| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Direct Wg autoregulation ( autocrine signalling ) is masked by its paracrine role in maintaining hh , which in turn maintains wg . 1 have used zeste white 3 ( zw 3 ) and patched ( ptc ) mutant backgrounds to uncouple genetically this positive feedback loop and to study autocrine Wg signalling . 1 report here that direct Wg autoregulation differs from Wg signalling to adjacent cells in the importance of fused ( fu ) , smoothened ( smo ) and cubitus interruptus ( ci ) relative to zw 3 and armadillo ( arm ) . 1 also find that Wg autoregulation during this early hh dependent phase differs from later Wg autoregulation by lack of gooseberry ( gsb ) participation . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Here , we present evidence that implicates another multiple pass transmembrane protein , Patched ( Ptc ) , in Hh reception and suggests a novel signal transduction mechanism in which Hh binds to Ptc , or a Ptc Smo complex , and thereby induces Smo activity . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Hedgehog ( hh ) family proteins appear to use the conserved targets in their signalling pathway including Patched ( Ptc ) , Smoothened ( Smo ) , and Gli . ^^^ We cloned a mouse ( m ) Smo cDNA and studied the expression patterns of Ihh , Ptc , Smo , and Gli mRNAs in mouse chondrogenic EC cells , ATDC 5 . ^^^ Smo , Ptc , and Gli mRNAs were constitutively expressed throughout chondrogenesis and the subsequent cartilage differentiation processes except for the transient decrease in Ptc mRNA at the cellular condensation stage . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In the absence of the Hh signal , the membrane protein Patched ( Ptc ) represses the constitutive signalling activity of a second membrane protein , Smoothened ( Smo ) , by virtue of its ability to form a Ptc Smo complex . ^^^ Hence , mutations within the ptc gene that result in the failure of Ptc to inhibit Smo lead to constitutive activity of the Hh signalling pathway and to cancer , such as basal cell carcinoma . ^^^ For activation of Hh target genes , the N terminal signalling domain of Hh binds to the Ptc Smo receptor complex to activate two parallel signalling pathways . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These secreted proteins are proposed to mediate their effects on target cells by interacting with their putative receptor , Patched ( Ptc ) , and with a seven pass transmembrane protein , Smoothened ( Smo ) . ^^^ It is interesting that northern blot analysis with probes derived from the mouse Ptc and Smo genes revealed the expression of a 7 . 9 kb and a 3 . 7 kb transcript , respectively , in all brain tissues examined . ^^^ In situ hybridization experiments using specific digoxigenin labeled riboprobes showed expression of Ptc and Smo transcripts in discrete brain areas . ^^^ Within the cerebellum , Shh , Ptc , and Smo transcripts were colocalized in the Purkinje cell layer . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The expression of genes involved in the Sonic Hedgehog signalling pathway , including Shh , Ptc , Smo , Gli 1 , Gli 2 and Gli 3 , were found to be expressed in temporal and spatial patterns during early murine tooth development , suggestive of a role in early tooth germ initiation and subsequent epithelial mesenchymal interactions . ^^^ Of these Ptc , Smo , Gli 1 , Gli 2 and Gli 3 were expressed in epithelium and mesenchyme whereas Shh was only detected in epithelium . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Hedgehog is bound and transduced by a receptor complex that includes Smoothened ( Smo ) , a member of the Frizzled ( Fz ) family of seven pass transmembrane receptors , as well as the multiple pass transmembrane protein Patched ( Ptc ) . ^^^ Ptc is required for the binding of Hh to the complex as well as for the Hh dependent activation of Smo within the complex . ^^^ Here , we identify a likely null allele of the smo gene and use it to determine whether Hh is bound by Ptc alone , or by Smo in concert with Ptc . ^^^ We find that cells devoid of Smo can sequester Hh , but that their ability to do so depends , as in wild type cells , on the expression of high levels of Ptc protein . ^^^ These results suggest that Ptc normally binds Hh without any help from Smo and hence favor a mechanism of signal transduction in which Hh binds specifically to Ptc and induces a conformational change leading to the release of latent Smo activity . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Genetic and biochemical data suggest that the Sonic hedgehog ( Shh ) receptor is composed of at least two proteins : the tumor suppressor protein Patched ( Ptc ) and the seven transmembrane protein Smoothened ( Smo ) . ^^^ RESULTS : Using a biochemical assay for activation of the transcription factor Gli , a downstream component of the Hh pathway , we show here that Smo functions as the signaling component of the Shh receptor , and that this activity can be blocked by Ptc . ^^^ The inhibition of Smo by Ptc can be relieved by the addition of Shh . ^^^ Furthermore , oncogenic forms of Smo are insensitive to Ptc repression in this assay . ^^^ Mapping of the Smo domains required for binding to Ptc and for signaling revealed that the Smo Ptc interaction involves mainly the amino terminus of Smo , and that the third intracellular loop and the seventh transmembrane domain are required for signaling . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| However , gene expression and function of Ihh and its signaling molecules , Ptc and Smo , at the initial stage of fracture repair remain unknown . ^^^ By in situ hybridization analysis , the transcripts of Ptc and Smo genes localized in bone marrow of unfractured ribs , and those of Ihh , Ptc , and Smo were expressed in the vicinity of the fracture site at 8 h after fracture . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Another transmembrane protein , smoothened ( SMO ) , forms a complex with PTC and regulates this signaling pathway . ^^^ In this study , we examined the expression patterns of mRNA for ptc and smo in two different BCC subtypes and normal skin . ^^^ We found that the expressions of ptc and smo mRNA were enhanced in the tumor nests of the nodular BCC , especially at the advancing portions , but were under the detectable level in the superficial BCC cases examined , indicating that ptc and smo mRNA expressions might be associated with BCC tumor progression and divide the BCC histologic types into two subtypes , superficial and nodular types . ^^^ In addition , no obvious signals for ptc and smo mRNA were detected in the normal human epidermis , appendages , or seborrheic keratosis , indicating that the abnormal proliferation of follicular epithelial cells caused by ptc , smo and / or other genetic changes , which also cause ptc and smo overexpressions , might result in BCC tumor formation . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Shh might exert its biological functions through binding to patched ( Ptc ) associated with smoothened ( Smo ) , leading to downstream activation of target genes such as the transcription factor Gli 1 . ^^^ We have performed a detailed localization of cells expressing transcripts of Shh , Ptc , Smo and Gli 1 in brain and spinal cord of the adult rat as well as in the developing cerebellum . ^^^ The presence of Shh , Ptc and Smo transcripts in hypothalamic areas may indicate a role of Shh signalling in the modulation of neuroendocrine functions . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Transcripts for the putative Shh receptor genes patched ( Ptc ) and smoothened ( Smo ) are expressed by embryonic , postnatal , and adult progenitor cells , suggesting that Shh can act directly on these cells . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Adult rat derived hippocampal progenitor cells express many of the molecules implicated in midbrain dopaminergic determination , including FGF receptors 1 , 2 and 3 , the sonic hedgehog receptor components Smo and Ptc , and the region specific transcription factors Ptx 3 and Nurr 1 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These include Patched ( Ptc ) , Smoothened ( Smo ) , cubitus interuptus ( ci ) / Gli , wingless ( wg / Wnt , decapentaplegic ( dpp ) / BMP , Hedgehog interacting protein ( Hip ) , nodal , Smads , One eyed pinhead ( Oep ) , and TG Interacting Factor ( TGIF ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Using semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) on growth plate tissue , IHH and components of its receptor complex , patched ( PTC ) and smoothened ( SMO ) , PTHrP and the type 1 PTH / PTHrP receptor messenger RNA ( mRNA ) were shown at all ages studied irrespective of gender . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Biochemical studies in vertebrates indicate that the membrane proteins Ptc and Smoothened ( Smo ) form a receptor complex that binds Hedgehog ( Hh ) morphogens . ^^^ The Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes two Ptc homologs and one related pseudogene but does not encode obvious Hh or Smo homologs . ^^^ Therefore , the C . elegans ptc 1 gene is functional despite the lack of Hh and Smo homologs . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The multipass membrane spanning proteins Patched ( Ptc ) [ 2 4 ] and Smoothened ( Smo ) [ 5 7 ] have been proposed to act as subunits of a putative Hh receptor complex . ^^^ According to this view , Smo functions as the transducing subunit , the activity of which is blocked by a direct interaction with the ligand binding subunit , Ptc [ 8 ] . ^^^ Activation of the intracellular signalling pathway occurs when Hh binds to Ptc [ 8 11 ] , an event assumed to release Smo from Ptc mediated inhibition . ^^^ Evidence for a physical interaction between Smo and Ptc is so far limited to studies of the vertebrate versions of these proteins when overexpressed in tissue culture systems [ 8 , 12 ] . ^^^ Our findings suggest that Smo is modified to yield a non functional form and this modification is promoted by Ptc in a non stoichiometric manner . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Hedgehog ligands interact with receptor complexes containing Patched ( PTC ) and Smoothened ( SMO ) proteins to regulate many aspects of development . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Two transmembrane proteins associated in a complex , Patched ( Ptc ) and Smoothened ( Smo ) , are indispensable for the reception of Hh signals ( Cell 86 ( 1996 ) 221 ; Nature 382 ( 1996 ) 547 ; Nature 384 ( 1996 ) 176 ; Nature 384 ( 1996 ) 129 ) . ^^^ Here , we report on the identification of Ptc and Smo homologues from Xenopus and analyze their spatio temporal expression during embryogenesis . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This mutant Ptc ( SSD ) protein shows dominant negative activity in blocking Hh signaling by preventing the downregulation of Smoothened ( Smo ) , a positive effector of the Hh pathway . ^^^ All these results suggest a role of the SSD of Ptc in mediating the vesicular trafficking of Ptc to regulate Smo activity . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The tumor suppressor gene patched ( ptc ) encodes an approximately 140 kDa polytopic transmembrane protein [ 1 3 ] [ corrected ] that binds members of the Hedgehog ( Hh ) family of signaling proteins [ 4 6 ] [ corrected ] and regulates the activity of Smoothened ( Smo ) , a G protein coupled receptor like protein essential for Hh signal transduction [ 7 9 ] [ corrected ] . ^^^ Here we describe the identification and characterization of two missense mutations in the SSD of Drosophila Ptc ; strikingly , while both mutations abolish Smo repression , neither affects the ability of Ptc to interact with Hh . ^^^ We speculate that Ptc may control Smo activity by regulating an intracellular trafficking process dependent upon the integrity of the SSD . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Activation of the hedgehog pathway , through the loss of patched ( PTC ) or the activation of smoothened ( SMO ) , occurs frequently in basal cell carcinoma ( BCC ) , the most common human cancer . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Shh displays inductive , proliferative , neurotrophic and neuroprotective activities on various neural cells and signals through a receptor complex associating Patched ( Ptc ) and Smoothened ( Smo ) . ^^^ In the ventral neural tube , the distribution of Shh , Ptc and Smo is in agreement with this functional model . ^^^ In the adult brain , Ptc and Smo transcripts are colocalized in a few areas such as the hippocampal granule cells . ^^^ However , Ptc transcripts are also observed without any detectable Smo expression , such as in the superior colliculus . ^^^ These observations suggest that in the adult brain , Shh signals through its receptor complex Ptc / Smo , or through Ptc alone . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| It has been postulated that binding of sonic hedgehog protein ( SHH ) to its receptor , patched protein ( PTC ) , releases the inhibitory effect of PTC against smoothened protein ( SMO ) , another protein of the SHH signalling pathway . ^^^ The positive SMO signalling is not downregulated in BCCs because of the mutational inactivation of PTC . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| BACKGROUND : Sonic hedgehog ( Shh ) signal transduction involves the ligand binding Patched 1 ( Ptc 1 ) protein and a signaling component , Smoothened ( Smo ) . ^^^ This suggests that Ptc 1 regulates Smo activity through a common late endosomal sorting pathway also utilized by NPC 1 . ^^^ During signaling , Ptc accumulates in endosomal compartments , but it is unclear if Smo follows Ptc into the endocytic pathway . ^^^ RESULTS : We characterized the dynamic subcellular distributions of Ptc 1 , Smo , and activated Smo mutants individually and in combination . ^^^ Ptc 1 and Smo colocalize extensively in the absence of ligand and are internalized together after ligand binding , but Smo becomes segregated from Ptc1 / Shh complexes destined for lysosomal degradation . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Mutations affecting the transmembrane proteins Patched ( Ptc ) or Smoothened ( Smo ) that trigger ligand independent activity of the Hedgehog ( Hh ) signalling pathway are associated with human tumours such as basal cell carcinoma ( BCC ) and medulloblastoma . ^^^ Despite extensive genetic studies demonstrating the importance of these receptor components in embryonic patterning and cancer , the mechanism by which Ptc regulates Smo is not understood . ^^^ Here we report that Ptc and Smo are not significantly associated within Hh responsive cells . ^^^ Furthermore , we show that free Ptc ( unbound by Hh ) acts sub stoichiometrically to suppress Smo activity and thus is critical in specifying the level of pathway activity . ^^^ These results suggest that the Ptc tumour suppressor functions normally as a transmembrane molecular transporter , which acts indirectly to inhibit Smo activity , possibly through changes in distribution or concentration of a small molecule . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The mandibular cysts were immunohistochemically investigated using anti ptc , shh , and smo antibodies . ^^^ Immunohistochemical examination showed sonic hedgehog ( shh ) protein mainly in cyst lining epithelium , and ptc and smoothened ( smo ) proteins in cyst lining epithelium , and surrounding fibrous connective tissue . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Smo activity is blocked by the Hh transmembrane receptor Patched ( Ptc ) . ^^^ The reception of a Hh signal overcomes Ptc inhibition of Smo , activating transcription of target genes . ^^^ Ptc and the kinesin related protein Costal 2 ( Cos 2 ) cause internalization of Smo , a process that is dependent on both actin and microtubules . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| BACKGROUND : Mutations of the patched ( Ptc ) gene , a developmental regulator implicated in the signalling pathway via sonic hedgehog ( Shh ) and smoothened ( Smo ) , play an essential pathogenic role in the development of basal cell carcinomas ( BCCs ) . ^^^ We previously reported the upregulation of Shh signal transducers , including Ptc , Smo and hedgehog interacting protein , in BCCs . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Primary osteoblasts and several clonal osteoblast like cell lines express Indian hedgehog ( Ihh ) , and genes encoding both components of its receptor , patched ( Ptc ) and smoothened ( Smo ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Patched ( Ptc ) is a transmembrane receptor for sonic hedgehog ( Shh ) and functionally associated with another transmembrane protein , smoothened ( Smo ) . ^^^ Ptc is a tumor suppressor gene whereas Smo serves as a proto oncogene of neuroectodermal tumors . ^^^ We have analyzed mRNA expression of Ptc , Smo , and Gli family members in human astrocytic tumors . ^^^ In comparison with the World Health Organization ( WHO ) classification , the amount of Ptc and Smo mRNAs decreased in proportion to the progression of histological maliganancy , and similar results were obtained with astrocytic tumor derived cell lines . ^^^ In summary , our results indicate that Ptc and Smo mRNA levels have an inverse correlation with histological malignancy and suggest that these gene products are implicated in the suppression of astrocytic tumors . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The underlying mechanisms of Hh signal transduction remain obscure , however : little is known about the communication between the pathway suppressor Patched ( Ptc ) , a multipass transmembrane protein that directly binds Hh , and the pathway activator Smoothened ( Smo ) , a protein that is related to G protein coupled receptors and is capable of constitutive activation in the absence of Ptc . ^^^ Biochemical studies with Hh Ag , the Hh signaling antagonist cyclopamine , and a novel Hh signaling inhibitor Cur 61414 , reveal that the action of all these compounds is independent of Hh protein ligand and of the Hh receptor Ptc , as each binds directly to Smo . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Indian hedgehog ( IHH ) and its receptors patched ( PTC ) and smoothened ( SMO ) belong to the hedgehog family of signaling molecules , which are essential for a variety of patterning events during mammalian tIssue development . ^^^ Correlation between diabetic and non diabetic CP patients revealed no significant difference in IHH , SMO , or PTC immunoreactivity . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The requisite Hh receptors , Patched 1 ( Ptc 1 ) and Smoothened ( Smo ) , and the Gli transcription factors are expressed by thymocytes and also by epithelial cells . ^^^ Ptc 1 is expressed in most thymocyte subsets , whereas Smo expression is mainly associated with immature thymocytes . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Hh signal transduction is initiated when Hh binds to its receptor Patched ( Ptc ) , activating the transmembrane protein Smoothened ( Smo ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| However , missense mutations located within the putative sterol sensing domain ( SSD ) or C terminus of ptc encode antimorphic proteins that are unable to repress Smo activity and inhibit wild type Ptc from doing so , but retain the ability to bind and sequester Hh . ^^^ In addition , contrary to results reported recently , the role of Hh signaling in the Drosophila head vertex appears to be primarily in patterning rather than in proliferation , with Ptc and Smo having opposing effects on formation of medial structures . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Furthermore , these conditions resulted in transcriptional activation of smoothened ( smo ) , patched ( ptc ) and gli 1 ; Smo , Ptc and Gli 1 , as well as cholesterol , are components of the Sonic hedgehog ( Shh ) signalling pathway , which directs pattern formation , diversification and tumourigenesis in mammalian cells . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Using morpholino oligonucleotides ( MOs ) to diminish the activities of the Hh pathway components Patched ( Ptc ) , Fused ( Fu ) , and Suppressor of Fused ( Su ( fu ) ) , and the teratogen cyclopamine to inhibit the Hh transducer Smoothened ( Smo ) , we show that the appropriate differentiation of each cell type depends upon the levels and range of Hh signaling within the myotome . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Ligand free Ptc interacts with the transmembrane protein Smoothened ( Smo ) and blocks expression of Smo controlled genes including ptc . ^^^ We develop a model to study the effects of two forms of Shh used experimentally and propose a mechanism for Shh signal transduction based on a two state model for the Ptc Smo interaction . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To address this question , we first determined the spatiotemporal distribution of Shh ; two transmembrane proteins , patched 1 ( Ptc ) and Smoothened ( Smo ) , which act as a negative or a positive regulator of the Shh signal , respectively ; and the Gli 3 transcription factor , which is downstream of the Shh signal . ^^^ The epithelial localization of Shh , Ptc , Smo , and Gli 3 suggests that Shh signaling may act within the epithelium in a juxtacrine manner . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Ci is regulated through communication of the membrane proteins Patched ( Ptc ) and Smoothened ( Smo ) to the intracellular Hedgehog Signaling Complex ( HSC ) in response to a graded concentration of Hh ligand . ^^^ The mechanism ( s ) by which Ptc and Smo communicate with the HSC in response to differential ligand concentrations to regulate Ci function are not yet fully elucidated . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| BACKGROUND : To clarify the roles of Sonic hedgehog ( SHH ) signal transduction in oncogenesis and cytodifferentiation of odontogenic tumors , expression of SHH , Patched ( PTC ) , Smoothened ( SMO ) , and GLI 1 was analyzed in ameloblastomas as well as in tooth germs . ^^^ METHODS : Tissue specimens of 9 tooth germs , 36 benign ameloblastomas , and 1 malignant ameloblastoma were examined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) and immunohistochemistry for the expression of SHH , PTC , SMO , and GLI 1 . ^^^ RESULTS : Expression of SHH , PTC , SMO , and GLI 1 mRNA was detected in all tooth germ and ameloblastoma samples . ^^^ Immunohistochemical reactivity for SHH , PTC , SMO , and GLI 1 was detected in both normal and neoplastic odontogenic tissues . ^^^ Expression of SHH , PTC , and GLI 1 was more evident in epithelial cells than in mesenchymal cells , whereas SMO reactivity was marked in both epithelial and mesenchymal components in tooth germs and ameloblastomas . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Indian hedgehog ( Ihh ) and its 2 signaling receptors , patched ( Ptc ) and smoothened ( Smo ) , are involved in pancreatic development and regulation of beta cell function as well as in certain human tumors . ^^^ Quantitative RT PCR and immunohistochemistry were utilized to analyze the expression , localization and transcriptional regulation of Ihh , Ptc and Smo . ^^^ By quantitative RT PCR , Ihh , Ptc and Smo mRNA levels were increased 35 , 1 . 2 and 1 . 6 fold , respectively , in pancreatic cancer tissues in comparison to normal pancreatic tissues . ^^^ By immunohistochemistry , Ihh , Ptc and Smo were expressed in the islet cells of normal and cancerous tissues and in pancreatic cancer cells . ^^^ In conclusion , Ihh and its receptors Ptc and Smo are expressed in pancreatic cancer , and blockage of hedgehog signaling results in inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell growth , suggesting that aberrant activation of the Ihh signaling pathway contributes to tumor development in this malignancy . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In non responding cells , Smo is suppressed by the activity of another multipass membrane spanning protein Ptc , which acts as the Hh receptor . ^^^ In Drosophila , binding of Hh to Ptc has been shown to cause an accumulation of phosphorylated Smo protein and a concomitant stabilisation of the activated form of the Ci transcription factor . ^^^ Using Green Fluorescent Protein ( GFP ) and horseradish peroxidase fusion proteins we show that Smo accumulates in the plasma membrane of cells in which Ptc activity is abrogated by Hh but is targeted to the degradative pathway in cells where Ptc is active . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This effect of Shh was not mediated by Patched ( Ptc ) and Smoothened ( Smo ) , the receptors that mediate effects of Shh in morphogenesis and commissural axon growth toward the floor plate . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Previously , it has been shown that Indian hedgehog ( Ihh ) and its two signaling receptors patched ( Ptc ) and smoothened ( Smo ) are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis ( CP ) and PDAC . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Hh is a ligand that binds and represses the Patched ( Ptc ) receptor and thereby releases the latent activity of the multipass membrane protein Smoothened ( Smo ) , which is essential for transducing the Hh signal . ^^^ Surprisingly , obvious Smo and Hh homologs are absent whereas PTC , PTC related ( PTR ) , and a large family of nematode Hh related ( Hh r ) proteins are present . ^^^ Given our present understanding of the Hh signaling pathway , the absence of Hh and Smo raises many questions about the evolution and the function of the PTC , PTR , and Hh r proteins in C . elegans . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Patched ( Ptc ) , the receptor for the morphogen Hedgehog ( Hh ) , is active in the absence of ligand and blocks the expression of target genes by inhibiting Smoothened ( Smo ) , an essential transducer of the Hh signal . ^^^ Hh binding to Ptc abrogates the ability of Ptc to inhibit Smo , thereby unleashing Smo activity and inducing target gene expression . ^^^ Furthermore , we demonstrate that this effect is sufficient to allow normal reading of the Hh gradient in the presence of a form of Ptc that can not bind the ligand but retains its ability to inhibit Smo . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| PTC gene mutations and expression of SHH , PTC , SMO , and GLI 1 in odontogenic keratocysts . ^^^ The Patched ( PTC ) gene is responsible for basal cell nevus syndrome ( BCNS ) accompanied by multiple odontogenic keratocysts ( OKCs ) , and its product plays a role in the Sonic hedgehog ( SHH ) signaling pathway involving smoothened ( SMO ) and GLI 1 . ^^^ To clarify the role of SHH signaling in OKCs , the expression of SHH , PTC , SMO , and GLI 1 and mutations of PTC were examined in 18 sporadic , 4 BCNS associated OKCs and 7 control gingivae . ^^^ SHH , PTC , SMO , and GLI 1 were detected in all OKC and gingiva samples by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) . ^^^ Immunoreactivity for SHH and GLI 1 was markedly higher in epithelial components than in subepithelial cells , while immunoreactivity for PTC and SMO was similar in epithelial components and subepithelial cells in OKCs . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Finally , our study shows that , in vivo , the Hh / Ptc complex is internalized in the Rab 7 enriched lysosomal compartment in a Ptc dependent manner without the co receptor Smoothened ( Smo ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Binding of Sonic Hedgehog ( Shh ) to Patched ( Ptc ) relieves the latter ' s tonic inhibition of Smoothened ( Smo ) , a receptor that spans the cell membrane seven times . ^^^ Ptc inhibits association of beta arrestin 2 with Smo , and this inhibition is relieved in cells treated with Shh . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Binding of Shh to Ptc 1 results in activation of Smoothened ( Smo ) , which in turn stimulates expression of downstream target genes including Ptc 1 and Gli 1 . