in which a rhodopsin kinase molecule that has been activated by a light activated rhodopsin molecule collides with and phosphorylates a second molecule of rhodopsin that has not been activated by light . ^^^ Thus , if wild type rhodopsin is exposed to light and then incubated in the dark with SR ( 1 4 / 5 7 ) , ATP , and rhodopsin kinase , phosphorylation of SR ( 1 4 / 5 7 ) would be a clear demonstration that trans phosphorylation has occurred . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase : expression in baculovirus infected insect cells , and characterization of post translational modifications . ^^^ Structure function studies of rhodopsin kinase ( RK ; EC 2 . 7 . 1 . 125 ) require a variety of mutants . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Quenching of phototransduction in retinal rod cells involves phosphorylation of photoactivated rhodopsin by the enzyme rhodopsin kinase followed by binding of the protein arrestin . ^^^ While the beta adrenergic receptor kinase promotes significant arrestin binding to rhodopsin at a phosphorylation stoichiometry of > / =2 mol / mol , rhodopsin kinase promotes arrestin binding at a stoichiometry of approximately 0 . 9 mol / mol . ^^^ Moreover , while beta adrenergic receptor kinase phosphorylation of rhodopsin only modestly decreases transducin binding and activation , rhodopsin kinase phosphorylation of rhodopsin significantly decreases transducin binding and activation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In particular , replacements of Glu 150 with serine and Cys 323 with leucine are in cytoplasmic domains thought to interact with transducin and rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Evaluation of the rhodopsin kinase gene in patients with retinitis pigmentosa . ^^^ We explored the possibility that defects in the rhodopsin kinase gene might cause retinitis pigmentosa ( RP ) by evaluating 160 unrelated cases with dominant RP and 151 unrelated cases with recessive RP . ^^^ The data indicate that defects in the rhodopsin kinase gene causing RP are either rare or nonexistent . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Studies examining the molecular defects that cause delayed dark adaptation suggest that the desensitizing substance is recognized by rhodopsin kinase and / or arrestin and , therefore , is probably a complex comprising all trans retinal and opsin . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
One such protein is recoverin , a calcium sensor in retinal rod cells , which controls the lifetime of photoexcited rhodopsin by inhibiting rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The peptides were phosphorylated by expressed rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) in the presence of a photolyzed truncated rhodopsin at the C terminus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The 11 cis C 19 retinylamine analog 1 inhibits constitutive activation of transducin by these mutants and their constitutive phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase , and it does so in the presence of continuous illumination from room lights . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Guanylate cyclase and rhodopsin kinase are suggested to be the major sites regulated by Ca2+ . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Null mutation in the rhodopsin kinase gene slows recovery kinetics of rod and cone phototransduction in man . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) , a specialized G protein coupled receptor kinase expressed in retina , is involved in quenching of light induced signal transduction in photoreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Molecular forms of human rhodopsin kinase ( GRK 1 ) . ^^^ Among these enzymes , GRK 1 ( rhodopsin kinase ) is involved in phototransduction and is the most specialized of the family . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A 125I labeled cross linker that had been conjugated with S modulin interacted with a protein of 60 kDa , a molecular mass close to that of frog rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ These results suggested that the target molecule of S modulin is rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ After light activation of rhodopsin kinase , the S modulin / Ca2+ complex binds to the activated kinase and inhibits the phosphorylation of rhodopsin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Biochemical evidence for pathogenicity of rhodopsin kinase mutations correlated with the oguchi form of congenital stationary night blindness . ^^^ Rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) , a rod photoreceptor cytosolic enzyme , plays a key role in the normal deactivation and recovery of the photoreceptor after exposure to light . ^^^ To provide biochemical evidence for pathogenicity of these mutations , wild type human rhodopsin kinase ( HRK ) and mutant forms HRKV380D and HRKS 536 ( 4 bp del ) were expressed in COS 7 cells and their activities were compared . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A novel rhodopsin kinase in octopus photoreceptor possesses a pleckstrin homology domain and is activated by G protein betagamma subunits . ^^^ Mammalian rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) and beta adrenergic receptor kinase ( betaARK ) are the most studied members among known GRKs . ^^^ Furthermore , Western blot analysis of various octopus tissues with an antibody against the purified ORK showed that ORK is expressed solely in the retina , which confirmed the identity of the enzyme as rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
