Pubmed abstracts for Protein-Protein Interaction search result :

Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , a monoclonal antibody , suitable for immunohistochemistry ( IHC ) in human post mortem tissue , was produced to the human astrocytic glutamate transporter EAAT 2 ( excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
About 60 % 70 % of sporadic ALS patients have a 30 % 95 % loss of the astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 ( excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ) protein in motor cortex and spinal cord . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of the human excitatory amino acid transporter 2 and metabotropic glutamate receptors 3 and 5 in the prefrontal cortex from normal individuals and patients with schizophrenia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Gene expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 in the schizophrenic hippocampus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter and the greater part of this amino acid is removed from the synaptic cleft by excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ( EAAT 2 ) located on perisynaptic astrocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Glutamate mediated neurotoxicity and a reduced expression of the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ( EAAT 2 ) have been described in the pathogenesis of several acute and chronic neurological conditions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
There is evidence for altered expression and function of glial glutamate transporters in ALS , particularly excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ( EAAT 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It is well recognized that glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter , which is removed from the synaptic cleft by excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ( EAAT 2 ) located on the perisynaptic astrocytes and that neuronal death has been associated with an increased extracellular glutamate concentration . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Insights into glutamate transport regulation in human astrocytes : cloning of the promoter for excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ( EAAT 2 ) . ^^^ Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ( EAAT 2 ) is a major glutamate transporter in the brain expressed primarily in astrocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Glutamate is predominantly cleared by glial cells through the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ( EAAT 2 ) and its subsequent conversion to glutamine by the glial enzyme glutamine synthetase ( GS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ectopic expression of AEG 1 inhibits excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ( EAAT 2 ) promoter activity with the potential to promote glutamate excitotoxicity and consequently HIV 1 associated dementia ( HAD ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , the abundances of the two major isoforms of human excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ( EAAT 2 ) or its rat ortholog , glutamate transporter 1 , have never been compared in a quantitative manner . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Platelets contain a glutamate uptake system and express components of the glutamate glutamine cycle , such as the predominant glial excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ( EAAT 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We assessed the effect of HIV infection on glutamate transporter expression as well as on glutamate uptake by macrophages and showed that glutamate transport was partially decreased in the course of virus replication , whereas excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ( EAAT 2 ) gene expression was dramatically increased . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These currents were produced by glutamate aspartate transporters ( GLAST ) ( excitatory amino acid transporter 1 ) because they were weakly inhibited by dihydrokainate , an antagonist of glutamate transporter 1 ( excitatory amino acid transporter 2 ) and were absent from IPCs in GLAST / cochleas . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Molecular cloning of human brain glutamate / aspartate transporter 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three glutamate transporters expressed in human motor cortex , termed EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 , and EAAT 3 ( for excitatory amino acid transporter ) , have been characterized by their molecular cloning and functional expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , even in the absence of L glutamate , the membrane conductance of oocytes expressing EAAT 1 was significantly increased relative to oocytes expressing EAAT 2 or control oocytes . ^^^ Whereas transport mediated by EAAT 2 is blocked by the non transported competitive glutamate analog kainate ( Ki = 14 microM ) , EAAT 1 is relatively insensitive ( Ki > 3 mM ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have isolated the mouse cDNA for EAAT 2 , a neurotransmitter transporter that shares extensive amino acid sequence homology with one of several previously cloned high affinity glutamate transporters . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , arachidonic acid increased transport mediated by EAAT 2 , a subtype abundantly expressed in forebrain and midbrain , by causing the apparent affinity for glutamate to increase more than 2 fold . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The following four glutamate transporters have been identified in human brain : EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 , EAAT 3 , and EAAT 4 . ^^^ The defect appears to be due to a selective loss of the astroglial specific glutamate transporter protein EAAT 2 . ^^^ There was no quantitative change in mRNA for EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 , or EAAT 3 in ALS motor cortex , even in patients with a large loss of EAAT 2 protein ( 95 % decrease compared with control ) and decreased tissue glutamate transport ( 73 % decrease compared with control ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
L Cysteine was transported by the neuronal subtype EAAT 3 ( EAAC 1 ) with an affinity constant of 190 microM and a maximal rate of flux similar to that of L glutamate ; the relative efficacies ( Vmax / K ( m ) ) of the EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 subtypes for transporting L cysteine were 10 to 20 fold lower . 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Up to now , blockers were available only for EAAT 2 , whereas all the inhibitors of glutamate uptake active on the other subtypes were proved to be substrates of the transporters . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This requirement is handled by a family of glutamate transporters , EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 , EAAT 3 , and EAAT 4 . ^^^ EAAT 2 was the most prominent glutamate transporter subtype and was highly enriched in cortex , basal ganglia , cerebellum , and thalamus in all ages examined . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Astrocytes express two types of glutamate transporters , GLAST ( EAAT 1 ) and GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Alternative splicing of the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 ( GLT 1 ) . ^^^ The human glutamate transporter EAAT 2 ( GLT 1 ) is of major importance for synaptic glutamate reuptake , and reportedly , a candidate gene for neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , Alzheimer ' s disease and epilepsy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cross linking of cerebellar proteins with bis ( sulfosuccinimidyl ) suberate before solubilization causes dimer bands of EAAT 4 and both dimer and trimer bands of the other glutamate transporters GLAST ( EAAT 1 ) and GLT ( EAAT 2 ) to appear on immunoblots . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mutations in the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 gene do not cause abnormal EAAT 2 transcripts in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . ^^^ Recently , variant mRNA transcripts for the astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 have been detected in brain tissues of 60 % of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( SALS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Serine O sulphate transport by the human glutamate transporter , EAAT 2 . 1 . ^^^ The EC 50 values for L glutamate and D aspartate transport , by EAAT 2 , were also relatively constant over this membrane potential range . 3 . ^^^ This effect was most apparent for L serine O sulphate transport , and to a lesser extent for L glutamate and not at all for D aspartate transport by EAAT 2 . 4 . ^^^ We speculate that these different properties of L serine O sulphate transport by EAAT 2 compared to other substrates may be due to the much stronger acidity of the sulphate group of L serine O sulphate compared to carboxyl groups of L glutamate or D aspartate . 6 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have investigated the mechanism of action of a series of glutamate derivatives on the cloned excitatory amino acid transporters 1 and 2 ( EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 ) , expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes . ^^^ In particular , ( 2S , 4R ) 4 methylglutamate and 4 methylene glutamate were transported by EAAT 1 , with Km values of 54 microM and 391 microM , respectively , but potently blocked glutamate transport by EAAT 2 , with Kb values of 3 . 4 microM and 39 microM , respectively . ^^^ Indeed , ( 2S , 4R ) 4 methylglutamate is the most potent blocker of EAAT 2 yet described . ( + / ) Threo 3 methylglutamate also potently blocked glutamate transport by EAAT 2 ( Kb = 18 microM ) , but was inactive on EAAT 1 as either a substrate or a blocker at concentrations up to 300 microM . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , we find strong immunoreactivity for the third glutamate transporter GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) , a putatively glial transporter , in microculture neurons and in a small subset of microculture glia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Zn2+ is a noncompetitive , partial inhibitor of glutamate transport by EAAT 1 with an IC 50 value of 9 . 9 + / 2 . 3 microM and has no effect on glutamate transport by EAAT 2 at concentrations up to 300 microM . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have cloned five distinct glutamate transporters from the salamander retina and examined their localization and functional properties : sEAAT 1 , sEEAAT2A , sEAAT2B , sEAAT5A and sEAAT5B . sEAAT 1 is a homologue of the glutamate transporter EAAT 1 ( GLAST ) , sEAAT2A and sEAAT2B are homologues of EAAT 2 ( GLT 1 ) and sEAAT5A and sEAAT5B are homologues of the recently cloned human retinal glutamate transporter EAAT 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of the glial glutamate transporter protein EAAT 2 in motor neuron disease : an immunohistochemical study . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we show by quantitative immunoblotting that the numbers of the astroglial glutamate transporters GLAST ( EAAT 1 ) and GLT ( EAAT 2 ) are 3200 and 12 , 000 per micrometer 3 tissue in the stratum radiatum of adult rat hippocampus ( CA 1 ) and 18 , 000 and 2800 in the cerebellar molecular layer , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of typical astrocytic glutamate transporters EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 in U 251 glioma cells was not altered by HIV 1 infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Significant contributions have been made to the molecular biology of amino acid transport in mammals in the last 3 years , such as the construction of knockouts for the CAT 1 cationic amino acid transporter and the EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 glutamate transporters , as well as a growing number of studies aimed to elucidate the structure function relationship of the amino acid transporter . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Identification of functional domains of the human glutamate transporters EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By immunohistochemistry , HNE protein modification was detected in ventral horn motor neurons , and immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that one of the proteins modified by HNE was the astrocytic glutamate transporter EAAT 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunocytochemical studies indicated that Purkinje cells cultured from chick embryonic cerebellum ( embryonic day 8 ) strongly express a glutamate transporter EAAT 2 cloned from human brain ( GLT 1 in rat brain ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Splicing of the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 : a candidate gene of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To determine if reduced glutamate uptake is a contributing factor , we have measured the levels of the glutamate transporter proteins GLAST ( EAAT 1 ) and GLT ( EAAT 2 ) in human autopsy samples . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Hippocampal sections were studied for neuron densities along with IR for glutamate decarboxylase ( GAD ; presynaptic GABA terminals ) , GABA transporter 1 ( GAT 1 ; presynaptic GABA transporter ) , GAT 3 ( astrocytic GABA transporter ) , excitatory amino acid transporter 3 ( EAAT 3 ; postsynaptic glutamate transporter ) , and EAAT 2 1 ( glial glutamate transporters ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
No acute effect of oestradiol or progesterone on glutamate currents in oocytes expressing EAAT 1 or EAAT 2 subtype of glutamate transporter was observed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The RNA of the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 is variably spliced in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and normal individuals . ^^^ Impaired re uptake of synaptic glutamate , and a reduced expression of the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 have been found in the motor cortex of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Na ( + ) dependent glutamate transporters ( EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 , and EAAT 3 ) of the blood brain barrier . ^^^ Na ( + ) dependent transporters for glutamate exist on astrocytes ( EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 ) and neurons ( EAAT 3 ) . ^^^ To determine whether the above mentioned transporters participate in glutamate transport of the blood brain barrier , total RNA was extracted from bovine cerebral capillaries . cDNA for EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 , and EAAT 3 was observed , indicating that mRNA was present . ^^^ Inhibition of glutamate transport was observed using inhibitors specific for EAAT 2 ( kainic acid and dihydrokainic acid ) and EAAT 3 ( cysteine ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , glutamate regulation of glutamate transport was studied using primary murine astrocyte cultures that express the GLAST ( EAAT 1 ) and GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) transporter subtypes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Polymorphisms in the glutamate transporter gene EAAT 2 in European ALS patients . ^^^ Recent studies have shown reduced levels of the mainly astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 in ALS motor cortex and spinal cord and multiple abnormal EAAT 2 mRNA species in ALS brain tissue . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Isolation of current components and partial reaction cycles in the glial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 . ^^^ The kinetic properties of the excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT 2 were studied using rapid applications of L glutamate to outside out patches excised from transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells . ^^^ The kinetic properties of EAAT 2 , the dominant glutamate transporter in brain astrocytes , distinguish it as an efficient sink for synaptically released glutamate . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Motor neurons also have a high perisomatic expression of the glutamate transporter protein EAAT 2 and a very high expression of the cytosolic free radical scavenging enzyme Cu / Zn superoxide dismutase ( SOD 1 ) which may render this cell group vulnerable in the face of genetic or post translational alterations interfering with the function of these proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Preconditioning with cortical spreading depression decreases intraischemic cerebral glutamate levels and down regulates excitatory amino acid transporters EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 from rat cerebal cortex plasma membranes . ^^^ Down regulation of the glial glutamate transporter isoforms EAAT 2 and EAAT 1 from the PM fraction was observed at 1 , 3 , and 7 days but not at 0 or 21 days after CSD . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Variation of the genes encoding the human glutamate EAAT 2 , serotonin and dopamine transporters and Susceptibility to idiopathic generalized epilepsy . ^^^ The genotypes of 133 German IGE subjects and 223 ethnically matched controls were assessed for DNA polymorphisms of genes encoding the glutamate ( EAAT 2 ) , the serotonin ( SERT ) , and dopamine ( DAT ) transporters . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These findings suggest that in the early stage of degeneration of anterior horn cells , EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 immunoreactivity is preserved in the astrocytic foot directly attached to normal appearing neurons , whereas levels of EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 protein rather increase in the astrocytic foot directly attached to degenerated anterior horn neurons ; the latter effect most probably reduces the elevated glutamate level , compensates for the reduced function of astroglial glutamate transporters , or represents a condensation of EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 immunoreactivity secondary to loss of neurites and greater condensation of astrocytic processes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : Pharmacological inhibition of glutamate transporters with either an EAAT 2 specific inhibitor or a nonspecific inhibitor of all the subtypes of transporters was toxic to ganglion cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have investigated the functional impact of a naturally occurring mutation of the human glutamate transporter GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) , which had been detected in a patient with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential RNA cleavage and polyadenylation of the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 in the human brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Glutamate transporter EAAT 2 splice variants occur not only in ALS , but also in AD and controls . ^^^ OBJECTIVE : To ascertain the specificity of alternatively spliced mRNA variants of the astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 for ALS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Decreased glutamate uptake and a loss of the astrocytic glutamate transporter EAAT 2 ( GLT 1 ) have been shown in spinal cord and motor cortex of patients with ALS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The amino acid data are interpreted as indicating that aspartate and glutamate releases were reduced as a consequence of DL TBOA inhibition of reversed transport by high affinity , Na dependent carriers , predominantly involving the glial EAAT 2 transporter . ^^^ These results indicate that reversed transport , primarily from glial cells by the EAAT 2 carrier , is responsible for a substantial ( 42 and 56 % ) portion of the ischemia evoked increase in extracellular glutamate and aspartate levels , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To date , five distinct glutamate transporters have been cloned from animal and human tissue : GLAST ( EAAT 1 ) , GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) , EAAC 1 ( EAAT 3 ) , EAAT 4 , and EAAT 5 ( refs 1 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
