Notably , ERK , JNK , and AKT serine / threonine kinases with leucine or methionine , instead of cysteine , in their activation loop did not form a covalent lipid adduct . 4 Hydroxy 2 nonenal , 4 oxo 2 nonenal , and cyclopentenone prostaglandin A and J , which all contain alpha , beta unsaturated carbonyls , inhibited the AMP kinase kinase activity of cellular LKB 1 . ^^^
The AMPK signalling network contains a number of tumour suppressor genes including LKB 1 , p 53 , TSC 1 and TSC 2 , and overcomes growth factor signalling from a variety of stimuli ( via growth factors and by abnormal regulation of cellular proto oncogenes including PI3K , Akt and ERK ) . ^^^