| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In the studies reported here , the activity of the cells in the PAG was increased by microinjection of glutamate in this area and its effect on both the activity of single cells in the NRM and on a flexion reflex elicited by noxious heat was measured . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The glutamate sensitive sites at which TF and HP response latencies were elevated were exclusively distributed in the medullary reticular formation ( MRF ) and the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray matter ( PAG ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The aim of these experiments was to examine the changes in antinociception elicited by morphine or glutamate stimulation of the periaqueductal gray of the midbrain ( PAG ) during the postnatal development of the rat . ^^^ Pups , aged 3 , 10 , and 14 days , were implanted with cannulas aimed at either the dorsal or the ventral aspect of the PAG , and glutamate ( vehicle , 60 mM or 180 mM ) or morphine ( vehicle , 2 micrograms or 6 micrograms ) was microinjected into one of those two sites . ^^^ Conversely , analgesia induced by glutamate was seen at 3 and 10 days of age only when glutamate was given to the dorsal aspect of the PAG and the mechanical stimulus was used . ^^^ When either morphine or glutamate was injected into the ventral PAG , intrathecal injections of methysergide attenuated analgesia against the thermal stimulus to a significantly greater degree than the mechanical stimulus and intraspinal injection of phentolamine attenuated analgesia against the mechanical stimulus more potently . ^^^ When glutamate was given to the dorsal PAG , analgesia against both stimulus types was significantly attenuated . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Extracellular levels of GABA , glutamate , aspartate , glycine , homocysteic acid and taurine were monitored with the microdialysis technique in either the lateral or medial portion of the ventrocaudal PAG in unanesthetized , unrestrained rats . ^^^ There were no significant differences in the basal concentrations of GABA , taurine , aspartate , glutamate , homocysteic acid and glycine between dialysates collected from the medial versus the lateral ventrocaudal PAG . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The activities of the glutamate metabolizing enzymes phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) and glutamate dehydrogenase ( Gldh ) are demonstrated in semithin sections of the rat retina . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The serotonergic antagonist , methysergide , administered into the periaqueductal gray matter ( PAG ) , inhibited the antinociceptive effect of morphine , but not of glutamate , also administered into the PAG . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) , an enzyme of glutamate synthesis , was localized by immunohistochemistry in all PNMT immunoreactive and all serotonin immunoreactive neurons in the rostral ventral medulla of the rat . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This study tested the hypothesis that the excitatory amino acid transmitters glutamate and / or aspartate are associated with the periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) raphe magnus ( NRM ) projection . ^^^ Both glutamate and aspartate immunoreactive cells in the PAG were found to project to the NRM . ^^^ Double labeling immunocytochemichemical procedures indicated that glutamate and aspartate are co localized in many PAG neurons , suggesting the following possibilities : ( a ) one of these two amino acids may serve as a precursor to the other ; ( b ) both amino acids may be co released from the same PAG neuron ; or ( c ) both amino acids are present in high levels in the perikarya for metabolic purposes . ^^^ To determine if glutamate and aspartate are in fact released from PAG NRM axons , the PAG was stimulated chemically with homocysteic acid ( HCA ) and amino acids were collected from the NRM using a microdialysis probe . ^^^ Microinjection of HCA , but not vehicle , into the PAG resulted in the release of both glutamate and aspartate in the nucleus raphe magnus . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In addition , the effects of microinjections of glutamate into APT , PAG and NRM on the tooth evoked JOR were also evaluated . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The present experiment examined descending inhibition of the nociceptive tail flick reflex produced by microinjection of morphine and glutamate into the periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) matter and the neurotransmitters mediating the inhibition at the level of the nucleus raphe magnus ( NRM ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Microinjections of L glutamate ( 0 . 5 M , 160 nl ) were directed at the following rostral and caudal raphe nuclei : the periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) , the dorsal raphe nucleus ( DR ) , the raphe magnus ( RM ) , and the raphe obscurus / raphe pallidus ( Ro / Rpa ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Microinjection into the midbrain periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) or lateral reticular formation ( LRF ) of the neuronal excitant glutamate produces analgesia , and suppresses the responses of a fraction of spinal dorsal horn neurons to noxious heat applied to ventral hind paw skin . ^^^ In anesthetized rats , we tested whether ( a ) glutamate microinjections into PAG or LRF , and ( b ) morphine microinjections into PAG , affected the isometric force of hind limb withdrawal elicited by the same noxious heat stimuli on the hind paw as used in single unit studies of dorsal horn neurons . ^^^ Glutamate ( 0 . 