There was a similar increase in mRNA levels after hypoxia in C 6 cells transfected with human EAAT 2 , whereas reoxygenation normalized the expression levels of glutamate transporters . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glutamate analog ( + / ) threo 3 methylglutamate ( T3MG ) has recently been reported to inhibit the EAAT 2 but not EAAT 1 subtype of high affinity , Na ( + ) dependent excitatory amino acid transporter ( EAAT ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 plays a major role in maintaining low levels of extracellular glutamate in the central nervous system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated the expression of GluR 2 ( glutamate receptor ) , EAAT 1 , and EAAT 2 by immunohistochemistry in formalin fixed , paraffin embedded rat spinal cords , previously subjected to experimental mechanical trauma . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The level of glutamate transporters EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 in hippocampus also increased dose dependently . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Impaired RNA splicing of 5 ' regulatory sequences of the astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 in human astrocytoma . ^^^ A loss of the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 has been reported in the neoplastic transformation of astrocytic cells and astrocytoma . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We demonstrated previously that human macrophages express the glutamate transporters excitatory amino acid transporter ( EAAT ) 1 and EAAT 2 ( which do not transport cystine , 10 system ) and overcome competition for the use of cystine transporters . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Genetic variation of the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 gene and vulnerability to alcohol dependence . ^^^ The present association study tested the candidate gene hypothesis that variation of the gene encoding the astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 confers vulnerability to alcohol dependence . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Na+ dependent glutamate transporters ( EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 , and EAAT 3 ) in primary astrocyte cultures : effect of oxidative stress . ^^^ The Na+ dependent L glutamate transporters EAAT 1 ( GLAST ) , EAAT 2 ( GLT 1 ) and EAAT 3 ( EAAC 1 ) are expressed in primary astrocyte cultures , showing that the EAAT 3 transporter is not neuron specific . ^^^ When primary astrocyte cultures were incubated with L buthionine ( S , R ) sulfoximine ( BSO ) , a selective inhibitor of gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase , the GSH concentration was significantly lower than in control cultures , but the expression and amount of protein of EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 and transport of L glutamate was unchanged . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Substrate exchange properties of the high affinity glutamate transporter EAAT 2 . ^^^ A stable cell line expressing the predominant brain glutamate transporter EAAT 2 was used for the characterization of substrate exchange as a biochemical index for discriminating between substrate and non substrate inhibitors of the cloned EAAT 2 transporter . ^^^ L Aspartate , L glutamate and L cysteate produced an equivalent degree of [ 3H ] exchange to that observed with D aspartate , although the non substrate EAAT 2 inhibitor dihydrokainate and D glutamate , which does not interact with the substrate binding site , failed to stimulate [ 3H ] D aspartate exchange . ^^^ Estimation of EC 50 values for the stimulation of [ 3H ] exchange by D aspartate , L glutamate and L trans 2 , 4 pyrollidine carboxylate ( trans PDC ) produced values that were in excellent agreement with the corresponding IC 50 values for the same compounds to inhibit EAAT 2 uptake . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , there is evidence to suggest that altered EAAT 1 expression in motor neurone disease follows a different pattern to the reported changes of EAAT 2 expression in this condition , indicating that the role of glutamate transporters in the pathogenesis of motor neurone disease appears more complex than previously appreciated . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rapid uptake of synaptically released glutamate via the high affinity glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ; EAAT 2 ) is important for limiting transmitter signalling and prevents a harmful receptor overstimulation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study is aimed to investigate whether benzodiazepines have similar effects on the two glial glutamate transporter , EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The purpose of this study was to examine changes in expression and in spatial localization of glial glutamate transporters GLAST ( EAAT 1 ) and GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) and the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC 1 ( EAAT 3 ) after spinal cord contusion injury ( SCI ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Focal loss of the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 in a transgenic rat model of SOD 1 mutant mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) . ^^^ Focal loss of the EAAT 2 glutamate transporter in the ventral horn of the spinal cord coincided with gliosis , but appeared before motor neuron / axon degeneration . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
EAAT protein localization was studied by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections using specific poly and monoclonal antibodies against the glial glutamate transporters EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 and the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT 3 . ^^^ Taken together , differences in both mRNA and protein levels of glutamate transporter subtypes were found in specific regions in the TLE hippocampus , with most severe changes found for EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 levels . ^^^ The functional consequences ( glutamate transport capacity ) of the reported changes in EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 remain to be determined . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Among the five known human EAAT subtypes , the glial carriers , EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 have the greatest impact on clearance of glutamate released during neurotransmission . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
No occurrence of the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 A206G polymorphism in schizophrenic subjects . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that both microglia and brain macrophages expressed EAAT 2 and GS in infected primates , suggesting that these cells might , like astrocytes , clear extracellular glutamate and provide glutamine to neurones . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of trans 3 , 4 conformationally restricted glutamate and pyroglutamate analogues as novel EAAT 2 inhibitors . ^^^ Select trans 4 , 5 [ bi ] cyclohexenylglutamic and pyroglutamic acids ( 3 , 4 substituted glutamates ) were synthesized in three steps and were screened as potential inhibitors of the sodium dependent excitatory amino acid transporters 2 ( EAAT 2 ) and 3 ( EAAT 3 ) , the chloride dependent glial cystine / glutamate exchanger system 10 ( c ) ( ) , and the glutamate vesicular transport system ( VGLUT ) . ^^^ Two glutamate analogues and one pyroglutamate analogue were found to inhibit EAAT 2 with activity comparable to dihydrokainate . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In mammalian brain , glutamate transporter type 2 ( EAAT 2 ) is the most abundant form . ^^^ We hypothesized that wild type EAAT 2 and its mutant at tyrosine 403 have different responses to volatile anesthetics , commonly used anesthetics that have been shown to affect glutamate transporter activity and decrease extracellular glutamate concentrations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Effects of L glutamate transport inhibition by a conformationally restricted glutamate analogue ( 2S , 1 ' S , 2 ' R ) 2 ( carboxycyclopropyl ) glycine ( L CCG 3 ) on metabolism in brain tissue in vitro analysed by NMR spectroscopy . ( 2S , 1 ' S , 2 ' R ) 2 ( Carboxycyclopropyl ) glycine ( L CCG 3 ) was a substrate of Na ( + ) dependent glutamate transporters ( GluT ) in Xenopus laevis oocytes ( IC 50 to approximately 13 and to approximately 2 microM for , respec tively , EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 ) and caused an apparent inhibition of [ 3H ] L glutamate uptake in `` mini slices ' ' of guinea pig cerebral cortex ( IC 50 to approximately 12 microM ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of the mRNAs encoding the astrocytic ( EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 ) and neuronal ( EAAT 3 , EAAT 4 ) excitatory amino acid transporters and the AMPA type glutamate receptor subunits GluR 2 and GluR 3 was investigated in postmortem cerebellar extracts from a patient with olivopontocerebellar atrophy ( OPCA ) and in material from three age matched controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two glutamate transporters , GLAST ( EAAT 1 ) and GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) , were studied by immunohistochemistry and quantitative Western blot analysis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Impaired glutamate uptake and EAAT 2 downregulation in an enterovirus chronically infected human glial cell line . ^^^ Rapid and efficient uptake of glutamate via the high affinity glutamate transporter EAAT 2 is important for limiting glutamate mediated excitotoxicity involved in neuronal death . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Gene expression of glial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 and the predominantly neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT 3 were examined by in situ hybridization . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These results indicate that AD related neurodegeneration is associated with the expression of the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 in altered neurons . ^^^ Since an aberrant expression of EAAT 1 in neurons has recently been described , the finding of a neuronal expression of EAAT 2 strongly supports the hypothesis that abnormalities in glutamate transport play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The inhibitory effect was irreversible and apparently related to the selective inhibition of the GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) subtype of glutamate transporter . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Abnormal splicing of astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 mRNA has been suggested to account for the loss of EAAT 2 protein in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) and Alzheimer ' s disease ( AD ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Total mRNA levels of the retinal glutamate transporter GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) were determined by quantitative real time PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The ' glial ' glutamate transporter , EAAT 2 ( Glt 1 ) accounts for high affinity glutamate uptake into adult rodent nerve endings . ^^^ Most CNS glutamate uptake is mediated by EAAT 2 into glia , though nerve terminals show evidence for uptake , through an unknown transporter . ^^^ The data presented in this study indicate that EAAT 2 is the predominant nerve terminal glutamate transporter in the adult rodent CNS . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential regulation of 5 ' splice variants of the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 in an in vivo model of chemical hypoxia induced by 3 nitropropionic acid . ^^^ It is easily conceivable that expression alterations of 5 ' splice variants of EAAT 2 are related to glutamate transporter malfunction after chemical hypoxia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glutamate transporters EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 mediate cysteine uptake in cortical neuron cultures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Reduced expression of glutamate transporter EAAT 2 and impaired glutamate transport in human primary astrocytes exposed to HIV 1 or gp 120 . ^^^ We tested the effects of HIV 1 and its envelope glycoprotein gp 120 upon glutamate uptake and expression of glutamate transporters EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 in fetal human astrocytes in vitro . ^^^ Astrocytes isolated from fetal tissues between 16 and 19 weeks of gestation expressed EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 RNA and proteins as detected by Northern blot analysis and immunoblotting , respectively , and the cells were capable of specific glutamate uptake . ^^^ Impaired glutamate transport after HIV 1 infection or gp 120 exposure correlated with a 40 70 % decline in steady state levels of EAAT 2 RNA and protein . ^^^ These findings demonstrate that HIV 1 and gp 120 induce transcriptional downmodulation of the EAAT 2 transporter gene in human astrocytes and coordinately attenuate glutamate transport by the cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Increased expression of the glial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 modulates excitotoxicity and delays the onset but not the outcome of ALS in mice . ^^^ The glial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 is primarily responsible for clearance of glutamate from the synaptic cleft and loss of EAAT 2 has been previously reported in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) and Alzheimer ' s disease . ^^^ The loss of functional EAAT 2 could lead to the accumulation of extracellular glutamate , resulting in cell death known as excitotoxicity . ^^^ We show that the amount of EAAT 2 protein and the associated Na+ dependent glutamate uptake was increased about 2 fold in our EAAT 2 transgenic mice . ^^^ Increased EAAT 2 expression protects neurons from L glutamate induced cytotoxicity and cell death in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 are commonly known as glial glutamate transporters , whereas EAAT 3 , EAAT 4 , and EAAT 5 are neuronal . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The authors investigated the effects of the intravenous anesthetics , thiopental and ketamine , and the local anesthetics , lidocaine and bupivacaine , on the activity of glutamate transporter type 2 , EAAT 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
EAAT 4 but not EAAT 2 anion channels displayed voltage dependent gating that was modified by glutamate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : To investigate whether cultured human fetal oligodendrocytes functionally express the main glutamate transporters EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
EAAT 2 , the transporter responsible for the bulk of glutamate transport in the adult brain , is not expressed as a full length protein , nor does it appear to have functional significance ( as determined by the EAAT 2 inhibitor dihydrokainate ) in these precursors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The three major brain glutamate transporters EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 are expressed in platelets , with similar molecular weight , although at lower density than brain . ^^^ A Na ( + ) dependent high affinity glutamate uptake was competitively inhibited by known inhibitors but not by dihydrokainic acid , suggesting platelet EAAT 2 does not play a major role in glutamate uptake at physiological conditions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , IPC diminished the increase in extracellular glutamate caused by OGD and increased cellular glutamate uptake and expression of EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 glutamate transporters ; however , only EAAT 3 upregulation was mediated by increased TNF alpha . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Quantitative immunoblotting showed no significant change in the amount of EAAT 2 , the predominant glial glutamate transporter in the hippocampus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Focusing on a specific astrocyte function relevant to neuropathogenesis , the authors showed that exposure of astrocytes to HIV 1 or gp 120 in vitro impairs the ability of the cells to transport L glutamate and the authors related this defect to transcriptional inhibition of the EAAT 2 glutamate transporter gene . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Functional studies suggest that up to 95 % of all glutamate transport is handled by the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 . ^^^ In vitro studies suggest EAAT2b transports glutamate similar to EAAT 2 , although the contribution of EAAT2b to normal clearance of extracellular glutamate is unknown . ^^^ These studies clearly document altered regulation and splicing of the dominant glutamate transporter EAAT 2 under conditions of neurological stress . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