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This study investigated the expression of Ihh , Patched 1 and 2 ( Ptc 1 , Ptc 2 ) , Smoothened ( Smo ) , Gli 1 , and Gli 3 , in naturally acquired articular osteochondrosis , using an equine model . ^^^ Ihh , Ptc 1 , Smo , Gli 1 , and Gli 3 mRNA expression levels were evaluated by real time quantitative PCR . ^^^ Spatial tissue expression was determined by in situ hybridization for Ihh and Smo and immunohistochemistry for Ptc 1 and Ptc 2 . ^^^ The expression of Gli 1 was significantly decreased in OC samples , but there was no significant difference in expression of Gli 3 , Ptc 1 and Smo in OC cartilage compared to normal cartilage . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| METHODS AND RESULTS : We first found that Shh , its receptors Patched 1 ( Ptc 1 ) as well as Smoothened ( Smo ) and its downstream transcription factor Gli 1 were expressed in the basal layer of human fetal epidermis and freshly sorted HPESCs . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The initial part of this process is accomplished by Shh acting through Patched ( Ptc ) to regulate Smoothened ( Smo ) activity . ^^^ The mechanisms by which Ptc regulates Smo , and Smo activity is transduced to processing of Gli proteins remain unclear . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In an unoccupied state , PTC normally functions as a tumor suppressor that inhibits Smoothened ( SMO ) , a proto oncoprotein , from activating downstream components and transcription of target genes . ^^^ Here we show that in HCCs , overexpression of the Smo proto oncogene , as well as an increase in the stoichiometric ratio of Smo to Ptc mRNA levels , correlated with tumor size , a prognostic indicator in HCC biology . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Abbreviations used : BrdU , 5 bromo 2 ' deoxyuridine ; HERS , Hertwig ' s epithelial root sheath ; NFI C / CTF , nuclear factor Ic / CAAT box transcription factor ; PCNA , proliferating cell nuclear antigen ; Ptc , patched ; Shh , sonic hedgehog ; Smo , smoothened . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The seven transmembrane receptor Smoothened ( Smo ) transduces the signal initiated by Hedgehog ( Hh ) morphogen binding to the receptor Patched ( Ptc ) . ^^^ The measurement of inositol phosphate ( IP ) accumulation shows that Smo has constitutive activity , a response blocked by Ptc which indicates a functional Hh receptor complex . ^^^ Interestingly , the antagonists cyclopamine , Cur 61414 , and SANT 1 display inverse agonist properties and the agonist SAG has no effect at the Smo induced IP response , but converts Ptc mediated inactive forms of Smo into active ones . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Mutations in hedgehog signaling pathway genes , especially PTC 1 and SMO , are pivotal to the development of basal cell carcinomas . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We show that Smo acts epistatic to Ptc 1 to mediate Shh and Ihh signaling in the early mouse embryo . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Previously , we showed that spontaneous medulloblastomas in Ptc 1 ( + / ) p 53 / mice could be eradicated by treatment with a small molecule inhibitor ( HhAntag ) of Smoothened ( Smo ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Indian hedgehog ( Ihh ) , Gli 1 , Gli 3 , Patched 1 ( Ptc 1 ) , Smoothened ( Smo ) , Noggin , bone morphogenetic protein 6 ( BMP 6 ) , BMP 2 , parathyroid hormone related peptide ( PTHrP ) , and PTH / PTHrP receptor mRNA expression levels were evaluated by real time quantitative PCR . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Patched ( ptch ) associated preferential expression of smoothened ( smoh ) in human basal cell carcinoma of the skin . ^^^ The discovery of specific overexpression of a gatekeeper gene , ptch , in basal cell carcinoma ( BCC ) led to a hypothesis that the human homologue of patched ( PTCH ) normally functions as a negative regulator of the signaling pathway that is initiated by hedgehogs ( HHs ) and activated by the human homologue of smoothened ( SMOH ) ; however , no evidence for the involvement of smoh and hhs has been provided . ^^^ Here , we show novel evidence that smoh is also preferentially overexpressed in BCC , together with ptch ( P < 0 . 002 ) , and that Sonic hh was expressed in only some BCCs . ^^^ Our data , therefore , indicate that such overexpression of smoh may be associated with overexpression or mutation of PTCH and that this overexpression subsequently stimulates the PTCH / SMOH signaling pathway . ^^^ In an investigation of a possible regulation of ptch and smoh , we demonstrated that expression of exogenous p21WAF1 in immortalized keratinocytes down regulates both ptch and smoh and that the down regulation is accompanied by growth arrest , which suggests the involvement of p21WAF1 in regulation of the PTCH / SMOH signaling pathway . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The binding of Sonic hedgehog ( SHH ) to its receptor , PTCH , is thought to prevent normal inhibition by PTCH of Smoothened ( SMO ) , a seven span transmembrane protein . ^^^ According to this model , the inhibition of SMO signalling is relieved following mutational inactivation of PTCH in basal cell nevus syndrome . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The PTCH gene product ( Ptch ) functions as a transmembrane receptor for the Sonic hedgehog protein ( Shh ) and interacts with another transmembrane protein called Smoh . ^^^ To further elucidate the significance of alterations in the Shh signaling pathway , we investigated 31 sporadic BCCs and 15 PNETs for the mutation and / or expression of SMOH , PTCH , SHH , and GL 11 . ^^^ Two BCCs demonstrated mutations in both SMOH and PTCH . ^^^ The majority of tumors showed an increased expression of SMOH , PTCH , and GL 11 transcripts as compared with that of normal skin and nonneoplastic brain tissue , respectively . ^^^ In summary , our results indicate that both PTCH and SMOH represent important targets for genetic alterations in sporadic BCCs and PNETs . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Current models suggest that binding of Shh to PTCH prevents the normal inhibition of the seven transmembrane protein Smoothened ( SMO ) by PTCH . ^^^ According to this model , the inhibition of SMO signaling is relieved after mutational inactivation of PTCH in the basal cell nevus syndrome . ^^^ Biochemical analysis of PTCH and PTCH 2 shows that they both bind to all hedgehog family members with similar affinity and that they can form a complex with SMO . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The patched / hedgehog / smoothened signalling pathway in human breast cancer : no evidence for H133Y SHH , PTCH and SMO mutations . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| METHOD : DNA was extracted from archival paraffin embedded tissues , tumor tissue or peripheral blood leukocytes , and the loss of heterozygosity ( LOH ) and single strand conformational polymorphism analysis was performed using PCR with primers for polymorphic 9q22 . 3 markers ( D9S196 , D9S287 , D9S180 , D9S127 ) ; PTCH exons 3 , 6 , 8 , 13 , 15 , 16 ; and smo ( smoothened ) exon 1 . ^^^ RESULTS : We found a LOH for PTCH in several cases and variability in smo in one case . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Analysis of PTCH / SMO / SHH pathway genes in medulloblastoma . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Basal cell carcinoma , medulloblastoma , rhabdomyosarcoma and other human tumours are associated with mutations that activate the proto oncogene Smoothened ( SMO ) or that inactivate the tumour suppressor Patched ( PTCH ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The HH signal is received and transduced via a specific receptor complex composed of patched ( PTCH ) and smoothened ( SMOH ) transmembrane proteins . ^^^ The abnormalities are associated with congenital or sporadic genetic alteration affecting function of different components of the HH signaling pathway , including SHH , PTCH , SMOH and GLI proteins . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| BACKGROUND : While for most human solid tumors genetic alterations of few distinct genetic regions have been found , studies on basal cell carcinomas ( BCC ) have shown the prevalence of several abnormalities including alterations of the three ras genes , GAP ( GTPase activating protein ) , p 53 , PTCH ( the human homologue of Drosophila patched ) and SMOH ( the human homologue of Drosophila smoothened ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Pathway activation is triggered by binding of hedgehog proteins to the multipass Patched 1 ( PTCH ) receptor , which in the absence of hedgehog suppresses the activity of the seven pass membrane protein Smoothened ( SMOH ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We first examined the steady state mRNA transcription of the PTCH , SMOH and GLI 3 genes of the HH signal transduction pathway in TCC cell lines and normal urothelium . ^^^ Although the PTCH protein has an unknown function in urothelial cells , the detection of the PTCH , SMOH and GLI 3 transcripts in normal urothelium and TCC cell lines and rare PTCH mutations in tumor samples suggest that the HH pathway may have a role in controlling the proliferation of urothelial cells and that PTCH mutations may contribute to the development of a subset of TCCs . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Components of these two developmental and cancer associated pathways , including ( Patched ) PTCH , SMOH , adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) , beta catenin and AXIN 1 show somatic mutations in sporadic MBs . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Somatic mutations in the PTCH , SMOH , SUFUH and TP 53 genes in sporadic basal cell carcinomas . ^^^ METHODS : Single strand conformational polymorphism analysis followed by DNA sequencing was used to screen for mutations in the sonic hedgehog pathway genes PTCH , SMOH , SUFUH and GLI 1 , in the TP 53 tumour suppressor gene , and in the proto oncogenes NRAS , KRAS , HRAS , BRAF and CTNNB 1 . ^^^ TP 53 mutations were present in BCCs with and without mutations in PTCH , SMOH or SUFUH . ^^^ In contrast , only 40 % of the PTCH and SMOH alterations corresponded to UV signature mutations . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : Our data confirm the importance of PTCH , SMOH and TP 53 mutations in the pathogenesis of sporadic BCCs . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Quantitative real time PCR for IHH , PTCH , SMO , and GLI 2 was performed on a subset of tumours . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Previous studies revealed mutations in genes encoding members of the sonic hedgehog pathway , including PTCH , SMOH and SUFUH in DMBs . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| A total of 106 uterine cervical cancers and related lesions ( 37 squamous cell carcinomas , 23 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ( CIN ) 3 , 10 CIN 2 , four CIN 1 , 32 normal cervical epithelia ) were immunohistochemically analyzed with anti Shh , Indian Hh ( Ihh ) , Patched ( PTCH ) , Smoothened ( Smo ) , Gli 1 , Gli 2 , Gli 3 antibodies on paraffin blocks . ^^^ In case of Ihh , PTCH , Smo and Gli 1 , their expression in normal epithelium was completely absent or rare . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| IHH , SHH , Patched ( PTCH ) , Smoothened ( SMO ) , and downstream targets were expressed more frequently and highly in the diffuse as compared with intestinal type cancers . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The understanding of mutations that are known to activate hedgehog ( Hh ) signalling pathway genes , including PATCHED ( PTCH ) , sonic hedgehog ( Shh ) and smoothened ( Smo ) , has substantially expanded our current understanding of the genetic basis of BCC development . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| It now appears that constitutive activation of Hedgehog signalling , by inactivating mutations in PTCH 1 or activating mutations in the coreceptor SMOH , is required and possibly sufficient for basal cell carcinoma development and also contributes to the formation of a variety of other tumour types , including medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Basal cell carcinomas are characterized by aberrant activation of Sonic Hedgehog ( SHH ) signaling due to mutations in the PTCH or SMOH genes . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GLI activity in adult tissues is restricted , but has been identified in various neoplasms , as a result of mutations in the PTCH ( patched ) or SMOH ( smoothened ) genes , encoding components of the sonic hedgehog pathway , or by amplification of GLI . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The pathways we focus on in this review are : ( 1 ) P 16 ( INK4A ) CDK4 / 6 RB ; ( 2 ) P 14 ( ARF ) HDM 2 P53 ; ( 3 ) Sonic hedgehog ( SHH ) / GLI ; ( 4 ) WNT / beta catenin ; and ( 5 ) Bone Morphogenetic Protein ( BMP ) / SMAD . 70 80 % of XP skin cancers exhibit one or several mutations in the P 53 , PTCH 1 , SMO or CDKN2A genes , the type and frequency of mutated genes being different between squamous cell ( SCCs ) and basal cell carcinomas ( BCCs ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| PTCH 1 is a transmembrane protein believed to inhibit another transmembrane protein SMO ( Smoothened ) , which mediates HH ( Hedgehog ) signalling . ^^^ PTCH 2 promoter regulation assays demonstrated that only one of the PTCH 2 variants could inhibit the activity of SHH N , whereas none was capable of inhibiting the activated form of SMO ( SMO M 2 ) and this contrasts with PTCH 1 . ^^^ Despite the fact that the PTCH 2 isoforms lacked the ability to inhibit SMO M 2 activity , all PTCH 2 variants as well as PTCH 1 , on co transfection with Smo , were able to change Smo localization from being largely dispersed in the cytoplasm to the juxtanuclear region . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The PTCH 1 protein works as a negative regulator of the HH signaling pathway by repressing downstream signaling by the coreceptor smoothened ( SMOH ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Our data provide strong evidence that cyclopamine and perhaps other SMO antagonists are potent in vivo inhibitors of UVB induced basal cell carcinomas in Ptch 1 ( + / ) mice and likely in humans because the majority of human basal cell carcinomas manifest mutations in PTCH 1 and that a major mechanism of their inhibitory effect is through up regulation of Fas , which augments apoptosis . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Signals of Hedgehog family proteins ( SHH , IHH and DHH ) are transduced through Patched family receptors ( PTCH 1 and PTCH 2 ) and Smoothened ( SMO ) to GLI family transcription factors ( GLI 1 , GLI 2 and GLI 3 ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| PTCH 1 mediates its effects through SMO ( Smoothened ) and represses the expression of HH target genes such as the transcription factor GLI 1 ( glioma 1 ) as well as PTCH 1 . ^^^ Specifically , the SMO antagonist cyclopamine has no appreciable effects in blocking this PTCH 1 mediated inhibition . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The different PTCH 1 transcripts all encode proteins that interact with Smoh in doubly transfected cells . ^^^ Furthermore , functional assays demonstrated that whereas all PTCH 1 isoforms can inhibit the activity of SHH , only the PTCH1B isoform is capable of fully inhibiting Smoh activity . ^^^ The results indicate that in tumour cells the PTCH1B promoter is specifically activated and importantly , that the N terminal part of PTCH 1 including exon 1B is required for full inhibition of Smoh signaling but not for physical interaction with Smoh . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Human SHH , IHH , DHH ( Hedgehog homologs ) , HHAT ( Hedgehog acyltransferase ) , HHIP ( Hedgehog interacting protein ) , DISP 1 , DISP 2 , DISP 3 ( Dispatched homologs ) , PTCH 1 , PTCH 2 ( Patched homologs ) , SMO ( Smoothened homolog ) , KIF 27 , KIF 7 ( Costal 2 homologs ) , STK 36 ( Fused homolog ) , SUFU ( SuFu homolog ) , DZIP 1 ( Iguana homolog ) , GLI 1 , GLI 2 and GLI 3 ( Cubitus interruptus homologs ) are implicated in the Hedgehog signaling . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Though mutations of the genes , PTCH 1 and SMO , are known to be involved in aberrant Shh signalling , the distinct downstream effectors of these genes are poorly described . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The Shh receptor Patched 1 ( Ptch 1 ) and its downstream effector Smoothened ( Smo ) were initial prime suspects as they are membrane proteins whose cellular dynamics are modulated by the Shh signal . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q13635 and Q99835 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|