With parameters that are plausible in the light of the available data and the additional information that the deactivating enzyme , rhodopsin kinase , and the signaling G protein , transducin , compete for the active receptor , the slopes of the saturation function are correctly reproduced . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin arginine 135 mutants are phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase and bind arrestin in the absence of 11 cis retinal . ^^^ Four mutants , R135K , R135Q , R135A , and R135L , were examined for their ability to be phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase , to bind arrestin , and to activate the rod cell G protein , transducin ( Gt ) . ^^^ Surprisingly , several of the mutants could be phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase and could bind arrestin in the absence of 11 cis retinal but were not able to activate Gt . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OIGRK R appears to be closely related to the rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) found in the outer segments of mammalian photoreceptors , but the deduced amino acid sequence of OIGRK C shows less than 50 % identity to those of GRKs known to date , suggesting that OIGRK C is a novel GRK subtype ( GRK 7 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It is suggested that the binding of Ca2+ to EF 3 is probably required for EF 2 to be a functional Ca2+ binding site and to induce exposure of the myristoyl group ; and that the binding of Ca2+ to EF 2 is important for the interaction with rhodopsin kinase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
While GRK 1 ( rhodopsin kinase ) is inhibited by the photoreceptor specific Ca2+ binding protein recoverin , other GRKs can be inhibited by Ca2+ calmodulin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
At least three proteins appear to play a role : rhodopsin kinase , arrestin and recoverin . ^^^ The stationary night blindness of Oguchi disease , associated with null mutations in the genes for arrestin or rhodopsin kinase , presumably results from impaired rhodopsin deactivation , like that revealed by the experiments on transgenic animals . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Phosphorylation of Rho * by rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) is necessary for the fast recovery of sensitivity after intense illumination . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PURPOSE : Desensitization in the rod cell of the mammalian retina is initiated when light activated rhodopsin is phosphorylated by the G protein coupled receptor kinase ( GRK ) , GRK 1 , often referred to as rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Several EF hand recoverin mutants were obtained and their abilities to bind to photoreceptor membranes and to inhibit rhodopsin kinase were determined . ^^^ The latter mutant inhibited rhodopsin kinase even more effectively than the wild type recoverin , containing two working Ca2+ binding structures . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that only 358Ser of the photoactivated octopus Rho ( oRho * ) was phosphorylated by octopus rhodopsin kinase ( oRK ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Autophosphorylation and ADP regulate the Ca2+ dependent interaction of recoverin with rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Recoverin is a 23 kDa myristoylated Ca2+ binding protein that inhibits rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ We have used surface plasmon resonance to investigate the influences of Ca2+ , myristoylation , and adenine nucleotides on the recoverin rhodopsin kinase interaction . ^^^ Finally , our studies also revealed two separate and previously unreported effects of adenine nucleotides on the recoverin rhodopsin kinase binding . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immobilized PDEdelta and CEdelta both bind , in addition to bovine PDE , an N terminal fragment of human retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator , but not rhodopsin kinase and Ran binding protein 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GRK family is so far composed of six cloned members , named GRK 1 to 6 , which are classified into three subfamilies : GRK 1 is alone in the first ( rhodopsin kinase subfamily ) , GRK 2 and 3 form the second [ beta adrenergic receptor kinase ( betaARK ) subfamily ] , and GRK 4 , 5 , and 6 constitute the third ( GRK 4 subfamily ) . ^^^ In the presence of calcium , rhodopsin kinase ( GRK 1 ) is inhibited by the photoreceptor specific CSP recoverin through direct binding . ^^^ Calcium dependent inhibition of rhodopsin kinase by recoverin represents one of the mechanisms that control adaptation to light . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recoverin is a calcium binding protein which inhibits rhodopsin kinase from phosphorylating rhodopsin . ^^^ Because cells in the inner layers of the retina do not contain rhodopsin kinase , arrestin , or other phototransduction proteins , it seems likely that recoverin has a different function in those cell types . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Many recent reports have demonstrated that rhodopsin ' s carboxyl terminal serine residues are the main targets for phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ The ability of the mutants to act as substrates for rhodopsin kinase was analyzed . ^^^ The effect of arrestin on the activities of the phosphorylated mutant rhodopsins was measured in a GTPgammaS binding assay involving purified bovine arrestin , rhodopsin kinase , and transducin . ^^^ A rhodopsin mutant lacking the carboxyl serine and threonine residues was not phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase , demonstrating that phosphorylation is restricted to the seven putative phosphorylation sites . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Abnormal photoresponses and light induced apoptosis in rods lacking rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ In vitro , the phosphorylation can be catalyzed either by rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) or by protein kinase C ( PKC ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A series of alanine mutants within the three cytoplasmic loops of rhodopsin were expressed in HEK 293 cells , reconstituted with 11 cis retinal , prephosphorylated with rhodopsin kinase , and examined for their ability to bind in vitro translated , 35S labeled arrestin . ^^^ Mutations at Asn 73 in loop 1 as well as at Pro 142 and Met 143 in loop 2 resulted in dramatic decreases in the level of arrestin binding , whereas the level of phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase was similar to that of wild type rhodopsin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Examples include mutations in arrestin , rhodopsin kinase , and the cone rod homeobox gene , CRX . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A novel form of rhodopsin kinase from chicken retina and pineal gland . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Upon activation by light , rhodopsin is subject to phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase at serine and threonine residues in the carboxyl terminal region of the protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Carboxyl terminal of rhodopsin kinase is required for the phosphorylation of photo activated rhodopsin . ^^^ Human rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) and a carboxyl terminus truncated mutant RK lacking the last 59 amino acids ( RKC ) were expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells to investigate the role of the carboxyl terminus of RK in recognition and phosphorylation of rhodopsin . ^^^ The C terminal truncated rhodopsin kinase was unable to phosphorylate photo activated rhodopsin , but possesses kinase activity similar to the wild type RK in phosphorylation of small peptide substrate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Low expression of alphaA crystallins and rhodopsin kinase of photoreceptors in retinal dystrophy rat . ^^^ Analysis by SDS PAGE of ROS proteins and by western blot using antibodies against opsin , rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) , recoverin , or arrestin demonstrated that a 20 kDa protein and RK were selectively less abundant in RCS than in control rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Some Meta states were identified as signalling states , in which the receptor interacts with transducin ( Gt ) , rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) and arrestin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
S modulin , found in frog rods , or its bovine homologue recoverin , is a 23 kDa Ca ( 2+ ) binding protein that inhibits rhodopsin phosphorylation at high Ca2+ concentrations by inhibiting rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Amino acid residues of S modulin responsible for interaction with rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ The Ca ( 2+ ) bound form of S modulin binds to rhodopsin kinase ( Rk ) and inhibits its activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
G Protein receptor kinase 1 ( GRK 1 ) ( `` rhodopsin kinase ' ' ) is necessary for the inactivation of photoactivated rhodopsin , the light receptor of the G protein transduction cascade of rod photoreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The t ( ( 1 / 2 ) ) was unaltered in the presence of non farnesyl peptides but increased by approx . 20 % with farnesyl N acetylcysteine , by approx . 60 % with farnesyl peptide containing residues 544 558 of rhodopsin kinase and by approx . 140 % with farnesyl peptide corresponding to residues 60 71 of the gamma subunit of visual transducin . ^^^ The effect of various peptides on the activities of bovine and sheep rhodopsin kinase was also studied . ^^^ Cumulatively , the results show that , whereas the farnesyl peptides as well as a number of membrane disrupting detergents affected the conversion from Meta 2 into Meta 3 , the inhibition of the activity of rhodopsin kinase was achieved only by the farnesyl peptides . ^^^ The results are interpreted as showing that Meta 2 possesses a binding site for the recognition of the farnesyl group that can be used either by the farnesyl moiety of rhodopsin kinase or transducin to make the initial encounter , which can then develop into multivalent interactions characterized by the structure , and the desired function , of each protein . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Structure and function in rhodopsin : effects of disulfide cross links in the cytoplasmic face of rhodopsin on transducin activation and phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ The effects of local restrictions caused by the cross links on transducin ( G ( T ) ) activation and phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) following illumination were studied . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human patients with naturally occurring mutations that lead to nonfunctional arrestin and rhodopsin kinase have Oguchi disease , a form of stationary night blindness . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Purification of rhodopsin kinase by recoverin affinity chromatography . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Heterologous expression and reconstitution of rhodopsin with rhodopsin kinase and arrestin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase : expression in mammalian cells and a two step purification . ^^^ A suitable system for expression of the rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) gene and its mutants is needed for structure function studies of RK . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase : two mAbs binding near the carboxyl terminus cause time dependent inactivation . ^^^ Two mAbs generated against rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) were characterized for their epitopes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Retinas from Macaca monkeys from ages fetal day ( Fd ) 89 through adulthood were double labeled using immunofluorescence for short ( S ) or long / medium ( L / M ) wavelength sensitive cone opsin and either a structural protein ( peripherin ) or a phototransduction cascade protein ( alpha transducin [ alpha T ] , phosphodiesterase [ PDE ] , or rhodopsin kinase [ RK ] ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This loop also interacts with rhodopsin kinase , which phosphorylates light activated rhodopsin , and arrestin , which displaces transducin from light activated phosphorylated rhodopsin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Biochemical studies show that some of the fusion proteins effectively mimic the activated conformation ( s ) of rhodopsin in stimulating G protein or competing with the light activated rhodopsin / G protein interaction , in supporting phosphorylation of the carboxyl terminal opsin fragment by rhodopsin kinase , and / or phosphopeptide stimulated arrestin binding . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Several experiments suggest that this effect was not due to the effects of delta GST on transducin or rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ The reduction in cGMP hydrolysis was independent of ATP , which indicates that it was not due to effects of delta GST on rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Review of the visual acuities , visual fields , fundi , dark adaptation curves , and electroretinograms from patients with stationary night blindness caused by mutations in the genes RHO , GNAT 1 , PDE6B , RHOK , SAG , RDH 5 , and CACNA1F , respectively encoding rhodopsin , the alpha subunit of rod transducin , the beta subunit of rod cGMP phosphodiesterase , rhodopsin kinase , arrestin , 11 cis retinol dehydrogenase , and a retinal L type calcium channel . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recoverin is a 23 kDa heterogeneously myristoylated Ca ( 2+ ) binding protein that inhibits rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As opposed to the other GRKs , such as rhodopsin kinase ( GRK 1 ) or beta adrenergic receptor kinase ( beta ARK , GRK 2 ) , no receptor substrate for GRK 4 has been so far identified . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the presence of calcium , rhodopsin kinase ( GRK 1 ) is inhibited by the photoreceptor specific CSP recoverin through direct binding . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A second set of proteins , including beta and gamma transducin , cGMP phosphodiesterase , phosducin , rhodopsin kinase , rod cGMP gated cation channel protein , and peripherin , displayed a contrasting temporal onset and pattern of spatial emergence . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To study rhodopsin biosynthesis and transport in vivo , we engineered a fusion protein ( rho GFP ) of bovine rhodopsin ( rho ) and green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) . rho GFP expressed in COS 1 cells bound 11 cis retinal , generating a pigment with spectral properties of rhodopsin ( A ( max ) at 500 nm ) and GFP ( A ( max ) at 488 nm ) . rho GFP activated transducin at 50 % of the wild type activity , whereas phosphorylation of rho GFP by rhodopsin kinase was 10 % of wild type levels . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By RT PCR and DNA sequencing we identified the expression of rhodopsin and components linked to its deactivation , including rhodopsin kinase , recoverin , and visual arrestin . ^^^ Indirect immunofluorescence of the intact ciliary epithelium with monoclonal antibodies ( MAbs ) against rhodopsin , rhodopsin kinase , and visual arrestin revealed labeling preferentially restricted to the NPE cells . ^^^ Furthermore , Western blot analysis of whole lysates from the pars plicata region of the human ciliary epithelium with MAbs demonstrated immunochemical cross reactivity with proteins of molecular mass similar to rhodopsin ( 36 kDa ) , rhodopsin kinase ( 64 to 66 kDa ) , and arrestin ( 48 52 kDa ) from the human retina . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A dark state tertiary structure in the cytoplasmic domain of rhodopsin is presumed to be the key to the restriction of binding of transducin and rhodopsin kinase to rhodopsin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Gene expression profiles of light induced apoptosis in arrestin / rhodopsin kinase deficient mouse retinas . ^^^ To examine the molecular processes that lead to light induced retinal degeneration , mutant mice deficient in arrestin and rhodopsin kinase were raised in the dark and then subjected to relatively low doses of white light . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because GRK 1 ( rhodopsin kinase ) , the GRK that mediates rhodopsin desensitization in the rod cell , is reportedly expressed in both rods and cones , a detailed comparison of the localization of the two kinases is a necessary step toward determining their potential roles in cone visual signaling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The change in free Ca ( 2+ ) is believed to have a variety of effects on the transduction mechanism , including modulation of the rate of the guanylyl cyclase and rhodopsin kinase , alteration of the gain of the transduction cascade , and regulation of the affinity of the outer segment channels for cGMP . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It is not inhibited or activated significantly by a panel of inhibitors or activators of protein kinase A , protein kinase G , rhodopsin kinase , CaM kinase 2 , casein kinase 2 , or cyclin dependent kinase 5 , at concentrations 50 or more times higher than their reported IC ( 50 ) or K ( 1 ) values . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
DNA cloning and characterization of a novel squid rhodopsin kinase encoding multiple modular domains . ^^^ Here we report the cDNA cloning and protein characterization of a 70 kDa squid rhodopsin kinase , SQRK . ^^^ The cDNA encoding the 70 kDa protein demonstrates high sequence identity with octopus rhodopsin kinase ( 92 % ) and mammalian beta adrenergic receptor kinases ( 63 65 % ) , but only 33 % similarity with bovine rhodopsin kinase , suggesting that invertebrate rhodopsin kinases may be structurally similar to beta adrenergic receptor kinases . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recoverin is an EF hand Ca ( 2+ ) binding protein that is suggested to control the activity of the G protein coupled receptor kinase GRK 1 or rhodopsin kinase in a Ca ( 2+ ) dependent manner . ^^^ We discuss this mechanism as one critical step for inhibition of rhodopsin kinase by recoverin . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mutations in NCS 1 equivalent to those that abolish the interaction of recoverin , another EF hand containing Ca ( 2+ ) sensor , with its downstream target rhodopsin kinase , lost their ability to enhance exocytosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To examine the contribution of different G protein pathways to lysophosphatidic acid ( LPA ) induced protein kinase D ( PKD ) activation , we tested the effect of LPA on PKD activity in murine embryonic cell lines deficient in Galpha ( q / 11 ) ( Galpha ( q / 11 ) KO cells ) or Galpha ( 12 / 13 ) ( Galpha ( 12 / 13 ) KO cells ) and used cells lacking rhodopsin kinase ( RK cells ) as a control . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the Ca2+ bound form , S modulin inhibits rhodopsin phosphorylation 5 through inhibition of rhodopsin kinase . ( 6 9 ) Because rhodopsin phosphorylation is the quench mechanism of light activated rhodopsin ( R * ) , ( 10 , 11 ) the inhibition of the phosphorylation by S modulin probably contributes to increase the lifetime of R * to result in sustained hydrolysis of cGMP 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ca2+ dependent control of rhodopsin phosphorylation : recoverin and rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ The leading candidate for the role of an intracellular target for recoverin is believed to be rhodopsin kinase , a member of a family of G protein coupled receptor kinases . ^^^ The present review considers recoverin , rhodopsin kinase and their interrelationships in the in vitro as well as in vivo contexts . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Studies using immunohistochemistry , RT PCR , and Western blot analysis revealed significant enhancement of rhodopsin kinase and alphaA crystallin expression and suppression of caspase 1 and 2 expression in the retina of nilvadipine treated rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Activation of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ The present study confirms our original assertion that peptides corresponding to the C terminal sequence of rhodopsin are phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) , but only in the presence of photo activated rhodopsin [ Rho * , which is functionally equivalent to metarhodopsin 2 ( Meta 2 ) ] . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Squid visual arrestin : cDNA cloning and calcium dependent phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase ( SQRK ) . ^^^ In squid eye membranes , arrestin was phosphorylated in a Ca2+ dependent manner and this phosphorylation was inhibited by antibodies raised against squid rhodopsin kinase , but not by inhibitors of protein kinase C or calmodulin kinase . ^^^ Addition of purified squid rhodopsin kinase to washed rhabdomeric membranes resulted in phosphorylation of rhodopsin , and arrestin was also phosphorylated when calcium was present . ^^^ This is the first report of a rhodopsin kinase phosphorylating an arrestin substrate , and suggests a dual role for this kinase in the inactivation of the squid visual system . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Deactivation of light activated rhodopsin ( metarhodopsin 2 ) involves , after rhodopsin kinase and arrestin interactions , the hydrolysis of the covalent bond of all trans retinal to the apoprotein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , the rho GFP fusion protein used in the earlier work had only 50 % of the specific activity of wild type rhodopsin for activation of transducin and only 10 % of the activity of wild type in rhodopsin kinase assays . ^^^ We report here an improved rhodopsin / EGFP fusion protein in which placement of the EGFP domain at the C terminus of rhodopsin results in wild type activity for activation of transducin , wild type ability to serve as a substrate for rhodopsin kinase , and wild type localization of the protein to the rod photoreceptor cell outer segment in transgenic 10 . laevis . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The enzymatic , physiological and genetic aspects of rhodopsin phosphorylation and rhodopsin kinase have been characterized extensively over the last 30 yr . ^^^ However , new structurally based approaches to examining rhodopsin kinase and rhodopsin phosphorylation are still awaiting further investigations . ^^^ We present here a summary of the current understanding of rhodopsin phosphorylation and the properties of rhodopsin kinase , along with some expectations of future investigations into these topics . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This orientation of the membrane bound protein allows an exposed hydrophobic crevice , near the membrane surface , to serve as a potential binding site for the target protein , rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recoverin and rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Recoverin and rhodopsin kinase are expressed primarily in retinal photoreceptors and they interact with each other in a Ca2+ dependent manner . ^^^ Recoverin can be viewed as a negative regulator of rhodopsin kinase in vertebrate phototransduction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recoverin is an N myristoylated 23 kDa calcium binding protein from retina , which modulates the Ca2+ sensitive deactivation of rhodopsin via Ca2+ dependent inhibition of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A short , highly active photoreceptor specific enhancer / promoter region upstream of the human rhodopsin kinase gene . ^^^ PURPOSE : Rhodopsin kinase ( Rk or GRK 1 ) is a photoreceptor specific enzyme that mediates adaptation of photoreceptors to light and protects these cells against light induced injury . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We find by yeast two hybrid screening with a PDEdelta bait that it can interact with farnesylated rhodopsin kinase ( GRK 1 ) and that prenylation is essential for this interaction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Low expression of rhodopsin kinase in pineal gland in Royal College of Surgeons rat . ^^^ We have found that significantly low levels of expression of rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) and alphaA crystallin may be involved in the pathogenesis of retinal degeneration in the RCS rat ( Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 1999 , 40 : 2788 2794 ) . ^^^ In the present study , we examined the expression of photoreceptor specific proteins in the pineal gland ( PG ) including rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) , arrestin and recoverin , which are known to be commonly present in both photoreceptor and PG , in order to elucidate the pathological relationship between retina and PG during retinal degeneration . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PURPOSE : Following photoactivation of rhodopsin , recoverin inhibits rhodopsin kinase activity in retinal photoreceptors by reducing the binding of arrestin to rhodopsin and therefore prolonging the termination of the phototransduction cascade . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The kinase primarily responsible for this phosphorylation is rhodopsin kinase , a substrate regulated kinase that phosphorylates light activated rhodopsin . ^^^ Two of the major rhodopsin phosphorylation sites in vivo , Ser ( 334 ) and Ser ( 338 ) , are effective protein kinase C phosphorylation sites in vitro , while the latter is preferentially phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase in vitro . ^^^ In addition , we show that phosphorylation of both sites is abolished in rhodopsin kinase ( / ) mice , revealing an absolute requirement for rhodopsin kinase to phosphorylate rhodopsin . ^^^ This requirement may reflect the need for priming phosphorylations at rhodopsin kinase sites allowing for subsequent phosphorylation by protein kinase C at Ser ( 334 ) . ^^^ Our results are consistent with light triggering rapid priming phosphorylations of rhodopsin by rhodopsin kinase , followed by a slower phosphorylation on Ser ( 334 ) , which is regulated by protein kinase C . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Impairment of Ca ( 2+ ) binding in recoverin leads to a disturbance of the Ca ( 2+ ) myristoyl switch and loss of its regulatory properties , i . e . inhibiton of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ For example , the myristoylated form of the latter mutant bound to membranes in a Ca ( 2+ ) dependent way and was able to inhibit rhodopsin kinase in a way similar to that of the wild type protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , the drug antagonized the inhibitory action of recoverin in a rhodopsin kinase assay with IC 50 values of 400 microM . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The ( 31 ) P NMR resonance of rhodopsin phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase at the C terminal tail was observable with single pulse excitation using magic angle spinning until the sample temperature reached 40 degrees C . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunoblot analysis were used to assess rod opsin mRNA and rhodopsin kinase protein levels and to measure defined trophic factors 7 or 21 days after ONT or injection of NMDA . ^^^ Rod opsin mRNA levels and rhodopsin kinase protein levels were also significantly greater in the axotomized and NMDA treated eyes compared with the sham treated fellow eyes after the photic injury . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The deactivation of the bovine G protein coupled receptor , rhodopsin , is a two step process consisting of the phosphorylation of specific serine and threonine residues in the cytoplasmic tail of rhodopsin by rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Additionally , the functional integrity of the purified photoreceptor protein following gel filtration chromatography and ultracentrifugation was demonstrated by three criteria as follows : ( 1 ) its characteristic UV visible absorption spectra , ( 2 ) its capability to photoactivate transducin , and ( 3 ) its ability to serve as a substrate for rhodopsin kinase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin kinase activity modulates the amplitude of the visual response in Drosophila . ^^^ Despite extensive analyses of Drosophila phototransduction , the identity and function of the rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) have been elusive . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recoverin and rhodopsin kinase activity in detergent resistant membrane rafts from rod outer segments . ^^^ Here we report the presence of rhodopsin kinase and recoverin in DRMs that were isolated in either light or dark conditions at high and low Ca2+ concentrations . ^^^ Inhibition of rhodopsin kinase activity by recoverin was more effective in DRMs than in the initial rod outer segment membranes . ^^^ Furthermore , the Ca2+ sensitivity of rhodopsin kinase inhibition in DRMs was shifted to lower free Ca2+ concentration in comparison with the initial rod outer segment membranes ( IC50=0 . 76 microm in DRMs and 1 . 91 microm in rod outer segments ) . ^^^ We relate this effect to the high cholesterol content of DRMs because manipulating the cholesterol content of rod outer segment membranes by methyl beta cyclodextrin yielded a similar shift of the Ca2+ dependent dose response curve of rhodopsin kinase inhibition . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , photoreceptor specific rhodopsin kinase was reduced . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By Northern blot and RT PCR amplification we detected in the iris , rhodopsin , rhodopsin kinase and arrestin transcripts and DNA products , respectively , of the same size as in the retina . ^^^ By Western blot , antibodies to rhodopsin , rhodopsin kinase and arrestin detected low levels of protein with similar molecular masses as in the retina . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We examined the arrestin gene and the rhodopsin kinase gene in 5 unrelated patients with Oguchi disease , and found arrestin gene mutations in 4 of them and a rhodopsin kinase gene mutation in the fifth patient . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : We confirmed that fundus albipunctatus , incomplete CSNB , complete CSNB , and Oguchi disease were associated with mutations in the RDH 5 , CACNA1F , NYX , arrestin or rhodopsin kinase genes , respectively , in Japanese patients . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In rods , phosphorylation of rhodopsin by rhodopsin kinase ( GRK 1 ) and the subsequent binding of visual arrestin completely terminates phototransduction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
One of the Ca2+ binding sites of recoverin exclusively controls interaction with rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ Recoverin is a neuronal calcium sensor protein that controls the activity of rhodopsin kinase in a Ca ( 2+ ) dependent manner . ^^^ Likewise , an interaction surface for the recoverin target rhodopsin kinase is constituted upon Ca2+ binding to the non acylated mutant . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Changes in rhodopsin kinase and transducin in the rat retina in early stage diabetes . ^^^ To establish changes in phototransduction in diabetes , the effects of high glucose on rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) and transducin ( G ( t ) ) , as well as recoverin , were examined in the retina of STZ induced diabetic rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We suggest that recoverin translocation is adaptive because it may reduce the inhibitory constraint that recoverin imposes on rhodopsin kinase , an enzyme responsible for quenching the photo excited rhodopsin during the photoresponse . ^^^ To the contrary , no translocation of rhodopsin kinase itself or either GCAP was identified . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Phosphorylation of rhodopsin by rhodopsin kinase GRK 1 is an important desensitization mechanism in scotopic vision . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : Misexpression of Crx induced adult rat iris cells to express several photoreceptor specific antigens and transcripts , such as rhodopsin , recoverin , cGMP gated channel , arrestin , interphotoreceptor retinal binding protein , rhodopsin kinase , and NeuroD . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The features needed to capture the SPR statistics were ( 1 ) multiple steps of R * inactivation by means of multiple phosphorylations ( followed by arrestin capping ) and ( 2 ) phosphorylation dependence of the affinity between R * and the three molecules competing to bind with R * ( G alpha , arrestin , and rhodopsin kinase ) . ^^^ A dark adapted flash series , and stimulus paradigms from the literature eliciting various degrees of light adaptation ( LA ) , were simulated using a full differential equation version of the model that included the addition of Ca2+ feedback onto rhodopsin kinase via recoverin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Trans phosphorylation is a mechanism proposed for high gain phosphorylation , whereby rhodopsin kinase , upon phosphorylating the activated receptor , continues to phosphorylate nearby nonactivated rhodopsin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A model consistent with our observations introduces the idea of a binding site for the carboxy terminus of rhodopsin on rhodopsin kinase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To our surprise , only the full length variant was able to alter the kinetics of responses in rods lacking both arrestin and rhodopsin kinase , indicating that p 48 can also quench the activity of nonphosphorylated rhodopsin . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhodopsin is first phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase and subsequently deactivated by the binding of the regulatory protein arrestin or its splice variant , p 44 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : Except for PDE , transduction protein levels were normal in low AIPL 1 retinas , as were guanylate cyclase ( GC ) , rhodopsin kinase ( RK ) , and normalized phosphodiesterase ( PDE ) activities . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recoverin binds exclusively to an amphipathic peptide at the N terminus of rhodopsin kinase , inhibiting rhodopsin phosphorylation without affecting catalytic activity of the kinase . ^^^ Recoverin is a calcium dependent inhibitor of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^ This calcium depletion causes release of recoverin from rhodopsin kinase , freeing the kinase to phosphorylate rhodopsin and to terminate the light response . ^^^ Previous studies have shown that recoverin is able to bind to a region at the N terminus of rhodopsin kinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show that overexpression of rhodopsin kinase ( GRK 1 ) increases phosphorylation of the GPCR rhodopsin but has no effect on photoresponse recovery . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We now report that R135L hyperphosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase is less efficiently inhibited by Ca2+ / recoverin than wild type rhodopsin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It was shown that truncated mutations and one single point mutation ( E7A ) greatly decreased GRK 1 ' s activity to phosphorylate photoactivated rhodopsin ( Rho * ) , whereas the abilities of these mutants to phosphorylate a synthetic peptide substrate and to translocate from cytosol to rod outer segments on light activation were unaffected . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The shutoff mechanisms of the rod visual transduction cascade involve G protein coupled receptor ( GPCR ) kinase 1 ( GRK 1 ) phosphorylation of light activated rhodopsin ( R * ) followed by rod arrestin binding . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Conserved structure and spatiotemporal function of the compact rhodopsin kinase ( GRK 1 ) enhancer / promoter . ^^^ PURPOSE : To demonstrate that the crucial elements responsible for the spatial and temporal expression patterns of rhodopsin kinase ( Rk ) are contained within a narrow conserved segment immediately flanking the Rk transcription start sites . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The CC regions of GRK 1 , GRK 2 , and GRK 5 , representatives of the three subfamilies of GRKs , could bind rhodopsin in vitro and inhibit GRK 2 mediated phosphorylation of rhodopsin , but not a peptide GRK substrate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
For example , in Oguchi disease , excessive rhodopsin stimulation due to a functional loss of GRK 1 or arrestin 1 leads to light sensitization and stationary night blindness . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In rod cells of the vertebrate retina , phosphorylation of rhodopsin is mediated by GRK 1 . ^^^ To compare the biochemical properties of GRK 1 and GRK 7 , we measured the K ( m ) and 5 ( max ) of these kinases for ATP and rhodopsin , a model substrate . ^^^ Phosphorylation of GRK 1 and GRK 7 by PKA reduces the ability of GRK 1 and GRK 7 to phosphorylate rhodopsin in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q15835 and P08100	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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