WAY 855 ( 3 amino tricyclo [ 2 . 2 . 1 . 02 . 6 ] heptane 1 , 3 dicarboxylic acid ) : a novel , EAAT 2 preferring , nonsubstrate inhibitor of high affinity glutamate uptake . ^^^ The pharmacological profile of a novel glutamate transport inhibitor , WAY 855 ( 3 amino tricyclo [ 2 . 2 . 1 . 0 ( 2 . 6 ) ] heptane 1 , 3 dicarboxylic acid ) , on the activity of the human forebrain glutamate transporters EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 expressed in stable mammalian cell lines and in Xenopus laevis oocytes is presented . ^^^ WAY 855 inhibited glutamate uptake mediated by all three subtypes in a concentration dependent manner , with preferential inhibition of the CNS predominant EAAT 2 subtype in both cells and oocytes . ^^^ WAY 855 represents a novel structure in glutamate transporter pharmacology , and exploration of this structure might provide insights into the discrimination between EAAT 2 and other EAAT subtypes . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In postmortem human prefrontal cortex , AA homozygotes had lower mRNA levels of the glial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 , a protein regulated by GRM 3 that critically modulates synaptic glutamate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , we have used nonradioactive in situ hybridization , immunocytochemistry , and immunoblotting to show the cellular and regional expression of the high affinity glutamate transporters GLAST ( EAAT 1 ) and generic GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ; glial form of GLT 1 ) in the rat hippocampus during postnatal development ( P 1 60 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glial glutamate transporter gene EAAT 2 polymorphism G603A was associated with alcoholic cirrhosis ( P = . 048 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ethanol induces expression of the glutamate transporters EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 in organotypic cortical slice cultures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential expression of glutamate transporters EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 in mice deficient for PACAP type 1 receptor . ^^^ Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide ( PACAP ) modulates glutamatergic neurotransmission and induces the expression of glutamate transporters EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 in newborn mouse astroglial cell cultures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Loss of glial fibrillary acidic protein results in decreased glutamate transport and inhibition of PKA induced EAAT 2 cell surface trafficking . ^^^ Analysis of primary cortical astrocyte cultures prepared from GFAP null and wild type mice demonstrated that loss of GFAP results in an inability to traffic the glial glutamate transporter , EAAT 2 , to the surface of the cell following protein kinase A ( PKA ) stimulation by dibutyryl cAMP . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glutamate transporters EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 are key components of the glutamate glutamine cycle and responsible for active transport of glutamate over the cell membrane . ^^^ Therefore , the distribution of glutamate transporters EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 were analysed in the human placenta during normal pregnancies ending between 8 and 40 weeks of gestation and in placentae of intrauterine growth restricted infants with gestational ages between 28 and 35 weeks of pregnancy . ^^^ The expression patterns of EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 suggest involvement in active transport of glutamate between the fetal and maternal blood circulation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Selective inhibition of GLT 1 [ for glutamate transporter ; EAAT 2 ( for excitatory amino acid transporter ) ] with dihydrokainate increased the amplitude of these responses approximately threefold , indicating that these transporters compete with mGluRs for synaptically released glutamate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Glial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 mediated uptake was more sensitive to this effect . ^^^ Our data suggest that the glutamate transporters , especially EAAT 2 , are associated with cholesterol rich lipid raft microdomains of the plasma membrane and that the association with these cholesterol rich microdomains is important for excitatory amino acid transporter localization and function . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
No difference in EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 glutamate transporter mRNAs and immunoreactive proteins was found , suggesting that one or more transporters are functionally inactivated , possibly due to increased oxidative stress induced by the G93A mutation . ^^^ Since the inhibition of the EAAT 2 transporter subtype had no effect on glutamate re uptake in this model , our study suggests an impaired function of the EAAT1 / 3 transporter subtypes , possibly due to oxidative inactivation , in the presence of mutant copper / zinc superoxide dismutase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , citicoline ( 100 microM ) caused an increase in glutamate uptake and in EAAT 2 glutamate transporter membrane expression in cultured rat astrocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Confocal microscopy shows that the GABA transporter GAT 1 is coexpressed with the vesicular glutamate transporter vGLUT 1 and with the plasma membrane glutamate transporter EAAT 2 in a substantial portion of synaptosomal particles . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated the expression of the sodium dependent high affinity glutamate transporters EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 , and EAAT 3 in 11 human autopsied cases without neurological disorders and in four cases with type 2 lissencephaly including Walker Warburg ' s syndrome ( WWS ) and Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy ( FCMD ) , both of which are classified as migration disorders of the human brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Over expression of the human EAAT 2 glutamate transporter within neurons of mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures leads to increased vulnerability of CA 1 pyramidal cells . ^^^ Consequently , a significant increase in CA 1 neuronal damage was observed in slices over expressing EAAT 2 in neurons following an acute exposure to exogenous glutamate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Reactive astrocytes in ALS contain protein inclusions , express inflammatory makers such as the inducible forms of nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ) and cyclooxygenase ( COX 2 ) , display nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity and downregulate the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Inactivation of synaptic glutamate is handled by the glutamate transporter GLT 1 ( also known as EAAT 2 ; refs 1 , 2 ) , the physiologically dominant astroglial protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The astrocytic glutamate transporters , EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 , remove released L glutamate from the synaptic milieu thereby maintaining normal excitatory transmission . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , L serine O sulphate , at a concentration ( 200 microM ) known to block EAAT1 / 3 selectively , did not completely inhibit the effect of glutamate stimulation , indicating the possible involvement of EAAT 2 . ^^^ In fact , glutamate stimulation was completely abolished only when , following CEM pre incubation , the experiment was run in the presence of the selective EAAT 2 inhibitor dihydrokainic acid . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To interpret these results as a monism , the increase in mGluRs and the decrease of EAAT 2 mRNA compensate for the decrease in glutamate transmission in the schizophrenic synaptic clefts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Characterization of novel aryl ether , biaryl , and fluorene aspartic acid and diaminopropionic acid analogs as potent inhibitors of the high affinity glutamate transporter EAAT 2 . ^^^ In this study , we describe the pharmacological characterization of novel aryl ether , biaryl , and fluorene aspartic acid and diaminopropionic acid analogs as potent inhibitors of EAAT 2 , the predominant glutamate transporter in forebrain regions . ^^^ An identical rank order of potency [ WAY 213613 ( 35 + / 7 nM ) > WAY 213394 ( 92 + / 13 nM ) = WAY 212922 ( 95 + / 8 nM ) = WAY 211686 ( 101 + / 20 nM ) ] was observed for the inhibition of glutamate uptake in rat cortical synaptosomes , consistent with the predominant contribution of EAAT 2 to this activity . ^^^ Taken in combination with its selectivity over ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors , this compound represents a potential tool for the further elucidation of EAAT 2 function . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As a first step in this process , we examined the effects of thimerosal on the transport of [ 3H ] d aspartate , a nonmetabolizable glutamate analog , in Chinese hamster ovary ( CHO ) cells transfected with two glutamate transporter subtypes , GLAST ( EAAT 1 ) and GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have analyzed here the expression of the glutamate transporters EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 in control and in MS optic nerve samples . ^^^ We observed an overall increase in the level of the glutamate transporters EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 mRNA and protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Thrombin stimulated glutamate uptake in human platelets is predominantly mediated by the glial glutamate transporter EAAT 2 . ^^^ Platelets from healthy donors showed Na+ dependent glutamate uptake ( Km , 3 . 5+ / 0 . 9 microM ; Vmax , 2 . 8+ / 0 . 2 pmol glutamate / 75 10 10 ( 6 ) platelets / 30 min ) , which could be blocked dose dependently by the EAAT specific inhibitors DL threo E benzyloxyaspartate ( TBOA ) , L trans pyrrolidine 2 , 4 dicarboxylic acid ( tPDC ) and high concentrations of the EAAT 2 inhibitor dihydrokainate ( DHK ) . ^^^ Analysis of platelet homogenates on Western blots showed EAAT 2 as the predominant glutamate transporter . ^^^ Platelet activation by thrombin caused an increase in glutamate uptake , which could be inhibited by TBOA and the EAAT 2 inhibitor DHK . ^^^ These data show that the glial EAAT 2 is the predominant glutamate transporter on blood platelets and suggest , that thrombin increases glutamate uptake capacity by recruiting new transporters ( EAAT 2 ) from alpha granules . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Synthesis and biological activities of aryl ether , biaryl , and fluorene aspartic acid and diaminopropionic acid analogs as potent inhibitors of the high affinity glutamate transporter EAAT 2 . ^^^ Excitatory amino acid transporters ( EAATs ) play a pivotal role in maintaining glutamate homeostasis in the mammalian central nervous system , with the EAAT 2 subtype thought to be responsible for the bulk of the glutamate uptake in forebrain regions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These elevated levels of glutamate can be effectively controlled by the astrocytic glutamate transporters GLAST ( EAAT 1 ) and GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated increased expression of EAAT 1 and EAAT 2 transcripts in the thalamus , suggesting that alterations in synaptic glutamate levels may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A polymorphism in the EAAT 2 promoter is associated with higher glutamate concentrations and higher frequency of progressing stroke . ^^^ We have found a highly prevalent polymorphism in the promoter of the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 gene that abolishes a putative regulatory site for activator protein 2 ( AP 2 ) and creates a new consensus binding site for the repressor transcription factor GC binding factor 2 ( GCF 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Analysis of the possible involvement of the glutamate transporter gene EAAT 2 and the glutamate receptor genes GRIA 1 and GRIA 2 in pathogenesis of motor neuron disease in the Russian population ] . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Caspase 3 cleaves and inactivates the glutamate transporter EAAT 2 . ^^^ EAAT 2 is a high affinity , Na+ dependent glutamate transporter with predominant astroglial localization . ^^^ Taken together , our findings suggest that caspase 3 cleavage of EAAT 2 is one mechanism responsible for the impairment of glutamate uptake in mutant SOD 1 linked ALS . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As a first step in this process , we examined the effects of Mn on the transport of [ D 2 , 3 3H ] D aspartate , a non metabolizable glutamate analog , in Chinese hamster ovary cells ( CHO ) transfected with two glutamate transporter subtypes , GLAST ( EAAT 1 ) or GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The synthesized compounds were evaluated as potential ligands for the glutamate transporters EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 , and EAAT 3 ( excitatory amino acid transporter , subtypes 1 3 ) in the FLIPR membrane potential ( FMP ) assay . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
EAAT 1 , EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 glutamate transporters were found in brain from control animals . ^^^ In summary , these results demonstrate that in vivo ischemic preconditioning increases the expression of EAAT 2 and EAAT 3 glutamate transporters the upregulation of the latter being at least partly mediated by TNF alpha converting enzyme / TNF alpha / TNFR1 pathway . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This study examines the effects of HgCl 2 on the transport of 3H D aspartate , a nonmetabolizable glutamate analog , using Chinese hamster ovary cells ( CHO ) transfected with two glutamate transporter subtypes , GLAST ( EAAT 1 ) and GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) , as a model system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Exposure of astrocytes to millimolar concentrations of ammonia results in cell swelling , loss of expression of the glutamate transporters excitatory amino acid transporter ( EAAT 1 ) and EAAT 2 and increased release of glutamate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : The expression of a splice variant of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 ( EAAT 2 ) was examined in normal and glaucomatous retinas from humans and rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Flat ( presumed OFF ) bipolar cells were labelled with an antiserum against the glutamate transporter protein ( GLT 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST were studied by immunogold labeling on ultrathin sections of rat brain tissue embedded in acrylic resins at low temperature after freeze substitution . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three glutamate transporter proteins have been cloned : GLT 1 and GLAST are astroglial , whereas EAAC 1 is neuronal . ^^^ Homogenates were immunoblotted using antibodies directed against GLT 1 , GLAST , EAAC 1 , and glial fibrillary acidic protein and assayed for glutamate transport by D [ 3H ] aspartate binding . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Selective loss of glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . ^^^ With the recent cloning of three glutamate transporters , i . e . , EAAC 1 , GLT 1 , and GLAST , it has become possible to determine if the loss of glutamate transport in ALS is subtype specific . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Reduced postischemic expression of a glial glutamate transporter , GLT 1 , in the rat hippocampus . ^^^ We have investigated , in the rat hippocampus , whether an ischemic event additionally causes a reduced expression of the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 ( Pines et al . 1992 ) in the postischemic phase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Glutamate 404 is involved in the substrate discrimination of GLT 1 , a ( Na+ + K+ ) coupled glutamate transporter from rat brain . ^^^ We have investigated the role of negatively charged amino acid residues of GLT 1 , a cloned ( Na+ + K+ ) coupled glutamate transporter from rat brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Conformational changes monitored on the glutamate transporter GLT 1 indicate the existence of two neurotransmitter bound states . ^^^ Membrane vesicles from rat brain have been subjected to trypsin treatment in the absence and presence of substrates of the ( Na+ + K+ ) coupled L glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Bipolar cells , which could provide synaptic input to the DS circuitry , were stained with antibodies against the glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of mRNAs for glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) and glutamate aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) was investigated in three different types of purified glial cells by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) . ^^^ Oligodendrocytes and microglia expressed mRNAs for both GLT 1 and GLAST equally , but the expression in microglia was not prominent , suggesting glutamate uptake is not essential in microglia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To study the localization and properties of these proteins , we have raised antibodies specifically recognizing parts of the sequences of two cloned rat glutamate transporters , GLT 1 ( Pines et al . , 1992 ) and GLAST ( Storck et al . , 1992 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Histidine 326 is critical for the function of GLT 1 , a ( Na+ + K+ ) coupled glutamate transporter from rat brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The cellular and subcellular distributions of the glutamate transporter subtypes EAAC 1 , GLT 1 , and GLAST in the rat CNS were demonstrated using anti peptide antibodies that recognize the C terminal domains of each transporter . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The distributions of the mRNAs encoding the L glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST were examined in the rat brain by in situ hybridization using 35S labelled oligonucleotide probes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Localization of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 in rat and macaque monkey retinae . ^^^ Antibodies directed against a glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) purified from rat brain were applied to cryostat sections of rat and macaque monkey retinae . ^^^ In the brain , GLT 1 expression is found mainly in astrocytes , and therefore it has been suggested that GLT 1 may be a glutamate transporter specific to glial cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We demonstrate here that cortical lesions , which decrease striatal glutamate uptake in synaptosome containing homogenates by approximately 50 % , also decrease the striatal concentrations of the astrocytic glutamate transporter proteins , GLT 1 and GLAST by approximately 20 30 % . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Some of these bipolar cell populations were labeled immunocytochemically in vertical and horizontal sections using antibodies against the calcium binding protein recoverin , the glutamate transporter GLT 1 , the alpha isoform of the protein kinase C , and the Purkinje cell marker L 7 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three distinct recombinant glutamate transporters from the rat brain , GLT 1 , GLAST , and EAAC 1 , exhibit identical sensitivity to ONOO . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently , four distinct cDNAs ( EAAC 1 , GLT 1 , GLAST , and EAAT 4 ) encoding Na+ dependent glutamate transporters have been isolated , but the properties of some of these transporters do not fully match the properties of transport observed in brain tissue or astrocyte enriched cultures . ^^^ These results indicate that ( 1 ) EAAC 1 but not GLAST or GLT 1 transporters are expressed in C 6 glioma , ( 2 ) synaptosomes contain a heterogeneous population of transporters , ( 3 ) EAAC 1 does not account for the pharmacology previously observed in cortical synaptosomes , and ( 4 ) based on the pharmacology and tissue distribution of EAAC 1 , GLT 1 , GLAST , and EAAT 4 , it appears that there are additional glutamate transporter subtypes . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GLAST 1 , ASCT 1 and the glutamate transporters GLT 1 and EAAC 1 have strongly similar amino acid sequences . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 in neural cells of the rat central nervous system : non radioactive in situ hybridization and comparative immunocytochemistry . ^^^ On the basis of the cellular regional distribution of the GLT 1 messenger RNA and protein demonstrated in the present study , it is reasonable to assume that this high affinity transporter is of importance for the maintenance of adequate extraneuronal glutamate levels . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The cells express a 4 . 4 kb message that hybridizes to this cDNA , and they do not express either of the previously described glial type glutamate transporters , GLT 1 or GLAST . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Homogenates were immunoblotted by using antibodies directed against glutamate transporters ( GLT 1 , GLAST , and EAAC 1 ) and glutamate receptors ( GluR 1 , GluR2 / 3 , GluR6 / 7 , and NMDAR 1 ) , and they were assayed for glutamate transport by D [ 3H ] aspartate binding . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent molecular advances have led to the cloning of three separate cDNAs encoding for Na ( + ) dependent glutamate transporters ; two are thought to be primarily glial in origin ( GLAST and GLT 1 ) and the third ( EAAC 1 ) is localized to neurons in the brain and other nonneural tissues . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Northern , Southern , and Western analyses indicated that System 10 AG in CHO is not closely related to any of the three well characterized glutamate transporters represented by GLT 1 , EAACI or GLAST . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three glutamate transporters have been identified in rat , including astroglial transporters GLAST and GLT 1 and a neuronal transporter EAAC 1 . ^^^ The loss of glial glutamate transporters GLAST or GLT 1 produced elevated extracellular glutamate levels , neurodegeneration characteristic of excitotoxicity , and a progressive paralysis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Localization of the gene encoding the human L glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) to 11p11 . 2 p 13 by fluorescence in situ hybridization . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The C . elegans glutamate transporter gene glt 1 spans at least 2 . 9 kb of chromosomal DNA and possesses nine exons and eight introns . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sequence of the GLT 1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals the domain structure of yeast glutamate synthase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A comparative immunoblot analysis of rat cortex , cerebellum and retina membrane proteins suggested the following rank order of glutamate transporter subtype expression in retina : GLAST 1 > / =EAAC 1 > GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Previous studies have suggested that defective high affinity glutamate uptake , due mainly to a major loss of the astroglial specific GLT 1 glutamate transporter , underlies the selective motoneuron degeneration observed in sporadic ALS ( 24 , 28 ) . ^^^ To investigate this , we used immunohistochemical methods to analyze the localization of two subtypes of high affinity glutamate transporters in the cranial motor nuclei of normal monkey brain stem : GLT 1 , localized to astroglia ; and EAAC 1 , localized to neurons . ^^^ Our results indicated that all motor cell groups of monkey brain stem are rich in the GLT 1 glutamate transporter , which is localized to astroglial cells and processes that surround and envelop motoneuron cell bodies and dendrites . ^^^ Therefore , in the case of a loss in the GLT 1 glutamate transporter in sporadic ALS , glutamate may increase in the vicinity of motoneurons in all brain stem motor cell groups , but especially in the ALS vulnerable motor cell groups , which are normally richer in GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase , choline acetyltransferase , calretinin , calbindin , the glutamate transporter GLT 1 , protein kinase C , recoverin and parvalbumin were co applied with the D 1 receptor antibody . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Increased glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) immunoreactivity in the rat striatum after repeated intermittent administration of methamphetamine . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GLT 1 , GLAST , and EAAC 1 are high affinity , Na ( + ) dependent glutamate transporters identified in rat forebrain . ^^^ Compared with astrocytes expressing only GLAST , the dBcAMP treated cultures expressing both GLAST and GLT 1 showed an increase in glutamate uptake Vmax , but no change in the glutamate K ( m ) and no increased sensitivity to inhibition by dihydrokainate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mutation of an amino acid residue influencing potassium coupling in the glutamate transporter GLT 1 induces obligate exchange . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three sodium dependent glutamate transporters have now been identified : a neuronal transporter EAAC 1 , and two astroglial transporters GLT 1 and GLAST . ^^^ The defect in glutamate transport in ALS appears to be relatively specific for the GLT 1 subtype . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Astrocytic inclusions escalate markedly as disease progresses , concomitant with a decrease in the glial glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Another neural glutamate transporter , GLT 1 was immunolocalized to the pericellular region of mononuclear bone marrow cells , while a further antibody to the EAAC 1 transporter failed to bind to bone cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To date , three distinct Na ( + ) dependent glutamate transporters have been cloned from rat and rabbit : GLT 1 , GLAST , and EAAC 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Changes of NMDA receptor subunit ( NR 1 , NR2B ) and glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) mRNA expression in Huntington ' s disease an in situ hybridization study . ^^^ The distribution of NMDA receptor subunit ( NR 1 , NR2B ) and glia bound glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) mRNAs was investigated in postmortem brains of Huntington ' s disease ( HD ) patients and controls by means of in situ hybridization using radiolabeled deoxyoligonucleotides . ^^^ A concomitant proliferation of astrocytes with GLT 1 transcripts may represent a compensatory mechanism protecting neostriatal neurons from glutamate excitotoxicity . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We present the genomic structure of the human glutamate transporter GLT 1 coding region , the intronic sequences adjacent to the exons , and oligonucleotide primer sequences for single strand conformational analysis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential distribution of the glutamate transporters GLT 1 and rEAAC 1 in rat cerebral cortex and thalamus : an in situ hybridization analysis . ^^^ The distributions in rat cerebral cortex and thalamus of the mRNAs encoding the glutamate transporters GLT 1 and rEAAC 1 ( a rat homologue of rabbit EAAC 1 ) were investigated by nonautoradiographic in situ hybridization using digoxigenin labelled riboprobes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , a glutamate transporter GLT 1 was decreased . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of glial glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST is unchanged in the hippocampus in fully kindled rats . ^^^ In situ hybridization techniques and quantitative western blotting were used to study the expression of the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 and GLAST in the brains of normal ( implanted , non kindled ) and fully kindled rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Epilepsy and exacerbation of brain injury in mice lacking the glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^ Homozygous mice deficient in GLT 1 , a widely distributed astrocytic glutamate transporter , show lethal spontaneous seizures and increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The presence in glial cells of two different glutamate transporters , GLT 1 and GLAST , provided further support of this concept . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have examined the immunoreactivities of a glutamate ( Glu ) transporter , GLT 1 , in rat brains treated with a single or repeated intermittent administration of methamphetamine ( MAP ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we examined the expression of glial glutamate transporters ( GLAST and GLT 1 ) and a neuronal transporter ( EAAC 1 ) in the rat optic nerve . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Four L glutamate neurotransmitter transporters , the three Na ( + ) dependent GLAST 1 , GLT 1 and EAAC 1 , and the Cl ( ) dependent EAAT 4 , form a new family of structurally related integral plasma membrane proteins with different distribution in the central nervous system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Decreased glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) expression in frontal cortex of rats with acute liver failure . ^^^ In order to further address this issue , the recently cloned and sequenced astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT 1 was studied in brain preparations from rats with ischemic liver failure induced by portacaval anastomosis followed 24 h later by hepatic artery ligation and from appropriate sham operated controls . ^^^ Reduced capacity of astrocytes to reuptake neuronally released glutamate , resulting from a GLT 1 transporter deficit and the consequently compromised neuron astrocytic trafficking of glutamate could contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema , two major complications of acute liver failure . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Western blot analyses using an antibody to 4 hydroxynonenal conjugated proteins showed that 4 hydroxynonenal bound to multiple cell proteins including GLT 1 , a glial glutamate transporter present at high levels in synaptosomes . 4 Hydroxynonenal itself induced lipid peroxidation suggesting that , in addition to binding directly to membrane regulatory proteins , 4 hydroxynonenal potentiates oxidative cascades . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It has been considered that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , like many other microorganisms , synthesizes glutamate through the action of NADP+ glutamate dehydrogenase ( NADP+ GDH ) , encoded by GDH 1 , or through the combined action of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase ( GOGAT ) , encoded by GLN 1 and GLT 1 , respectively . ^^^ Our results indicate that GDH 3 plays a significant physiological role , providing glutamate when GDH 1 and GLT 1 are impaired . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This study presents a northern blot analysis of the GLT 1 glutamate transporter in hyperammonemic rats , and in rats with thioacetamide induced acute liver failure . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By immunocytochemistry , glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) was lost after ischemia in the astroglial compartment but gained in cells appearing as neurons , whereas neuronal excitatory amino acid carrier 1 ( EAAC 1 ) dissipated . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Functional expression of a GLT 1 type Na+ dependent glutamate transporter in rat pinealocytes . ^^^ Immunological studies with site specific antibodies against three isoforms of the Na+ dependent glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 , GLAST , and EAAC 1 ) revealed the expression of only the GLT 1 type transporter in pineal glands . ^^^ These results suggested that the GLT 1 type Na+ dependent transporter is expressed and functions as a reuptake system for glutamate in rat pinealocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Four glutamate transporter subtypes have been identified in rat brain ; GLAST and GLT 1 are primarily astrocytic , whereas EAAC 1 and EAAT 4 are neuronal . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Tissue specific variants of glutamate transporter GLT 1 . cDNA cloning of glutamate transporter GLT 1 from mouse brain and liver has revealed that 5 ' ends of the messages are different between brain and liver . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , the ethanol induced increase in Vmax for glutamate was reversed by the protein kinase C inhibitors , calphostin C and bisindolylmaleimide , and was not associated with an increase in the expression of either of the major glutamate transporter proteins , GLT 1 or GLAST . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently , we have identified an amino acid residue of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 ( Glu 404 ) that influences potassium coupling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Voltage clamp studies of GLT 1 expressing oocytes showed that , as in cortical neurons , glutamate transport was not inhibited by L alpha aminoadipate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of the electrogenic glutamate transporters , GLAST , GLT 1 , and EAAC 1 , was quantitated by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method ( RT PCR ) and slot blot hybridization followed by densitometric scanning . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ammonia promotes GLU accumulation in the extrasynaptic space by enhancing its release from neurons , and / or by decreasing its reuptake to the nerve endings and astrocytes , where the effect results from inactivation ( downregulation ) of the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , the expression of the glial glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST was studied in primary cultures derived from cortical tissue . ^^^ Treatment of cocultures with high concentrations of either N methyl D aspartate or glutamate killed the neurons , caused GLT 1 protein to decrease , and caused GLAST protein to increase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Inducible expression of the GLT 1 glutamate transporter in a CHO cell line selected for low endogenous glutamate uptake . ^^^ Inducible expression of the mammalian glial cell glutamate transporter GLT 1 has been established in a CHO cell line selected for low endogenous Na+ dependent glutamate uptake by [ 3H ] aspartate suicide selection . ^^^ Applying glutamate to whole cell clamped , doxycycline treated cells evoked a transporter mediated current with characteristics appropriate for GLT 1 . ^^^ This cell line provides a useful tool for further examination of the electrical , biochemical and pharmacological properties of GLT 1 , the most abundant glutamate transporter in the brain . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GLAST and GLT 1 , the predominant glutamate transporters in the brain , are coexpressed in astroglial processes , whereas neuronal carriers are mainly located in the dendrosomatic compartment . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of GLAST 1 , GLT 1 , EAAC 1 , and EAAT 4 , known to be capable of D aspartate inhibitable and Na ( + ) coupled glutamate transport ( system 10 AG ) , was evaluated in day 14 vs . day 20 rat chorioallantoic placenta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Western blot , immunoprecipitation , and immunocytochemical analyses using an antibody against HNE protein conjugates provided evidence that HNE covalently binds to many different astrocytic proteins including the glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Functions of the two glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 in the retina . ^^^ In the retina , the glutamate transporter GLAST is expressed in Mller cells , whereas the glutamate transporter GLT 1 is found only in cones and various types of bipolar cells . ^^^ To investigate the functional role of this differential distribution of glutamate transporters , we have analyzed GLAST and GLT 1 mutant mice . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Regulation of the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 by glutamate and delta opioid receptor stimulation . ^^^ The regulation of the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 is potentially important in synaptic modulation . ^^^ Using astroglial cultures prepared from the rat cerebral cortex , we found that the delta opioid receptor agonist [ D pen 2 , D pen 5 ] enkephalin decreases and glutamate increases the expression of the GLT 1 transporter mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Traumatic brain injury down regulates glial glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 and GLAST ) proteins in rat brain . ^^^ The two high affinity sodium dependent glial transporters [ glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) and glutamate aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) ] mediate the bulk of glutamate transport . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chronic neuroleptic treatment alters expression of glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 mRNA in the striatum . ^^^ Since glutamate reuptake is the primary mechanism for controlling extracellular glutamate levels , the present study was conducted to examine whether chronic neuroleptic exposure alters gene expression for the glutamate transporter GLT 1 in the striatum . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It has been postulated that the dysfunction of GLT 1 , one subtype of glutamate transporter , may be etiologically related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Spinal cord GLT 1 glutamate transporter and blood glutamic acid alterations in motor neuron degeneration ( Mnd ) mice . ^^^ We suggest that the early decrease of GLT 1 protein might raise the extrasynaptic glutamic acid concentration , and contribute to the loss of motor neurons in affected mice , resulting in low [ 3H ] glutamate uptake , low EAAC 1 immunoreactivity and neurological deficits . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cysteine scanning of the surroundings of an alkali ion binding site of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 reveals a conformationally sensitive residue . ^^^ Recently we have identified two adjacent amino acid residues of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 that influence potassium coupling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Regulation of expression of GLT 1 , the gene encoding glutamate synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . ^^^ Saccharomyces cerevisiae glutamate synthase ( GOGAT ) is an oligomeric enzyme composed of three 199 kDa identical subunits encoded by GLT 1 . ^^^ Our results indicate that ( 1 ) GLT 1 expression is negatively modulated by glutamate mediated repression and positively regulated by Gln3p and Gcn4p dependent transcriptional activation ; ( 2 ) two cis acting elements , a CGGN15CCG palindrome and an imperfect poly ( dA dT ) , are present and could play a role in GLT 1 transcriptional activation ; and ( 3 ) GLT 1 expression is moderately regulated by GCN 4 under amino acid deprivation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Glutamate transporter GLT 1 is transiently localized on growing axons of the mouse spinal cord before establishing astrocytic expression . ^^^ The glutamate transporter GLT 1 is expressed in astrocytes of the mature brain and spinal cord . ^^^ Together with our previous finding on the localization of glutamate transporter GLAST in radial glial fibers , GLT 1 and GLAST are thus localized during development on distinct directional cellular elements along which young neurons elongate their axons or move their cell bodies , respectively . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Regional and cellular expression of glial ( GLT 1 ) and neuronal ( EAAC 1 ) glutamate transporter proteins in ovine fetal brain . ^^^ Immunoblots for the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC 1 revealed a major band of immunoreactivity at 69 , 000 nmol . wt , whereas glial glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) immunoreactivity was observed as 73 , 000 and 146 , 000 mol . wt proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study examines the levels of expression of the messenger RNAs encoding the glial and neuronal glutamate transporters , GLT 1 and EAAC 1 , and the neuronal GABA transporter , GAT 1 , in paired male genetically epileptic prone rats and Sprague Dawley control rats using the technique of in situ hybridization . ^^^ For the two glutamate transporters , GLT 1 and EAAC 1 , differences in messenger RNA levels are not reflected or are only partially reflected in the expression of the corresponding proteins . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This study compares the mRNA expression pattern for the three glutamate transporters EAAC 1 , GLT 1 and GLAST in rat brain , using a sensitive non radioactive in situ hybridization technique . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glutamate transporter , GLT 1 , is expressed in cultured hippocampal neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Biotinylation of single cysteine mutants of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 from rat brain reveals its unusual topology . ^^^ Here , we describe the determination of the membrane topology of the cloned astroglial glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Stoichiometry of the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 expressed inducibly in a Chinese hamster ovary cell line selected for low endogenous Na+ dependent glutamate uptake . ^^^ We used whole cell clamping to study the stoichiometry of the glial transporter GLT 1 , the most abundant glutamate transporter in the brain , expressed under control of the Tet On system in a Chinese hamster ovary ( CHO ) cell line selected for low endogenous glutamate transport . ^^^ After the induction of GLT 1 expression with doxycycline , glutamate evoked a Na+ dependent inward current with the voltage dependence and pharmacology of GLT 1 and acidified the cell cytoplasm . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
During 30 minutes of ischemia , microdialysate concentrations of glutamate and aspartate were measured in the presence of a nontransportable blocker of the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT 1 , dihydrokinate ( DHK ) , or an anion channel blocker , 4 , 4 ' dinitrostilben 2 , 2 ' disulfonic acid ( DNDS ) , administered separately or together through the dialysis probe . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two serine residues of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 are crucial for coupling the fluxes of sodium and the neurotransmitter . ^^^ The astroglial transporter GLT 1 is the only subtype that exhibits high sensitivity to the nontransportable glutamate analogue dihydrokainate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , we sought to localize glutamate receptor ( GluR ) subunits ( GluR 5 / 6 / 7 , GluR 2 / 3 and N methyl D aspartate receptor 1 [ NMDAR 1 ] ) and a glutamate transporter subtype [ GLT 1 ] within the leech CNS using mono and polyclonal antibodies . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We studied the source of extracellular glutamate released by hippocampal slices obtained from P 14 or adult rats , during 50 mM K+ depolarization by using two potent inhibitors of Na+ dependent glutamate transport : l trans pyrrolidine 2 , 4 dicarboxylate ( PDC ) , which is a relatively non selective inhibitor of various glutamate transporter subtypes and dihydrokainic acid ( DHK ) , a specific inhibitor of the glial transporter , GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunoreactive N methyl D aspartate type , alpha amino 3 hydroxy 5 methyl 4 isoxazole propionate type , and metabotropic type glutamate receptors were colocalized with the specific glutamate transporter EAAC 1 in basal layer keratinocytes , and GLT 1 , a related transporter , was expressed suprabasally . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The SDR was found to be caused by the activities of glutamate transporters because it was not affected by blockers for GABAA , nACh , 5 HT 3 , P2X , or metabotropic glutamate receptors but was greatly reduced by dihydrokainate ( DHK ) , a specific blocker for GLT 1 transporter , and by D , L threo beta hydroxyaspartate ( THA ) , a blocker for EAAC , GLAST , and GLT 1 transporters . ^^^ Because GLT 1 transporters are exclusively expressed in astrocytes , our results provide direct evidence that astrocytes play the dominant role in sequestering synaptically released glutamate . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The family of sodium dependent glutamate transporters : a focus on the GLT 1 / EAAT2 subtype . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This study investigated the spatial and temporal expressions of glycine transporter 1 ( GLYT 1 ) and three glutamate transporter ( excitatory amino acid carrier 1 , EAAC 1 ; glutamate / aspartate transporter , GLAST ; glutamate transporter 1 , GLT 1 ) mRNA in the gerbil hippocampus after 3 minutes of ischemia . ^^^ As GLAST and GLT 1 play a major role in the control of extracellular glutamate concentration , the paucity of these transporters in the CA 1 field may account for the vulnerability of CA 1 neurons to ischemia , provided that the functional GLAST and GLT 1 proteins are also less in the CA 1 field than in the CA 3 field . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GLT 1 , glial glutamate transporter , is transiently expressed in neurons and develops astrocyte specificity only after midgestation in the ovine fetal brain . ^^^ GLT 1 , the most abundant of the known high affinity glutamate transporters , is found exclusively in astrocytes in adult brain of several species , but we and others have recently identified neurons that transiently express GLT 1 protein in the developing brain . ^^^ These results identify a novel compartmentation within cerebellar cortex and neuronal and axonal pathway localization of GLT 1 , suggesting the participation of this glutamate transporter in the development of the topographic organization of cerebellar cortex and a transient neuronal function for GLT 1 in developing brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To investigate the role of glutamate transport in non synaptic glia , we characterized the expression of three major glutamate transporters ( EAAC 1 , GLAST and GLT 1 ) in rat optic nerve in situ using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in combination with Western blot and immunochemistry with specific antibodies . ^^^ In contrast , astrocytes , expressed only GLT 1 , consistent with the idea that this is the major glutamate transporter in this cell type . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Astrocytes control synaptic concentration of glutamate via the high affinity glutamate transporters , GLT 1 and GLAST , and the glutamate catabolizing enzyme , glutamine synthetase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
C 6 cells are known normally to express EAAC 1 , a neuronal glutamate transporter , but not the GLAST or the GLT 1 glutamate transporter . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The presence and distribution of the glutamate transporters , EAAC 1 , GLAST and GLT 1 , were examined in the adult bovine corpus callosum by means of Western blotting and immunohistochemistry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show that oxidative reactions triggered by hydrogen peroxide and catalyzed by A4V and I113T mutant but not wild type SOD 1 inactivated the glutamate transporter human GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of the GLT 1 subtype of Na+ dependent glutamate transporter : pharmacological characterization and lack of regulation by protein kinase C . ^^^ These data are consistent with other lines of evidence that suggest that GLT 1 may be sufficient to explain most of the Na+ dependent glutamate transport activity in cortical synaptosomes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In acute liver failure , expression of the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT 1 is reduced , leading to increased extracellular concentrations of glutamate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunohistochemistry and subcellular fractionation show very low expression levels of the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT 1 but normal expression levels of another glial glutamate transporter , GLAST . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Local perfusion with a selective blocker for the GLT 1 glutamate transporter , dihydrokainic acid ( DHKA ) ( 10 ( 4 ) M ) , had no effect , while local perfusion with a nonselective glutamate transporter blocker , L trans pyrrolidine 2 , 4 dicarboxylic acid ( PDC ) ( 10 ( 4 ) M ) , blocked nicotine ( 0 . 3 mg / kg , s . c . ) stimulation of glutamate levels . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These findings , together with recent reports on the reduction of the GLT 1 glutamate transporter in in vivo models of acute liver failure and hyperammonemia , strongly suggest that an abnormality in astroglial glutamate uptake constitutes a critical aspect in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and other hyperammonemic conditions . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CA 1 levels of the glutamate transporter subtypes GLAST and GLT 1 , analyzed by quantitative immunoblotting , did not change during kindling epileptogenesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The reported presence of a second glutamate transporter , GLT 1 , on the antiluminal tubule surface points to specific functional roles for each subtype in physiological and pathophysiological processes . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Selective induction of glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 by hypertonic stress in C 6 glioma cells . ^^^ Glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 mRNA was selectively induced in C 6 glioma cells exposed to hypertonic stress ( HS ) , while the expression of two other subtypes , GLAST and EAAC 1 , was suppressed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both protein and gene expression of the recently cloned and sequenced astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT 1 are significantly reduced in the brains of rats with acute liver failure . ^^^ Decreased expression of GLT 1 in brain in acute liver failure results in increased extracellular brain glutamate concentrations which correlates with arterial ammonia concentrations and with the appearance of severe encephalopathy and brain edema in these animals . ^^^ Ammonia induced reductions in expression of GLT 1 resulting in increased extracellular glutamate concentrations could explain some of the symptoms ( hyperexcitability , cerebral edema ) characteristic of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , the isolation and molecular characterization of the perisynaptic subset of astrocytic Golgi may be feasible , since others have purified the astrocytic glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) from crude synaptosomal fractions in which astrocytic processes are probably unavoidable contaminants . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential effects of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal deafferentation on expression of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 in the rat striatum . ^^^ The increase in GLT 1 expression at 12 days postlesion was further confirmed by western blot analysis ; in contrast , a 36 % decrease in glutamate uptake activity was measured at the same time point . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated the effect of ( R ) ( ) 5 methyl 1 nicotinoyl 2 pyrazoline ( MS 153 ) , a novel neuroprotective agent , on L [ 3H ] glutamate uptake through GLT 1 , a Na ( + ) / K ( + ) dependent glial glutamate transporter , expressed in COS 7 cells . ^^^ MS 153 ( 1 100 microM ) accelerated the L [ 3H ] glutamate uptake through GLT 1 in a concentration dependent and time dependent manner . ^^^ Eadie Hofstee analysis revealed that MS 153 significantly decreased the K ( m ) of the glutamate uptake by COS 7 cells expressing GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Characterization of striatal lesions produced by glutamate uptake alteration : cell death , reactive gliosis , and changes in GLT 1 and GADD 45 mRNA expression . ^^^ After the 3 day treatment , the lesion zone showed calcium precipitates and marked microglial reaction contrasting with the reduction of astroglial labeling and loss of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 mRNA expression ; however reactive astrocytes were observed around the lesion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glial glutamate transporters GLT 1 ( L glutamate transporter ) and GLAST ( L glutamate / L aspartate transporter ) are known to be responsible for the majority of glutamate reuptake from the synaptic cleft and constitute one mechanism by which extracellular glutamate levels may be controlled . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Levels of glutamate transporter glutamate aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) , glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) , and excitatory amino acid carrier ( EAAC 1 ) mRNA were measured in ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampi and cerebral cortex removed from rats at 60 min , 24 h , and 5 , 15 and 30 days after FeCl ( 3 ) injection into the amygdaloid body . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Modulation of glutamate transporters ( GLAST , GLT 1 and EAAC 1 ) in the rat cerebellum following portocaval anastomosis . ^^^ Extracellular glutamate increases in portocaval anastomosis ( PCA ) , so we used a portacaval anastomosis model in rats to analyze the expression of glutamate transporters ( GLAST , GLT 1 and EAAC 1 ) in rat cerebellum , 1 and 6 months after PCA , using immunohistochemical methods . ^^^ One month after PCA , Purkinje cell bodies were not immunostained for neuronal EAAC 1 glutamate transporter , whereas glial glutamate transporter expressions ( GLAST and GLT 1 ) were decreased when compared to young controls . ^^^ The expression of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC 1 was less intense than old controls , whereas glial glutamate transporters ( GLAST and GLT 1 ) increased more than their controls . ^^^ Since the level of the neuronal glutamate transporter ( EAAC 1 ) in long term PCA did not reach that of the controls , GLAST and GLT 1 glutamate transporters seemed to be required to ensure the glutamate uptake in this type of encephalopathy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Epidermal growth factor receptor agonists increase expression of glutamate transporter GLT 1 in astrocytes through pathways dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and transcription factor NF kappaB . ^^^ The glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 may be the predominant Na ( + ) dependent glutamate transporter in forebrain . ^^^ Induction of GLT 1 protein was accompanied by an increase in mRNA and in the 5 ( max ) for Na ( + ) dependent glutamate transport activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In particular , ( 2S , 4R ) 4 methylglutamate , shown previously to differentiate between GLT 1 ( principal glutamate transporter in the forebrain ) and GLAST ( expressed mainly in the cerebellum ) , did not strongly differentiate between the binding of [ 3H ] L aspartate in forebrain and cerebellum . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The accessibility of a novel reentrant loop of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 is restricted by its substrate . ^^^ Based on the accessibility of single cysteines to the large sulfhydryl reagent 3 N maleimidyl ( propionyl ) biocytin , we have proposed a topological model for the astroglial glutamate transporter GLT 1 ( Grunewald , M . , Bendahan , A . and Kanner , B . 1 . ( 1998 ) Neuron 21 , 623 632 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The integrity of the cortical glutamate reuptake systems was evaluated using intracerebral microdialysis and western immunoblot assays for the glutamate transporters GLT 1 , GLAST , and EAAC 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunohistochemical study of the glutamate transporter proteins GLT 1 and GLAST in rat and gerbil pineal gland . ^^^ In order to further characterize these uptake mechanisms , we have carried out an immunohistochemical study to explore the presence and cellular localization of the glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST in rat and gerbil pineal glands . ^^^ In contrast to current thinking , our findings show that GLT 1 is not the only glutamate transporter subtype expressed in the pineal gland . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Glutamate transporter GLT 1 is highly expressed in activated microglia following facial nerve axotomy . ^^^ To our knowledge , this is the first direct demonstration of the expression of GLT 1 protein in activated microglial cells , suggesting a neuroprotective role of microglia against glutamate excitotoxicity following nerve axotomy . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We wondered whether regulation of extracellular glutamate might be perturbed as a mechanism of chronic epileptogenesis , therefore levels of glutamate transporter proteins GLT 1 , GLAST and EAAC 1 were measured in ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampi removed from rats having spontaneous iron induced limbic seizures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses , the authors examined the expression of the glutamate transporters EAAC 1 , GLAST , and GLT 1 in the rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex 8 hours and 1 to 28 days after transient forebrain ischemia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the brain , glutamatergic neurotransmission is terminated predominantly by the rapid uptake of synaptically released glutamate into astrocytes through the Na ( + ) dependent glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST and its subsequent conversion into glutamine by the enzyme glutamine synthetase ( GS ) . ^^^ Exposure of astroglia to PACAP increased the maximal velocity of [ ( 3 ) H ] glutamate uptake by promoting the expression of GLT 1 , GLAST , and GS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using a variety of cultures , evidence is provided to suggest that this substrate induced up regulation of glutamate transport is specific for the GLT 1 and GLAST subtypes and does not influence transport mediated by EAAC 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The high affinity glutamate transporters GLT 1 , GLAST , and EAAT 4 are regulated via different signalling mechanisms . ^^^ However , neuronal glutamate transporters , EAAC 1 and EAAT 4 , are located outside the synaptic cleft and contribute less significantly to the glutamate uptake in the brain than two astroglial transporters , GLAST and GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
