| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We report here that exhibiting glutamate immunoreactivity are present in both the LDT and PPT . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The effects of glutamate on the activity of PPT cholinergic cells were studied by microinjection of one of the three different doses of L glutamate ( 0 . 3 , 1 . 0 , and 3 . 0 microg ) or saline ( vehicle control ) into the PPT cholinergic cell compartment while quantifying the effects on wakefulness and sleep in free moving chronically instrumented cats . ^^^ Microinjection of 0 . 3 and 1 . 0 microg doses of L glutamate into the cholinergic cell compartment of the PPT increased the total amount of REM sleep in a dose dependent manner . ^^^ The results show that the microinjection of the excitatory amino acid L glutamate into the PPT cholinergic cell compartments can increase wakefulness and / or REM sleep depending on the L glutamate dosage . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The increase in the level of PPT mRNA was blocked in rats previously subjected to nigrostriatal deafferentation ( i . e . , 6 hydroxydopamine lesion ) or pretreated with D 1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 ( 0 . 1 mg / kg ) , the D 2 receptor antagonist eticlopride ( 0 . 5 mg / kg ) , or the N methyl D aspartate ( NMDA ) glutamate receptor antagonist MK 801 ( 0 . 1 mg / kg ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Moreover , increase of the intracellular NH ( + ) ( 4 ) level caused by PPT ( DL phosphinotricin ) resulted in an immediate cessation of MA , glutamine and glutamate uptake . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In the present study , acetylcholine and glutamate release in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus ( PPT ) during the sleep waking cycle were investigated by in vivo microdialysis . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To test this hypothesis , one of four different doses of the excitatory amino acid L glutamate ( 15 , 30 , 60 , and 90 ng ) or saline ( control vehicle ) was microinjected unilaterally into the PPT while the effects on wakefulness and sleep were quantified in freely moving chronically instrumented rats . ^^^ Microinjection of 15 ng ( 0 . 08 nmol ) and 30 ng ( 0 . 16 nmol ) doses of L glutamate into the PPT increased the total amount of REM sleep . ^^^ These results show that the L glutamate microinjection into the PPT can increase wakefulness and / or REM sleep depending on the dosage . ^^^ In addition , the results of this study led to the identification of the PPT dosage of L glutamate that optimally induces wakefulness and REM sleep . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Microinjection of the excitatory amino acid , L glutamate into the brainstem pedunculo pontine tegmentum ( PPT ) has been shown to induce wakefulness , however , it has been unclear that receptors mediate this effect . ^^^ The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that in the PPT , L glutamate induces cortical activation and wakefulness via activation of NMDA receptors . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Glutamate , the neurotransmitter , enhances rapid eye movement ( REM ) sleep when microinjected into the brain stem pedunculopontine tegmentum ( PPT ) of the cat and rat . ^^^ Glutamate and its various receptors are normally present in the PPT cholinergic cell compartment . ^^^ The aim of this study was to identify which specific receptor ( s ) in the cholinergic cell compartment of the PPT are involved in glutamate induced REM sleep . ^^^ To identify these glutamate induced REM sleep generating receptor ( s ) in the PPT cholinergic cell compartment , specific receptors were pharmacologically blocked differentially by localized pretreatment of specific glutamate receptor antagonists ; glutamate was then microinjected into the PPT cholinergic cell compartment while quantifying the effects on REM sleep in freely moving chronically instrumented rats . ^^^ These findings suggest , for the first time , that the activation of kainate receptors within the cholinergic cell compartment of the PPT is an essential portion of the mechanism for the generation of glutamate induced REM sleep in the rat . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Microinjections of the excitatory amino acid , L glutamate into the cholinergic cell compartment of the pedunculopontine tegmentum ( PPT ) of the rat induces both wakefulness and / or rapid eye movement ( REM ) sleep depending on the glutamate dosage . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| PPT shares structural analogy with glutamate , which could explain its powerful inhibitory effect on glutamine synthetase and its probable binding to glutamate receptors . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Methionine sulfoximine , like phosphinothricin ( PPT ) , the active agent in the herbicide BASTA , is a glutamate analogue that inhibits growth of wildtype Arabidopsis plants through its action on glutamine synthetase . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The long lasting increase in variability of respiratory parameters following glutamate microinjection into PPT in anesthetized , spontaneously breathing Sprague Dawley rats was more pronounced under ketamine than nembutal anesthesia . ^^^ Although the baseline spontaneous breathing patterns ( mean values of all respiratory parameters and their variabilities ) were equivalent under ketamine and nembutal anesthesia , different anesthetic agents did affect respiratory responses to PPT stimulation by glutamate in terms of latency , duration , and structure . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Derivatives of methionine sulfoximine ( MSO ) and phosphinothrycin ( PPT ) , which are analogues of glutamate , exhibit selective herbicidal activity . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To address this question , we investigated the impact of selective ER agonists for either ERalpha , PPT , or ERbeta , DPN , to prevent neurodegeneration in cultured hippocampal neurons exposed to excitotoxic glutamate . ^^^ Using three indicators of neuronal viability and survival , we demonstrated that both the ERalpha selective agonist PPT and the ERbeta selective agonist DPN protected hippocampal neurons against glutamate induced cell death in a dose dependent manner , with the maximal response occurring at 100 pM . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Baseline pressure pain threshold ( PPT ) was lower ( 143+ / 18 ( TM ) vs . 269+ / 17 ( CON ) kPa ) ( mean+ / SEM ) , pain intensity ( visual analogue scale , VAS ) higher ( 33+ / 5 vs . 2+ / 1mm ) , muscle 5 HT higher ( 22 . 9+ / 6 . 7 vs . 3 . 8+ / 1 . 3 nmol / l ) , and glutamate higher ( 47+ / 3 vs . 36+ / 4 micromol / l ) in TM than in CON ( all P < 0 . 05 ) , whereas muscle blood flow was similar in groups . ^^^ In conclusion , patients with chronic work related TM have increased levels of muscle 5 HT and glutamate that were correlated to pain intensity ( r=0 . 55 , P < 0 . 001 ) and PPT ( r= 0 . 47 , P < 0 . 001 ) , respectively . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The glutamate evoked muscle pain intensity and pressure pain threshold ( PPT ) were assessed . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Two barrel glass pipettes were used to pressure inject glutamate , to probe for respiratory effective sites within the PPT , and to inject oil red dye at the end of the experiments for histological verification of the injection sites . ^^^ The initial response to glutamate injection into the respiratory modulating region of the PPT was always a respiratory pattern disturbance . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| DESIGN : We examined the impact of serotonin and noradrenaline at respiratory control sites in the PPT functionally identified by immediate apnea of 2 . 5 to 10 second duration , followed by increased variability of breath time ( CVT ( T ) ) ( P < . 04 ) after locally injecting glutamate in anesthetized rats . ^^^ Serotonin or noradrenaline injected at the same sites as glutamate had equal impact on CVT ( T ) ( P = . 34 ) and on mean total apnea duration ( P = . 80 ) , but pretreatment of PPT sites with serotonin blocked ( remained equal to preinjection ; P = . 11 ) , whereas pretreatment with noradrenaline potentiated ( P = . 04 ) the increment of respiratory timing variability induced by glutamate . ^^^ The serotonergic blocking effect on glutamate induced respiratory dysrhythmia was specific to the PPT : the respiratory responses induced by glutamate injection outside the PPT were not modulated by serotonin ( for CVT ( T ) , P = . 46 , and for mean apnea duration , P = . 99 ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Glutamate 100mM significantly reduced the PPT values ( P < 0 . 001 ) without sex related differences . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The present paper analyses the alterations in sensitivity , specificity and in the positive predictive value ( PPV ) of GGT as a state marker of alcohol abuse when used either alone or in combination with glutamate pyruvate transaminases ( SGPT ) , glutamate oxalacetate ( SGOT ) and mean corpuscular volume ( MCV ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P53041 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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