5 M ; 0 . 1 0 . 5 microliter ) microinjected at 9 / 12 PAG and 8 / 10 LRF sites suppressed the reflex , and had no effect or facilitated the reflex from the remaining sites . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Glutamate microinjections into some sites of the PAG and adjoining VT reduced , but did not abolish , spinal neuronal responses to noxious skin heating . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These findings , together with the findings that motor endplates in urethral sphincter muscle contain PAG and PAG like immunostaining in dmnX motoneurons was decreased after axotomy , suggest that glutamate is a co transmitter of acetylcholine in motoneurons . ^^^ However , they showed intense PAG like immunoreactivity at their premature stage , suggesting that glutamate has some effects on the maturation of these neurons . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| It is suggested that leucine , because PAG has been implicated in the supply of transmitter glutamate , might be an important regulator of the pool of this neurotransmitter . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) , which catalyses conversion of glutamine to glutamate , is a potential marker for glutamatergic , and possibly GABA , neurons in the central nervous system . ^^^ Since pyramidal cells are believed to be glutamatergic and large basket cells GABAergic , these results suggest that PAG plays a role in generating not only transmitter glutamate , but also GABA precursor glutamate . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In an attempt to identify glutamatergic neurons , the cerebral cortex and thalamus of the rat were examined immunohistochemically by using a monoclonal antibody against phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) , a major synthetic enzyme of transmitter glutamate in the central nervous system . ^^^ Glutamate is rather ubiquitous in the mammalian central nervous system , and it is still debatable whether the monoclonal antibody to PAG from brain mitochondria can distinguish transmitter related glutaminase from the other metabolism related ones . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The greatest number of double labeled glutamate like immunoreactive neurons were observed in the zona incerta , spinal trigeminal nucleus , cuneiform nucleus , cingulate cortex , cerebellar interpositus nucleus , deep mesencephalic nucleus and the PAG itself . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In rats , microinjection of the opioid agonist morphine ( 15 45 nmol / 0 . 5 microliter ) and the excitatory amino acid monosodium glutamate ( 30 60 nmol / 0 . 5 microliter ) into identical brainstem sites within the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray matter ( PAG ; 23 sites ) and the rostral ventromedial medulla ( RVM ; 22 sites ) produced an increase of tail flick and hot plate response latencies . ^^^ At both PAG and RVM sites , there was a statistically significant relationship between the effect obtained with morphine and with glutamate on the two nociceptive responses . ^^^ While morphine and glutamate produced indistinguishable inhibition of tail flick and hot plate response latencies in the PAG , the tail flick inhibition following RVM morphine , but not RVM glutamate , displayed a clear plateau . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In urethane anesthetized , tubocurarine immobilized artificially ventilated rats , the following results were observed : ( 1 ) Sodium glutamate ( Glu ) microinjection into the caudal ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray matter ( PAG ) produced a marked rise in blood pressure . ( 2 ) This effect was attenuated by phentolamine or propranolol but not by atropine , injected bilaterally into the rostral ventrolateral medulla ( RVL ) , indicating that this pressor response is mediated by RVL and alpha and beta receptors . ( 3 ) Propranolol injection into RVL also attenuated the pressor response induced by electrical stimulation of the nucleus parabrachialis ventralis ( NPV ) , while the pressor response initiated by injecting Glu into the same area ( NPV ) was not affected . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Selective activation of cell bodies with microinjection of glutamate into the PAG reduced the activity of 6 of 8 cells whereas glutamate injections into midbrain RF reduced the activity of only 3 of 13 neurons . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The descending inhibition of neuronal responses by focal electrical stimulation or glutamate microinjections in the periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) or rostral ventromedial medulla ( RVM ) was quantitatively studied on 61 spinal neurons in halothane N2O anesthetized paralyzed rats . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To address whether morphine inhibits spinal nociceptive transmission when given into the brainstem , the effects of focal electrical stimulation and monosodium S glutamate ( Glu ) given in the periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) , the locus coeruleus / subcoeruleus ( LC / SC ) and / or the nucleus raphe magnus ( NRM ) on spinal unit responses to noxious heating ( 50 degrees C ) of the skin were examined and compared with effects produced by morphine ( Mor ) . ^^^ Focal electrical stimulation , glutamate and morphine modulated spinal nociceptive transmission by activation of descending inhibitory systems whose cell bodies of origin are in the PAG , the LC / SC or the NRM . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The ontogenetic development of the enzymes phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) , glutamate dehydrogenase ( GLDH ) , glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase ( GOT ) , glutamine synthetase ( GS ) , and ornithine delta aminotransferase ( Orn T ) was followed in cerebellum in vivo and in cultured cerebellar granule cells . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In the present study , selected receptor antagonists were microinjected into the medial medullary nucleus raphe magnus ( NRM ) to determine whether descending inhibition of the tail flick ( TF ) reflex in the rat produced by focal electrical stimulation in the midbrain PAG was mediated by serotonin , opioid , or glutamate receptors on bulbospinal neurons in the NRM . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Co localization experiments suggest that glutamate and glutaminase are in fact co contained within the same PAG neurons . ^^^ Aspartate aminotransferase like immunoreactive neurons were distributed in a pattern similar to glutamate and glutaminase with the exception that fewer cells were stained in the dorsocaudal and the rostral third of the PAG . ^^^ Aspartate like immunoreactive neurons were less numerous than glutamate like immunoreactive cells and were located in the lateral aspect of the PAG . ^^^ These results demonstrate a specific and distinct distribution of glutamate and aspartate immunoreactive neurons and support recent data suggesting that glutamate and aspartate serve as excitatory neurotransmitters in the PAG . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The specific activity ( s . a . ) of PAG , a glutamate producing enzyme , decreased ( 50 % ) in the homogenate after 120 hr starvation . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The present study therefore quantitatively compares the descending inhibition produced by focal electrical stimulation which indiscriminatively excites all neuronal elements with the inhibition evoked by glutamate microinjections which selectively excite cell bodies at the same sites within the midbrain periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) and neighboring lateral reticular formation ( LRF ) and within the medullary nucleus raphe magnus ( NRM ) . ^^^ At 4 of 10 sites within the PAG glutamate reduced spinal neuronal responses to heat in 4 different cats to 69 . 4 + / 6 . 1 % of control . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Microinjection of glutamate ( GLU , 0 . 1 0 . 3 microliter , 0 . 5 M ) into the PAG rapidly ( within 15 s ) suppressed ( to 13 55 % of control ) the responses of 6 / 16 neurons with recovery within 8 min . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) mediating the conversion of glutamine to glutamate and ammonia , appears to be the major glutamate metabolizing enzyme in brain . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The administration of the excitatory amino acid glutamate into the periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) or ventromedial medulla ( VM ) resulted in a reliable , short lasting elevation in the tail flick and hot plate response latencies in rats . ^^^ The prior intrathecal administration of methysergide ( 30 micrograms ) or phentolamine ( 30 micrograms ) into the lumbar space produced a significant antagonism of the elevated tail flick reflex latencies evoked by glutamate given into the PAG and VM . ^^^ Intrathecal naloxone ( 10 micrograms ) significantly antagonized the effects on tail flick produced by VM , but not PAG , injections of glutamate . ^^^ These results indicate that the excitation of glutamate receptor linked systems in the PAG and VM exert a powerful antireflexive effect on spinal processing by the activation of spinopetal monoamine pathways , but that their mechanisms do not totally overlap as the VM systems also directly or indirectly activate a naloxone sensitive link in the spinal cord . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Vasodilator responses were only elicited by microinjections of glutamate ions ( which excite only cell bodies ) into a much more restricted region : the periaqueductal grey ( PAG ) in the midbrain , and the ventromedial nucleus in the hypothalamus . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The actions of serotonin , quipazine , norepinephrine , dopamine and acetylcholine ( ACh ) were tested against the background activity , the activity evoked by glutamate pulses or the excitation of RST cells by stimulation in the PAG . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These results indicate that the major if not the exclusive biosynthetic pathway of neurotransmitter glutamate in rat cerebral cortex is through the PAG reaction and support a model for the pathway followed by neurotransmitter glutamate i . e . glutamate formed outside the inner mitochondrial membrane has to enter the mitochondrial matrix or is formed within it from where it can be extruded to supply the transmitter pool in exchange of GABA . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Progressive decrease in brain [ 5 15N ] glutamine , PAG catalysed production of 15NH4+ and its subsequent assimilation into glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase were monitored in vivo by 15N n . m . r . ^^^ The in vivo PAG activity , determined from the observed rate and the quantity of 15NH4+ produced and subsequently assimilated into glutamate and aspartate , was 0 . 9 1 . 3 mumol / h per g . ^^^ The result strongly suggests that , in intact brain , PAG activity is maintained at a low level by a suboptimal in situ concentration of Pi and the strong inhibitory effect of glutamate . ^^^ The observed PAG activity in vivo is lower than the reported in vivo activity of glutamate decarboxylase which converts glutamate into gamma aminobutyrate ( GABA ) . ^^^ The result suggests that PAG catalysed hydrolysis of glutamine is not the sole provider of glutamate used for GABA synthesis . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Vagal bradycardia evoked by microinjection of glutamate into the nucleus ambiguus ( NA ) region was markedly suppressed by the PAG ( percentage of inhibition = 85 . 9 + / 9 . 1 % ; n = 9 ) , an indication that vagal cardiac preganglionic neurons at this site were subject to the inhibitory action of the PAG . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Regulation of phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) by glutamate analogues . ^^^ The ability of structural analogues of glutamate ( GLU ) to modulate phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) was assessed in the present series of studies . ^^^ The glutamate uptake blockers , dihydrokainic acid and DL threo beta hydroxyaspartic acid were relatively weak inhibitors of PAG ( < 25 % inhibition ) as were the receptor agonists , ibotenic acid and ( + ) cis 2 , 3 piperidine dicarboxylic acid . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The present results indicate that in the cerebellum : 1 ) Neurotransmitter glutamate is mostly synthesized through the phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) reaction 2 ) It is further supported that glutamate released in Ca ( 2+ ) dependent manner before entering its pool in the cytosol has to move into the mitochondrial matrix . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Both PAG and PIndG remained unaffected by SHA or HE , indicating that they do not contribute to the cerebral glutamine / glutamate imbalance associated with both conditions . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Since glutamate and excitatory amino acid ( EAA ) receptors are also active in the RVM , the present study evaluated whether either competitive ( AP 7 ) or non competitive ( MK 801 ) N methyl D aspartate ( NMDA ) antagonists or a kainate / AMPA ( CNQX ) antagonist microinjected into the RVM altered morphine ( 2 . 5 micrograms ) analgesia elicited from the PAG as measured by the tail flick and jump tests . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The opioid receptor desensitization in PAG and thalamus appeared to be heterologous since the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists , L AP 4 and glutamate , and the 5 hydroxytryptamine ( 5 HT ) 1A receptor agonist , R ( + ) 8 hydroxy 2 ( di n propylamino ) tetralin hydrobromide ( 8 OH DPAT ) , also showed reduced inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity following chronic morphine treatment . 6 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The final phase of the study , which employed a combination of retrograde labeling procedures following microinjections of Fluoro Gold into defensive rage sites in the dorsal PAG and the immunocytochemical labeling of glutamatergic neurons , identified large numbers of neurons in the medial hypothalamus that were labeled positively for both Fluoro Gold and glutamate . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Retrograde transport of fluorescent latex microspheres was combined with immunocytochemistry for glutamate to determine the organization of the projections from glutamate containing neurones in the rostral hypothalamus to the different subdivisions of the periaqueductal grey ( PAG ) . ^^^ Double labelled neurones , i . e . neurones immunoreactive for glutamate and projecting to the PAG , were found throughout the rostral hypothalamus . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Immunoreactivity for the metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 ( mGluR 7 ) and that for phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) were examined in the trigeminal ( TG ) , dorsal root ( DRG ) , nodose ( NG ) , superior cervical , celiac , and pelvic ganglia of the rat . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The aim of this study was to determine if immunoreactivity for phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) , an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of glutamate and a putative marker for neurons that use glutamate as a neurotransmitter , is present within respiratory neurons in the ventrolateral medulla oblongata . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Although a prominent role for glutamate in PAG mechanisms is supported by both behavioural and morphological studies , whether PAG afferents conveying somatosensory information constitute a source of glutamatergic input to the PAG remains unknown . ^^^ Here , we have compared the projection pattern of orthogradely labelled spinoannular fibres with the distribution of glutamate like immunoreactivity in the PAG at the light microscopic level . ^^^ These findings reveal that glutamate is accumulated in synaptic terminals of the spinoannular system , supporting a neurotransmitter role for this acidic amino acid in spinofugal afferents to the PAG . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Microinjections of 1 glutamic acid ( glutamate , 0 . 6 to 60 nmol / rat ) or N methyl d aspartic acid ( NMDA , 0 . 07 to 7 nmol / rat ) into the PAG area of freely moving Brattleboro rats induced increases of arterial blood pressure values significantly lower than those obtained in Long Evans rats ( control ) ( glutamate in Brattleboro rats : from +2+ / 1 mmHg to 16+ / 3 mmHg ; glutamate in Long Evans rats : from +16+ / 2 mmHg to +36+ / 4 mmHg ; NMDA in Brattleboro rats : from +5+ / 2 mmHg to +34 + / 8 mmHg ; NMDA in Long Evans rats : from +18+ / 7 mmHg to 80+ / 9 mmHg ; n=5 ) . ^^^ Our results document : 1 ) the importance of the PAG area in the control of cardiovascular system ; 2 ) the involvement of excitatory amino acids in the neural control of vasopressin release ; 3 ) the close relationship between glutamate and vasopressin in the central blood pressure regulation . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In the PAG , sst 2 ( a ) receptor expressing neurones were found to co express calbindin D28k ( 36 % ) , the glutamate transporter EAAC 1 ( 25 % ) , and GABA transporter GAT 1 ( approximately 10 % ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Intra PAG CSA induced an increase in mean blood pressure partially antagonized by ( 2S ) alpha ethylglutamic acid ( EGA ) , a group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors ( mGluRs ) antagonist . ^^^ These data show that the excitatory amino acid CSA , probably by stimulating an mGluR , contributes with glutamate in modulating cardiovascular function at the PAG matter . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The present study showed that ( 1 ) Excitation of the AC by glutamate ( Glu ) or injection of SP into the AC projection areas : locus coeruleus ( LC ) , nucleus parabrachialis ( NPB ) , periaqueductal gray matter ( PAG ) or lateral hypothalamus perifornical region ( LH / PF ) , all elicited pressor response . ( 2 ) Preinjection of DPDPDT ( a SP antagonist ) into bilateral LC , NPB , PAG or LH / PF could attenuate the AC pressor response to Glu . ( 3 ) Intra RVLM ( rostral ventrolateral medulla ) preinjection of either phentolamine , propranolol or atropine ( but not GDEE , a Glu antagonist ) could also reduce the AC pressor response . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These data show that stimulation of PAG ' s group II / group 2 mGluRs increases 5 HT release , while stimulation of NMDA glutamate receptors may decrease it . ^^^ We speculate that glutamate does not modulate 5 HT release in the PAG directly , but via activation of tonically active GABAergic interneurons . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This study measured the release of glutamate ( Glu ) and aspartate ( Asp ) amino acid transmitters in the ventrocaudal compartment of the rat periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) following exposure to unilateral peripheral inflammation . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The contribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors ( mGluRs ) to the modulation of nociception by the periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) matter was investigated in mice . ^^^ Intra PAG microinjection of LH , an agonist of ionotropic glutamate receptors , induced a dose dependent analgesia which was blocked by pretreatment with DL AP 5 , a selective antagonist of NMDA receptors . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| After injections of glutamate receptor antagonists into the periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) regions where the AC projected , the forebrain elicited vocalization ( FEV ) was suppressed completely . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The results showed that : ( 1 ) microinjection of glutamate into the lateral hypothalamus perifornical region ( LH / PF ) or SP into LH projection areas : the locus coeruleus ( LC ) , periaqueductal gray matter ( PAG ) or nucleus parabrachialis ( NPB ) , respectively , all could induce pressor response ; ( 2 ) preinjection of DPDPDT ( a substance P antagonist ) into the LC , PAG ( but not NPB ) reduced the LH / PF pressor response ; ( 3 ) intra RVL ( rostral ventrolateral medulla ) injection of phentolamine , propranolol or atropine also markedly attenuated the LH / PF pressor response . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Glutamate and GABA are important nociception modulating transmitters in specific brain regions , i . e . the spinal cord , the thalamic nuclei and the periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) . ^^^ To address this issue , an in vivo microdialysis study was carried out in freely moving rats in order to analyze PAG extracellular glutamate and GABA concentrations following unilateral formalin injection into the dorsal skin of the right hind paw . ^^^ Because naloxone prevented the decrease of GABA and glutamate release induced by formalin , this study shows that , in vivo , a nociceptive stimulation may activate opioidergic fibres into the PAG . ^^^ However , we found that intra PAG perfusion with tetrodotoxin only decreased GABA , but not glutamate dialysate values . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The role played by periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) matter metabotropic glutamate receptors ( mGluRs ) in the modulation of persistent noxious stimulation was investigated in mice . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| A formalin injection in the hindpaw of the rat increased glutamate , arginine and aspartate concentration in PAG dialysates . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| It is indicated that the pool of PAG localized inside the inner mitochondrial membrane is dormant due to the presence of high concentrations of the inhibitor glutamate . ^^^ The activity of this pool of PAG appears to be regulated by compounds in the cytosol , of which glutamate may be most important . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Other data suggest KLTP and depotentiation in right Amygdalo PAG may reflect changes in glutamate receptor density / synapse number . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| PAG in the soluble fraction has properties similar to that of the monomeric form of purified enzyme and is assumed to be dormant due to the high matrix concentration of the inhibitor glutamate . ^^^ The activity of PAG in vivo is assumed to be regulated by cytosolic glutamate and other compounds , that affect the activation by phosphate . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible contribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors ( mGluRs ) to cannabinoid induced antinociception in the periaqueductal grey ( PAG ) matter of rats . ^^^ This study suggests that endogenous glutamate could tonically modulate nociception through mGlu and NMDA receptors in the PAG matter . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| PC 12 cells express two glutamate metabolizing enzymes , glutamine synthetase ( GS ) and glutamate decarboxylase ( GAD ) , as well as the glutamate producing enzyme , phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Evidence suggests that several neurotransmitters facilitate defensive rage within the PAG and medial hypothalamus , including glutamate , Substance P , and cholecystokinin , and that opioid peptides suppress it ; these effects usually depend on the subtype of receptor that is activated . 5 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The purinergic drugs were microinjected into two brainstem areas the periaqueductal grey matter ( PAG ) and the area of the Barrington nucleus / locus coeruleus ( LC ) only after electrical stimulation ( 50 Hz , 1 ms , 30 50 microA ; n ( PAG ) = 17 ; n ( LC ) = 18 ) and the microinjection of glutamate ( 2 mM , pH 7 . 4+ / 0 . 1 ; n ( PAG ) = 16 ; n ( LC ) = 16 ) had shown increases of bladder pressure and / or rate of bladder contractions and / or pelvic nerve activity at specific sites . ^^^ Electrical and glutamate activation of PAG evoked an increase of arterial blood pressure . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The formalin test was used to investigate the interactive role of periaqueductal grey ( PAG ) N methyl D aspartate ( NMDA ) and metabotropic glutamate ( mGlu ) receptors in the modulation of persistent noxious stimulation in mice . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These data suggest that astrocytic PAG is actively involved in determining the equilibrium between intracellular glutamate and glutamine . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| RATIONALE : Glutamate antagonists microinjected into the dorsolateral PAG ( DLPAG ) show an anxiolytic like profile in the elevated plus maze . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In contrast , neuronal profiles with NK 1 receptor in both the PAG and the DRN often contained immunolabeling for glutamate . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Neurons with the characteristics of the noncholinergic / nonGABAergic cells contain phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) , the synthetic enzyme for transmitter glutamate and may thus be glutamatergic . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) is the major enzyme involved in the synthesis of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in cortical neurons of the mammalian cerebral cortex . ^^^ We here present PAG as a neurochemical marker to map excitatory cortical neurons that use the amino acid glutamate as their neurotransmitter in cat visual cortex . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Application of combination of capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence : measurement of glutamate and arginine in PAG microdialytes of conscions morphine withdrawal rats ] . ^^^ Using the optimized condition of amino acid derivatization , we investigated the changes in L arginine ( L Arg ) and L glutamate ( L Glu ) concentration in periaqueductal gray matter ( PAG ) microdialytes of free moving morphine withdrawal rats . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| On the one side we find the cluster panic periaqueductal gray PAG lateral septum gyrus cinguli glutamate opioids attachment parasympathetic autonomic nerve system trophotorphic state hypometabolism freeze reaction dissociation , on the other side the cluster fear enemy sympathetic autonomic nerve system ergotrophic state hypermetabolism fight and flight cognition and learning . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The concentrations of glutamate in periaqueductal grey ( PAG ) of morphine withdrawal rats were determined by capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection . ^^^ The glutamate concentrations in PAG microdialysis were increased to a maximal level 15 min after naloxone injection . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Besides , the PAG is rich in glutamate and respective receptors , including the N methyl d aspartic acid ( NMDA ) type . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor ( mGluR ) activation on GABAergic synaptic transmission in rat periaqueductal grey ( PAG ) neurons was examined using whole cell patch clamp recordings in brain slices . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In addition , Pb induces decreased activity of phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) , which plays a role in glutamate metabolism . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In this study , we examined the role of nitric oxide within the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter ( PAG ) , a higher center integrating nociceptive reflexes , on cardiovascular responses and glutamate release during both mechanical and thermal nociception using anesthetized Sprague Dawley rats . ^^^ Mechanical stimulation of a hindlimb increased mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) , heart rate ( HR ) , and extracellular fluid glutamate within PAG by 20+ / 3 mmHg , 37+ / 6 bpm , and 1 . 7+ / 0 . 3 ng / 5 microl , respectively ( n=10 ) . ^^^ Bilateral microdialysis of L arginine ( 1 . 0 microM ) , a NO precursor , into the PAG significantly attenuated MAP , HR , and glutamate increases during a mechanical stimulation . ^^^ These results demonstrate that NO within the dorsolateral PAG plays a role in modulating cardiovascular responses by altering glutamate concentrations during both thermal and mechanical nociception . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In order to determine the input of vocalization controlling regions of the midbrain periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) , wheat germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase was injected in six squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus ) at PAG sites yielding vocalization when injected with the glutamate agonist homocysteic acid . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In this study we determined the levels of expression of phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) , which converts glutamine to glutamate , and glutamine synthetase ( GS ) , which converts glutamate to glutamine , with the hypothesis that thalamic PAG and GS transcript expression is altered in schizophrenia . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This study was undertaken to analyze the involvement of periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) cannabinoid or group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors in the formalin induced changes on the rostral ventromedial medulla ( RVM ) ON and OFF cells activities . ^^^ Moreover , the physiological stimulation of PAG mGlu 5 , but not mGlu 1 glutamate receptors , seems to be required for the cannabinoid mediated effect . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Blockade of the ipsilateral PLA site with iontophoretically application of the glutamate antagonist kynurenic acid did not impede either echolocation or communication calls elicited from the PAG . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We investigated the role of group 3 metabotropic glutamate ( mGlu ) receptors on glutamate and GABA releases at the periaqueductal grey ( PAG ) level by using in vivo microdialysis in rats . ^^^ Intra PAG perfusion with forskolin ( 100 microM ) , an activator of adenylate cyclase , increased dialysate glutamate and GABA levels . ^^^ Moreover , intra PAG perfusion with N [ 2 ( p bromocinnamyl amino ) ethyl ] 5 isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride ( H 89 ) ( 100 microM ) , a protein kinase ( PKA ) inhibitor , abolished the effect of ( S ) 3 , 4 DCPG on both glutamate and GABA releases . ^^^ These data suggest that group 3 mGlu receptors in the PAG modulate the releases of glutamate and GABA conversely . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In four squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus ) , the tracer biotin dextranamine ( BDA ) was injected into the ventrolateral pons at a site at which injection of the glutamate antagonist kynurenic acid blocked vocalization electrically elicited from the periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Amounts of glutamate metabolizing enzymes such as glutamate dehydrogenase ( GDH ) , glutamine synthetase ( GS ) , GS like protein ( GSLP ) , and phosphate activated glutaminase ( PAG ) were compared in prefrontal cortex of control subjects and patients with Alzheimer disease ( AD ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Gln taken up by several organs is split by the intramitochondrial phosphate activated enzyme glutaminase ( PAG ) into glutamate ( Glu ) and ammonia . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Glutamate NMDA receptor activation within the periaqueductal gray ( PAG ) leads to antinociceptive , autonomic and behavioral responses characterized as the fear reaction . ^^^ These results strongly suggest the involvement of NO within the PAG in the antinociceptive and defensive reactions induced by local glutamate NMDA receptor activation in this midbrain structure . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q06830 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|