D aspartate released by Mller cells was strongly accumulated into cone photoreceptors which are known to express GLT 1 , and into rod photoreceptors which we demonstrate here to express the retina specific glutamate transporter EAAT 5 ( excitatory amino transporter 5 ) . ^^^ However , some glutamate is also returned from Mller cells , to neurons expressing GLT 1 and EAAT 5 , albeit at a slow rate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 down regulation precedes delayed neuronal death in gerbil hippocampus following transient global cerebral ischemia . ^^^ Glial ( GLT 1 and GLAST ) and neuronal ( EAAC 1 ) high affinity transporters mediate the sodium dependent glutamate reuptake in mammalian brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ischemia induced changes in expression of the astrocyte glutamate transporter GLT 1 in hippocampus of the rat . ^^^ In the present study , we employed in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to investigate the influence of cerebral ischemia on expression of mRNA and protein of the astrocyte glutamate transporter GLT 1 , and of glial fibrillary acidic protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distribution of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 in rat circumventricular organs , meninges , and dorsal root ganglia . ^^^ The glial glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 are primarily responsible for the removal of glutamate from brain extracellular fluid . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Uptake of extracellular glutamate by astrocytes was significantly decreased after transient contact with infected T cells , while the expression of the glial transporters GLAST and GLT 1 was decreased . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunocytochemical localization of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 in goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) retina . ^^^ In this study , the localization of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 has been investigated immunocytochemically at the light and electron microscopical levels in the goldfish retina using a GLT 1 specific antibody . ^^^ This location of GLT 1 allows modulation of the glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft , thereby shaping the dynamics of synaptic transmission between cones and second order neurons . ^^^ The morphology of the bipolar cell terminal together with the localization of GLT 1 suggests that at least these glutamate transporters are not primarily involved in rapid uptake of glutamate release by the bipolar cells . ^^^ The location of GLT 1 in Mller cells is consistent with the role of Mller cells in converting glutamate to glutamine . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Effects of mild versus deep hypothermia on a cloned human brain glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A yeast strain was constructed in which GLN 1 , encoding glutamine synthetase , and GLT 1 , encoding glutamate synthase , were overexpressed , and GDH 1 , encoding the NADPH dependent glutamate dehydrogenase , was deleted . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The GLT 1 and GLAST glutamate transporters are expressed on morphologically distinct astrocytes and regulated by neuronal activity in primary hippocampal cocultures . ^^^ The GLT 1 and GLAST astroglial transporters are the glutamate transporters mainly involved in maintaining physiological extracellular glutamate concentrations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Western blot detection of the specific astroglial glutamate transporter GLT 1 , indicated increased immunoreactivity after LSL 60101 treatment in the pons of neonate and in the parietoccipital cortex of adult rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glial transporters glutamate aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) and glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) , and the neuronal transporter excitatory amino acids carrier 1 ( EAAC 1 ) limit excitation initiated by synaptic release of glutamate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Decreased cortical levels of astrocytic glutamate transport protein GLT 1 in a rat model of posttraumatic epilepsy . ^^^ In this study we used immuno blotting technique to measure the cortical levels of the astrocytic glutamate transport protein ( GLT 1 ) and of the glutamate and aspartate transporting protein ( GLAST ) in an epilepsy model induced by ferrous chloride injection in the cortex of rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To our knowledge , this is the first report of the cloning of a high affinity glutamate transporter from a transformed cell line and also the first demonstration of functional expression of GLT 1 outside the central nervous system . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent studies have demonstrated that the expression of the glial glutamate transporters GLT 1 ( glutamate transporter 1 ) and GLAST ( glutamate aspartate transporter ) is regulated both in vivo and in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A decrease in glutamate uptake is associated with downregulated expression of glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Antisense knockdown of the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 exacerbates hippocampal neuronal damage following traumatic injury to rat brain . ^^^ Glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) is the most abundant and active glutamate transporter , which mediates the bulk of glutamate uptake . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glial GLAST and GLT 1 glutamate transporters are transiently expressed in hippocampal neurons as shown by immunocytochemistry ( Plachez et al . , 2000 . ^^^ THA , L trans 2 , 4 PDC and DL TBOA inhibited glutamate uptake both at 2 and 10 DIV , while the GLT 1 selective uptake inhibitor DHK neither strongly affected the uptake at 2 , nor at 10 DIV . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These examples are outlined to provoke a reformulation of concepts of the inter dependence between these 2 cell types , not only in terminating excitotoxicity , but also in assuring proper energetics and neuromodulation by astrocytic removal of glutamate via the astrocyte specific glutamate transporters , GLT 1 and GLAST . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To date , five different high affinity Na ( + ) dependent glutamate ( Glu ) transporters have been cloned : GLT 1 , GLAST , EAAC 1 , EAAT 4 and EAAT 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
H ] ( 2S , 4R ) 4 Methylglutamate : a novel ligand for the characterization of glutamate transporters . [ ( 3 ) H ] ( 2S , 4R ) 4 Methylglutamate ( [ ( 3 ) H ] 4MG ) , used previously as a ligand for low affinity kainate receptors , was employed to establish a binding assay for glutamate transporters ( GluTs ) , as 4MG has also been shown to have affinity for the glial GluTs , GLT 1 and GLAST . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
When 5 HT depletion was almost complete ( 21 days post lesion ) , high affinity glutamate uptake in striatal synaptosomal preparations was significantly increased ( 156 % of control ) , although no changes in striatal GLT 1 , GLAST and EAAC 1 mRNAs , and GLT 1 protein were detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glial glutamate transporter , GLT 1 , is oxidatively modified by 4 hydroxy 2 nonenal in the Alzheimer ' s disease brain : the role of Abeta 1 42 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Similarly , addition of the GLT 1 glutamate transport inhibitor dihydrokainate ( DHK ) and the anti estrogen / anion channel blocker tamoxifen also attenuated the efflux of glutamate and GABA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential expression patterns of three glutamate transporters ( GLAST , GLT 1 and EAAC 1 ) in the rat main olfactory bulb . ^^^ In this study , we examined expressions of three glutamate transporters ( GLAST , GLT 1 and EAAC 1 ) in the olfactory bulb using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Selective down regulation of the astrocyte glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST within the medial thalamus in experimental Wernicke ' s encephalopathy . ^^^ Treatment with pyrithiamine , a central thiamine antagonist , resulted in a 71 and 55 % decrease in protein levels of the astrocyte glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST , respectively , by immunoblotting in the medial thalamus of day 14 symptomatic rats at loss of righting reflexes . ^^^ Finally , GLT 1 content was positively correlated with levels of the neurofilament protein alpha internexin , suggesting that early neuronal drop out may contribute to the down regulation of this glutamate transporter and subsequent pannecrosis . ^^^ A selective , focal loss of GLT 1 and GLAST transporter proteins provides a rational explanation for the increase in interstitial glutamate levels , and may play a major role in the selective vulnerability of thalamic structures to thiamine deficiency induced cell death . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Uptake of glutamate is mainly mediated by the glial glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , we investigated the major regulating factors in glutamate excitotoxicity by immunohistochemistry in MS and control white matter with markers for glutamate production ( glutaminase ) , glutamate transport ( GLAST , GLT 1 and EAAT 1 ) , glutamate metabolism ( glutamate dehydrogenase [ GDH ] and glutamine synthetase [ GS ] ) , axonal damage ( SMI 32 ) and CNS cell types . ^^^ All three glutamate transporters were expressed robustly , mainly on oligodendrocytes , in normal , control and MS white matter , except for GLT 1 , which showed low level expression around active MS lesions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transient focal cerebral ischemia down regulates glutamate transporters GLT 1 and EAAC 1 expression in rat brain . ^^^ Present study evaluated the expression of the glial ( GLT 1 and GLAST ) and neuronal ( EAAC 1 ) subtypes of glutamate transporters after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion ( MCAO ) induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of the glial glutamate transporters , GLAST and GLT 1 decreased in parallel . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , we examined the involvement of glial glutamate transporters , GLT 1 and GLAST , in them . ^^^ In vivo microdialysis experiments revealed that the extracellular glutamate levels was elevated in the striatum and nucleus accumbens , in which the changes of GLT 1 mRNA level were observed , during naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal . ^^^ These results suggest that the changes of GLT 1 expression , which alter the glutamate uptake and affect the glutamatergic transmission efficiency , play a role in the development of morphine dependence and the expression of morphine withdrawal . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show that a decreased mRNA level of the major astroglial glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) in the striatum and cortex of these mice is accompanied by a concomitant decrease in glutamate uptake . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , we found that ET 1 ( 100 nM ) inhibited the glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes expressing the glutamate / aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) ; astrocytes did not express the glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Canine GLT 1 and EAAC 1 exhibited Na+ dependent glutamate transport with high affinities in a Xenopus oocyte expression system . ^^^ Despite the similarity in transport kinetics and in the predicted primary structures , GLT 1 , EAAC 1 , and the previously identified GLAST showed different sensitivities to several structural analogues of L glutamate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glial glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST are proposed to account for the majority of extracellular glutamate re uptake . ^^^ These experiments revealed reductions in GLT 1 mRNA and protein in the parietal cortex of unstimulated and stimulated EL mice compared with DDY controls , accompanied by an increase in tissue glutamate concentration in the stimulated EL mice group . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , using knockout mice lacking GLT 1 , that is the most abundant glial subtype of glutamate transporters , we showed that long term potentiation ( LTP ) induced by tetanic stimulation in mutant mice was impaired in the hippocampal CA 1 region . ^^^ These findings suggest that GLT 1 plays critical roles in LTP induction , as well as in short term potentiation , through regulation of extracellular levels of glutamate , which enables appropriate NMDA receptor activation . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nigrostriatal denervation does not affect glutamate transporter mRNA expression but subsequent levodopa treatment selectively increases GLT 1 mRNA and protein expression in the rat striatum . ^^^ Given the key role played by uptake processes in glutamate neurotransmission , this study examined the effects of nigrostriatal deafferentation and of levodopa treatment on the striatal expression of the glutamate transporters GLT 1 , GLAST and EAAC 1 in the rat . ^^^ These data provide the first evidence that levodopa therapy may interfere with striatal glutamate transmission through change in expression of the primarily glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^ We further suggest that levodopa induced GLT 1 overexpression may represent a compensatory mechanism preventing neurotoxic accumulation of endogenous glutamate . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Proximity of two oppositely oriented reentrant loops in the glutamate transporter GLT 1 identified by paired cysteine mutagenesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Such alterations include decreased expression of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 , and increased expression of monoamine oxidase ( MAO A isoform ) , the `` peripheral type ' ' benzodiazepine receptor ( PTBR ) as well as constitutive neuronal nitric oxide synthase ( nNOS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 is localized both in the vicinity of and at distance from axon terminals in the rat cerebral cortex . ^^^ Glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) is responsible for the largest proportion of glutamate transport in the brain and the density of GLT 1 molecules inserted in the plasma membrane is highest in regions of high demand . ^^^ Moreover , the considerable fraction of GLT 1 immunoreactivity localized at sites distant from axon terminals supports the notion that glutamate spillout occurs also in the intact brain and suggests that ' extrasynaptic ' GLT 1 regulates the diffusion of glutamate escaped from the cleft . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Selected proteins , such as the glutamate transporter GLT 1 , were not typically observed within the inclusions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transgenic SOD 1 G93A mice develop reduced GLT 1 in spinal cord without alterations in cerebrospinal fluid glutamate levels . ^^^ We observed a progressive decrease in the immunoreactivity of the glial glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) in the ventral , but not in the dorsal , horn of lumbar spinal cord . ^^^ Decreases in GLT 1 were accompanied by increased glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) levels and no change in the levels of GLAST , another glial glutamate transporter . ^^^ These findings indicate that the loss of GLT 1 protein in ALS mice selectively occurs in the areas affected by neurodegeneration and reactive astrocytosis and it is not associated with increases of glutamate levels in CSF . ^^^ The lack of changes in GLT 1 at the presymptomatic stage suggests that glial glutamate transporter reduction is not a primary event leading to motor neurone loss . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
FK 960 inhibited responses of the glial glutamate transporter , GLT 1 , expressed in Xenopus oocytes , and a similar effect was found with cultured rat astrocytes . ^^^ The results of the present study thus suggest that FK 960 facilitates hippocampal neurotransmission by inhibiting GLT 1 glial glutamate reuptake via a PKA pathway , thereby increasing synaptic glutamate concentrations . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Acute liver failure results in altered expression of several genes in brain , some of which code for important proteins involved in CNS function such as the glucose ( GLUT 1 ) and glutamate ( GLT 1 ) transporters , the astrocytic structural protein glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) the `` peripheral type ' ' benzodiazepine receptor ( PTBR ) and the water channel protein , aquaporin 4 . ^^^ Loss of expression of GLT 1 results in increased extracellular brain glutamate in acute liver failure . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Dihydrokainate ( DHK ) , a specific inhibitor of the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 , did not block the increase in glutamate uptake . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GLT 1 glutamate transporter levels are unchanged in mice expressing G93A human mutant SOD 1 . ^^^ A decrease in expression of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 is thought to be responsible for the increase in extracellular glutamate observed in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) and in a transgenic mouse model of ALS . ^^^ We examined protein levels of the glutamate transporters GLT 1 , GLAST and EAAC 1 in the G93A ( SOD 1 ) transgenic mouse model of ALS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Metabolic analysis showed that the glt 1 T mutant has a specific defect in growth and glutamate biosynthesis when photorespiration was repressed by 1 % CO 2 . ^^^ Under these conditions , the glt 1 T mutant displayed a 20 % decrease in growth and a dramatic 70 % reduction in glutamate levels . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated chronological changes of immunoreactivities for glial glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 and a neuronal glutamate transporter , EAAC 1 , in postnatal 7 day old rat neocortices and hippocampi at 12 , 24 , 48 and 72 h after hypoxia ischemia . ^^^ Expressions of these glutamate transporters decreased in the ischemic core at 12 h , then immunoreactivities for GLAST and GLT 1 were recovered at the hippocampus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression and activity of glutamate transporters ( EAAC 1 , GLAST and GLT 1 ) were examined during the development of cortical neuron enriched cultures . ^^^ At DIV 7 and 14 , glutamate transport was poorly sensitive to dihydrokanate ( DHK ) suggesting a weak participation of GLT 1 in glutamate transport . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two glutamate transporters , GLT 1 and GLAST , are expressed in the astrocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Knocking out the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 reduces glutamate uptake but does not affect hippocampal glutamate dynamics in early simulated ischaemia . ^^^ The major glial glutamate transporter , GLT 1 , might protect against glutamate evoked death by removing extracellular glutamate , or contribute to death by reversing and releasing glutamate . ^^^ In hippocampal slices from postnatal day 14 mice lacking GLT 1 , the current response of area CA 1 pyramidal cells to superfused AMPA and NMDA ( which are not taken up ) was unaffected , whereas the response to 100 microm glutamate was more than doubled relative to that in wild type littermates , a finding consistent with a decrease in glutamate uptake . ^^^ In mice lacking GLT 1 , the time to the occurrence of the AD current , its amplitude , the size of the subsequent plateau current and the block of the plateau current by glutamate receptor blockers were all indistinguishable from those in wild type mice . ^^^ We conclude that GLT 1 does not contribute significantly to glutamate release or glutamate removal from the extracellular space in early simulated ischaemia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The amino terminus of the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 interacts with the LIM protein Ajuba . ^^^ We have identified a cytoplasmic LIM protein , Ajuba , which interacts with the amino terminus of GLT 1 , the most abundant plasma membrane glutamate transporter in the brain . ^^^ For GLT 1 expressed in COS cells , coexpression of Ajuba did not affect the transporter ' s K ( m ) or 5 ( max ) for glutamate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distribution of two splice variants of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 in the retinas of humans , monkeys , rabbits , rats , cats , and chickens . ^^^ Antibodies have been generated against two carboxyl terminal splice variants of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 , namely , the originally described version of GLT 1 and GLT 1 B , and labelling has been examined in multiple species , including chickens and humans . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of a variant form of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 in neuronal cultures and in neurons and astrocytes in the rat brain . ^^^ Using this library , we cloned two forms , varying in the C terminus , of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distribution of two splice variants of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 in the developing rat retina . ^^^ The distributions of a carboxyl terminal splice variant of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 , referred to as GLT 1B , and the carboxyl terminus of the originally described variant of GLT 1 , referred to hereafter as GLT 1 alpha , were examined using specific antisera . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cysteine scanning mutagenesis reveals a conformationally sensitive reentrant pore loop in the glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Similar perisynaptic glial localization for the Na+ , K+ ATPase alpha 2 subunit and the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 in the rat somatosensory cortex . ^^^ Recently , it was suggested that an isoenzyme of the Na ( + ) , K ( + ) ATPase containing the alpha ( 2 ) subunit , together with the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 , participate in a coupling mechanism between neuronal activity and energy metabolism taking place in astrocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To address this , we examined the expression of three distinct Na ( + ) dependent glutamate transporters ( GLT 1 , GLAST and EAAC 1 ) in the spinal cord of the Lewis rat EAE . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distribution of two splice variants of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 in rat brain and pituitary . ^^^ We have performed immunocytochemistry on rat brains using a highly specific antiserum directed against the originally described form of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 ( referred to hereafter as GLT 1alpha ) , and another against a C terminal splice variant of this protein , GLT 1B . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
On the other hand , acute liver failure leads to decreased expression of a second astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT 1 and a consequent reduction in glutamate transport sites in brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Synaptic homeostasis of glutamate involves its removal from the synaptic cleft via high affinity glutamate transporters , glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) / excitatory amino acid transporters ( EAAT ) 2 and glutamate and aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) / EAAT1 , and glutamate catabolizing enzyme , glutamine synthase . ^^^ Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) detected mRNA encoding glutamate transporters GLT 1 / EAAT2 and GLAST / EAAT1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Adenosine inhibited glutamate uptake through the glial glutamate transporter , GLT 1 , via A ( 2a ) adenosine receptors . ^^^ In addition , adenosine stimulated GLT 1 independent glutamate release from astrocytes , possibly in response to a rise in intracellular Ca ( 2+ ) , via A ( 2a ) adenosine receptors involving PKA activation . ^^^ The results of the present study thus represent a novel neuromodulatory pathway with a glial contribution , bearing both inhibition of GLT 1 function and stimulation of glial glutamate release , as mediated via A ( 2a ) adenosine receptors . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Thirty minutes after ischemia , the intensities of glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) , glutamate / aspar tate transporter ( GLAST ) , and 8 hydroxy2 ' deoxy guanosine ( 8 OHdG ) immunoreactivities were markedly increased in the hippocampal CA 1 area . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Biochemical studies demonstrated an age dependent downregulation of the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 mRNA and protein , resulting in a progressive reduction of transporter function . ^^^ Glutamate transporters other than GLT 1 were unchanged . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The PDC action was still found in mice lacking the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^ PDC increased glutamate released from cultured hippocampal astrocytes from normal rats , normal mice , and GLT 1 knock out mice , that is not inhibited by deleting extracellular Na ( + ) , while the drug had no effect on the release from cultured rat hippocampal neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Therefore , we cultured rat cortical astrocytes with different ECMs and determined expression levels of the two astrocytic glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST by Western Blot and determined transporter activity through measurements of 3H D aspartate uptake . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GLAST and GLT 1 are astrocytic glutamate transporters , highly concentrated in the cerebellum and the telencephalon , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In order to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying high seizure susceptibility of GLAST knockout mice , we carried out Western blotting for the expression of GLT 1 , EAAC 1 , and several kinds of glutamate receptors in the hippocampus and the cortex . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Incubation of retinae in D threo beta hydroxyaspartate or D / L threo beta benzyloxyaspartate , which are known to inhibit the glutamate transporters GLAST 1 , GLT 1 , and EAAC 1 , caused a decrease in GABA synthesis by around 50 % . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Protein kinase C activation decreases cell surface expression of the GLT 1 subtype of glutamate transporter . ^^^ In the present study , the effects of a protein kinase C ( PKC ) activator on the cell surface expression and activity of the GLT 1 subtype of glutamate transporter were examined in two model systems , primary co cultures of neurons and astrocytes that endogenously express GLT 1 and C 6 glioma cells transfected with GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we report that the presence or absence of neurons strikingly affects the uptake capacity of the astroglial glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST 1 . ^^^ The increase in transport activity is dependent on neuronal release of glutamate , is associated with the local redistribution ( clustering ) of GLT 1 and GLAST 1 but is independent of transporter synthesis and of glutamate receptor activation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Extracellular factors previously found to potently stimulate the expression of the glial glutamate transporters , GLT 1 / EAAT2 and GLAST / EAAT1 , in astroglial cultures of rat cerebral hemispheres are PACAP , TGF alpha , and EGF . ^^^ Moreover , dibutyryl cyclic AMP ( dbcAMP ) potently promoted GLT 1 and / or GLAST expression in mesencephalic , cerebellar and spinal cord glia , further indicating that extracellular factors regulate glial glutamate transporter expression throughout the CNS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Creatine kinase ( CK ) and beta actin have increased carbonyl groups , and Glt 1 , a glutamate transporter , has increased binding of HNE in AD . ^^^ Abeta ( 1 42 ) addition to synaptosomes also results in HNE binding to Glt 1 , thereby coupling increased Abeta ( 1 42 ) in AD brain to increased lipid peroxidation and its sequelae and possibly explaining the mechanism of glutamate transport inhibition known in AD brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Selective blockade of astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT 1 with dihydrokainate prevents neuronal death during ouabain treatment of astrocyte / neuron cocultures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We identified three genes involved in glutamine metabolism , encoding glutamine synthetase ( GS ) , ornithine aminotransferase ( OAT ) and the glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Comparison of coupled and uncoupled currents during glutamate uptake by GLT 1 transporters . ^^^ To define the kinetic relationship between these two components , we have recorded transporter currents associated with stoichiometric and anion charge movements occurring in response to the rapid application of l glutamate to outside out patches from human embryonic kidney cells expressing GLT 1 transporters . ^^^ The model predicts that in physiological conditions approximately 35 % of GLT 1 transporters function as buffers , releasing glutamate back into the extracellular space after binding . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
One case , having mechanical ventilation , demonstrated a reduced expression of another glial glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) throughout the central nervous system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
FK 960 facilitated hippocampal neurotransmission in normal mice , and also in mice lacking the glial glutamate transporter , GLT 1 ( glut 1 ( / ) ) , but to a lesser extent . ^^^ The glutamate release was still obtained with cultured hippocampal astrocytes from glut 1 ( / ) mice , suggesting that the release is not due to GLT 1 mediated counter transport of glutamate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Modulation of spinal nociceptive processing through the glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^ GLT 1 is the predominant glutamate transporter in most brain regions and therefore plays a major role in terminating synaptic transmission and protecting neurons from glutamate neurotoxicity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In knockout mice , for either glial glutamate transporters , GLAST or GLT 1 , a classical metabolic response to synaptic activation ( i . e . , enhancement of glucose utilization ) is decreased at an early functional stage in the somatosensory barrel cortex following activation of whiskers . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Creatine kinase ( CK ) and beta actin have increased carbonyl groups , an index of protein oxidation , and Glt 1 , the principal glutamate transporter , has increased binding of the lipid peroxidation product , 4 hydroxy 2 nonenal ( HNE ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Western blotting experiments revealed a parallel decrease in the expression level of the glial glutamate transporter proteins GLT 1 and GLAST in non deprived cortex compared with sensory deprived cortex of lesion cats and the corresponding regions of area 17 of normal subjects . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The pharmacological sensitivity of spinal cord uptake to dihydrokainate suggests that the GLT 1 ( glutamate transporter 1 ) subtype primarily mediates the transport activity . ^^^ Expression analysis revealed a loss of GLT 1 as well as qualitative changes in GLAST ( glutamate / aspartate transporter ) but no measurable changes in EAAC 1 ( excitatory amino acid carrier 1 ) in spinal cord of end stage G93A rats , indicating that deficits in glutamate transporters in this rat model may be glial specific . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We performed immunoelectron microscopy by preembedding peroxidase and immunogold methods and by postembedding immunogold to detect expression of the glutamate transporters GLAST , GLT 1 , and EAAC 1 in the mouse cochlear nucleus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Content of ileal EAAC 1 and hepatic GLT 1 high affinity glutamate transporters is increased in growing vs . nongrowing lambs , paralleling increased tissue D and L glutamate , plasma glutamine , and alanine concentrations . ^^^ This study tested the hypothesis that ileal epithelium , liver , and kidney content of system 10 ( AG ) glutamate transporters EAAC 1 and GLT 1 would be up regulated to support growth of wethers ( 30 + / 1 . 2 kg ) fed a forage based diet for at least 14 d to gain ( 2 . 0 10 NEm ; n = 9 ) vs . maintain ( 1 . 2 10 NEm ; n = 9 ) BW . ^^^ We have previously demonstrated that two high affinity glutamate transporters ( EAAC 1 , GLT 1 ) are expressed by these extensive glutamate metabolizing epithelial tissues . ^^^ These results indicate that the increased capacity for high affinity glutamate uptake in growing vs . nongrowing lambs is achieved through increased expression of EAAC 1 by ileal epithelium and GLT 1 by liver , which parallel increased tissue concentrations of glutamate and plasma concentrations of two major interorgan N carriers , glutamine and alanine . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have assessed glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 / EAAT2 ) levels in mice fed washed cycad flour containing a suspected neurotoxin that induces features resembling the Guamanian disorder , ALS PDC . ^^^ The generalized decrease in GLT 1 , decreased excitatory amino acid receptor levels , and increased GABAA receptor levels may reflect an early glutamate mediated excitotoxicity following cycad exposure . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ten days after the cells were cultured , the expression of the glutamate transporter subtypes ( GLAST and GLT 1 ) was determined using immunochemistry and immunoblotting . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study the cellular localisation of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures was studied by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy , under normal culture conditions , and after a simulated ischemic insult , achieved by oxygen and glucose deprivation ( OGD ) . ^^^ It is concluded : ( 1 ) that the cellular expression of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 in hippocampal slice cultures in general corresponds to the expression in vivo , ( 2 ) that inhibition of the glutamate transporters induces cell death in the slice cultures , and ( 3 ) that partial inhibition during simulation of ischemia by OGD protects against the induced PI uptake , most likely by blocking the reverse operating transporters otherwise triggered by the energy failure . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures , derived from 1 week old rats , were treated with 100 ng / ml GDNF for either 2 or 5 days , followed by Western blot analysis of NMDAr subunit 1 ( NR 1 ) and two glutamate transporter subtypes , GLAST and GLT 1 . ^^^ Although the extent and consequences of glutamate release via reversal of GLAST and GLT 1 transporters seem to vary in different energy failure models , the present findings should be taken into account in clinical trials of GDNF . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Inhibition of the astrocyte specific GLT 1 glutamate transporter led to a reversible decrease in evoked inhibitory postsynaptic current amplitude . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , evidence was obtained for the expression of the plasmalemmal glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST in rat sperm . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glutamate transporter GLT 1 is essential in limiting transmitter signaling and restricting harmful receptor overstimulation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , ( 2S , 2 ' R , 3 ' R ) 2 ( 2 ' , 3 ' dicarboxycyclopropyl ) glycine , a selective agonist of group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors , positively modulates the expression of GLAST and GLT 1 proteins . ^^^ Pharmacological inhibition of mitogen activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3 K pathways reduces the induction of GLT 1 observed in response to the group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist ( 2S , 2 ' R , 3 ' R ) 2 ( 2 ' , 3 ' dicarboxycyclopropyl ) glycine . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Beta amyloid and brain derived neurotrophic factor , BDNF , up regulate the expression of glutamate transporter GLT 1 / EAAT2 via different signaling pathways utilizing transcription factor NF kappaB . ^^^ Neuronal soluble factors are essential for differential expression and fine tuning of the astroglial glutamate transporters , GLT 1 / EAAT2 and GLAST / EAAT1 . ^^^ In differentiated astrocytes , BDNF and , to a lesser extent , subtoxic concentrations of Abeta 1 42 ( 1 5 microM ) induced the expression of GLT 1 and increased glutamate uptake , whereas the GLAST levels were unaltered by these factors . ^^^ The BDNF dependent up regulation of GLT 1 in differentiated astrocytes was partially antagonized by the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 ( mGluR 4 ) , but not by group 1 or 2 mGluRs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The inhibition of the glial GLT 1 transporter by 3 methyl glutamate did not further modify the effect of propofol on glutamate uptake , suggesting that GLT 1 was not the major target of propofol . ^^^ CONCLUSION : Propofol showed a neuroprotective effect in this in vitro model of OGD , which was apparently mediated by a GLT 1 independent restoration of the glutamate uptake impaired during the injury . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To improve cofactor use , we modified ammonia assimilation in recombinant S . cerevisiae by deleting GDH 1 , which encodes an NADPH dependent glutamate dehydrogenase , and by overexpressing either GDH 2 , which encodes an NADH dependent glutamate dehydrogenase , or GLT 1 and GLN 1 , which encode the GS GOGAT complex . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Functional changes of glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 during ischemia : an in vivo study in the hippocampal CA 1 of normal mice and mutant mice lacking GLT 1 . ^^^ In the present study , we evaluated the function of the glial glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) during brain ischemia by using an in vivo brain microdialysis technique in GLT 1 mutant mice . ^^^ A microdialysis probe was placed in the hippocampal CA 1 of GLT 1 mutant and wild type mice , and glutamate levels were measured during 5 and 20 min ischemia . ^^^ The glutamate levels in mice lacking GLT 1 were significantly higher than the corresponding glutamate levels in wild type mice during 5 min ischemia . ^^^ When ischemia was elongated to the duration of 20 min , the glutamate levels in wild type mice were significantly higher than the corresponding glutamate levels in mice lacking GLT 1 during the last 12 . 5 min of 20 min ischemia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Excitation initiated by the synaptic release of glutamate is attenuated by the action of glial transporters glutamate aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) and glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) , and the neuronal transporter excitatory amino acid carrier 1 ( EAAC 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NG2+ cells were negative for GFAP and also for the astrocytic glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Morphine withdrawal increases glutamate uptake and surface expression of glutamate transporter GLT 1 at hippocampal synapses . ^^^ Immunoblot analysis showed that expression of GLT 1 ( glutamate transporter subtype 1 ) was identified to be upregulated in synaptosomes but not in total tissues , suggesting a redistribution of glutamate transporter expression . ^^^ Moreover , the increase in glutamate uptake was reproduced in cultured neurons during morphine withdrawal , and the increase of uptake in neurons could be blocked by dihydrokainate , a specific inhibitor of GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we show that the glial glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 limit the activation of Purkinje cell AMPA receptors produced by glutamate diffusion between parallel fibre synapses in the cerebellar cortex of juvenile mice . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the adult nervous system , glutamatergic neurotransmission is tightly controlled by neuron glia interactions through glial glutamate reuptake by the specific transporters GLT 1 and GLAST . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The solute carrier family 1 ( SLC 1 ) includes five high affinity glutamate transporters , EAAC 1 , GLT 1 , GLAST , EAAT 4 and EAAT 5 ( SLC1A1 , SLC1A2 , SLC1A3 , SLC1A6 , and SLC1A7 , respectively ) as well as the two neutral amino acid transporters , ASCT 1 and ASCT 2 ( SLC1A4 and ALC1A5 , respectively ) . ^^^ On the other hand , upregulation of the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 ( SLC1A2 ) may help protect motor neurons in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) , since loss of function of GLT 1 has been associated with the pathogenesis of certain forms of ALS . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The NADPH dependent glutamate dehydrogenase encoded by GDH 1 , which accounts for a major fraction of the NADPH consumption during growth on ammonium , was deleted , and alternative pathways for ammonium assimilation were overexpressed : GDH 2 ( NADH consuming ) or GLN 1 and GLT 1 ( the GS GOGAT system ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Loss of function of the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 ( SLC1A2 ) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) , resulting in damage of adjacent motor neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The postnatal developmental expression and the distribution of the glutamate transporters ( GLAST , GLT 1 and EAAC 1 ) were analyzed in rat vestibular nuclei ( VN ) , at birth and during the following 4 weeks . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We now demonstrate that the injury induced growth factors EGF , TGFalpha , FGF 2 , and PDGF all promote the expression of the glutamate transporters GLT 1 and / or GLAST in cultured cortical astroglia . ^^^ Unlike EGF , TGFalpha , and FGF 2 , PDGF promoted GLT 1 , but not GLAST expression and further failed to increase the maximal velocity of sodium dependent glutamate uptake . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Twenty four hours after lesion , brain tissue was collected and the level of glial glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) was analyzed using immunoblotting . ^^^ The results showed significantly decreased levels of GLT 1 ( 70 kDa ) , higher basal levels of glutamate , and lower levels of glutamine as well as low arginine / citrulline ratios at the lesion compared to controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two astrocytic high affinity glutamate transporters , GLAST and GLT 1 , were expressed in M 5076 cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunofluorescent analysis was used to investigate the existence and location of glutamate , glutamate receptor ( NR2B ) , and glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 ) in mouse and human sperm . ^^^ Moreover , glutamate uptake activity was detected in mouse sperm and it could be blocked by dihydrokainic acid ( DHK , GLT 1 selective inhibitor ) and DL threo beta hydroxyaspartic acid ( THA , nonselective inhibitor ) . ^^^ In addition , reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique and sequencing analysis revealed that glutamate transporters ( GLT 1 and EAAC 1 ) and ionotropic glutamate receptors ( NR 1 , NR2B , GluR 6 , and KA 2 ) existed in mouse sperm as well as in human sperm . ^^^ Our present results showed that NR2B was located in the midpiece of sperm , whereas GLT 1 mainly existed in the head . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of SOD 1 G93A or wild type SOD 1 in primary cultures of astrocytes down regulates the glutamate transporter GLT 1 : lack of involvement of oxidative stress . ^^^ Using western blotting , immunocytochemistry and RT PCR it was shown that expression of either hSOD 1 ( G93A ) or hSOD1wt in astrocytes produced down regulation of the levels of a glutamate transporter GLT 1 , without alterations in its mRNA level . hSOD 1 ( G93A ) or hSOD1wt expression caused a decrease of the monomeric form of GLT 1 without increasing oxidative multimers of GLT 1 . ^^^ The effects were selective to GLT 1 , since another glutamate transporter GLAST protein and mRNA levels were not altered . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cloning , transport properties , and differential localization of two splice variants of GLT 1 in the rat CNS : implications for CNS glutamate homeostasis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Effect of gene transfer of GLT 1 , a glutamate transporter , into the locus coeruleus by recombinant adenoviruses on morphine physical dependence in rats . ^^^ We previously reported changes in the mRNA expression of a glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 in some brain regions of morphine dependent and naloxone precipitated withdrawal rats , and inhibition of morphine physical dependence by a glutamate transporter activator in mice . ^^^ These findings support the possibility that glutamate transporters such as GLT 1 are involved in morphine dependence . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GLT 1 is the major glutamate transporter of the brain and has been thought to be expressed exclusively in astrocytes . ^^^ Thus , the originally cloned form of GLT 1 , GLT1a , is expressed as protein in neurons in the mature hippocampus and may contribute significantly to glutamate uptake into excitatory terminals . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Accordingly , the current study examined the distribution and regulation of the glia glutamate transporter GLT 1 and the recently identified GLT isoform , GLT 1b , in the hippocampus of rats subjected to chronic restraint stress ( CRS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , the uptake activity could be inhibited by DHK ( GLT 1 selective inhibitor ) and THA ( glutamate uptake inhibitor ) . ^^^ In addition , RT PCR results revealed that glutamate transporters ( GLT 1 and EAAC 1 ) and ionotropic glutamate receptors ( NR 1 , NR2B , GluR 6 and KA 2 ) were expressed in mouse testis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Acute liver failure results in altered expression of several genes in the brain , some of which code for proteins involved in central nervous system function such as the glutamate transporter GLT 1 , the astrocytic structural protein , glial fibrillary acidic protein , and the water channel protein , aquaporin 4 . ^^^ Loss of expression of GLT 1 results in increased extracellular brain glutamate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have identified a novel carboxyl terminal splice variant of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 , which we denote as GLT1c . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chronic L DOPA treatment increases extracellular glutamate levels and GLT 1 expression in the basal ganglia in a rat model of Parkinson ' s disease . ^^^ Extracellular glutamate levels , measured by microdialysis in freely moving conditions , and gene expression of the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 , assessed by in situ hybridization , were unaffected by dopamine lesion or L DOPA treatment alone , but were both markedly increased on the lesion side of rats with subsequent L DOPA treatment . ^^^ The L DOPA induced overexpression of GLT 1 may represent a compensatory mechanism involving astrocytes to limit glutamate overactivity and subsequent toxic processes . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The high affinity , Na ( + ) dependent , electrogenic glial L glutamate transporters GLAST 1 and GLT 1 , and two neuronal EAAC 1 and EAAT 4 , regulate the neurotransmitter concentration in excitatory synapses of the central nervous system . ^^^ Inhibition studies of the Na ( + ) dependent glutamate transport by plasma membrane vesicles and by isolated astrocytes of wt and glast 1 ( / ) mouse brains indicated the pivotal compensatory role of GLT 1 in the absence particularly of GLAST 1 and GLAST 1 and EAAC 1 mutant mice . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We examined the effects of streptozotocin ( STZ ) induced diabetes in rats on the level of the astrocyte intermediate filament protein , glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) , number of astrocytes , and levels of the astrocyte glutamate transporters , glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) and glutamate / aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) , in the cerebral cortex , hippocampus , and cerebellum by Western blotting ( WB ) and immunohistochemistry ( IH ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sod 2 ( / + ) mice showed an age related decrease in the expression of glial glutamate transporters ( GLT 1 and GLAST ) , suggesting that oxidant induced inhibition of glutamate transport may play a mechanistic role in rendering some Sod 2 ( / + ) mice susceptible to seizures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Simultaneously , a robust induction of the high affinity glutamate transporter GLT 1 ( and GLAST ) expression was detected by RT PCR and immunocytochemistry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : Intense immunoreactivity for the retinal glutamate transporters ( GLAST , GLT 1 , EAAC 1 and EAAT 5 ) was observed at all time points after the insult , despite severe retinal degeneration . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , non radioactive in situ hybridization ( ISH ) using complementary RNA probes was applied to detect the glutamate transporters GLT 1 variant ( GLT1v ) and EAAC 1 mRNA in rat cardiomyocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have evaluated the distribution of the glutamate transporter GLAST and two splice variants of GLT 1 in the hypoxic neonatal pig brain using this as model of neonatal humans . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Increased internalisation and degradation of GLT 1 glial glutamate transporter in a cell model for familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) . ^^^ The GLT 1 isoform of the glutamate transporter gene family is the most important transporter involved in keeping extracellular glutamate concentration below neurotoxic levels . ^^^ Like ALS patients and animal models of ALS , the G93A expressing MDCK cell system showed reduced total glial GLT 1 expression , with no change in the expression of the neuronal EAAC 1 glutamate transporter isoform . ^^^ Morphological analysis revealed the intracellular redistribution of GLT 1 to acidic compartments , whereas the surface distribution of other glutamate transporters ( neuronal EAAC 1 and glial GLAST ) was not affected . ^^^ The specific decrease in the GLT 1 isoform of glutamate transporters is therefore recapitulated in G93A expressing MDCK cell lines , thus suggesting an autonomous cell mechanism underlying the loss of GLT 1 in ALS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunocytochemical analysis also revealed that the treatments with serum or with the G 5 supplement triggered the expression of the glial glutamate transporters GLT 1 ( 35 and 21 % , respectively ) and GLAST ( 29 and 69 % , respectively ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Intriguingly , alterations of caveolin gene expression in response to cAMP or TGF alpha coincided with reciprocal and brain region specific changes in glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 expression . ^^^ We also provide strong evidence that GLT 1 itself is concentrated in lipid rafts , inferring an important role for glial glutamate transporter function . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Increased expression of the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT 1 in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics . ^^^ To verify whether altered glial glutamate uptake contributes to the reduced efficacy of glutamatergic transmission reported in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics , we studied the expression of GLT 1 , the transporter responsible for most glutamate transport , in autoptic samples of prefrontal cortex using real time quantitative RT PCR , immunocytochemistry , and functional assays . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Extracellular glutamate released from nerve terminals is counterbalanced by glutamate transporters in neurons ( EAAC 1 and EAAT 4 ) and glial cells ( GLT 1 and GLAST ) , thereby modulating the glutamatergic system and protecting neurons from an excitotoxic action of glutamate . ^^^ Here we show that a glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 could be involved in physical and psychological morphine dependence . ^^^ By Northern blot analysis , the expression of glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 , but not GLAST , mRNA was decreased in the striatum / nucleus accumbens ( NAc ) and thalamus of morphine dependent rats . ^^^ These findings may provide evidence that a glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 could be a new target for preventing physical and psychological morphine dependence . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Many neurotransmitter transporters , including the GLT 1 and EAAC 1 subtypes of the glutamate transporter , are regulated by protein kinase C ( PKC ) and these effects are associated with changes in cell surface expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of GLT 1 ( a glial glutamate transporter ) , EAAC 1 ( neuronal glutamate transporter ) , and NMDA2B was corroborated by immunohistochemical , Western , and ligand binding assays . ^^^ For example , expression of GLT 1 and GluR 6 mRNAs was enhanced , whereas diminished expression of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC 1 , GABAAalpha 2 , GABAAgamma 2 , GABAAgamma 3 , NMDA2B , GluR 1 , GluR 2 , GluR 4 , and GluR 5 subunits occurred . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both the termination of glutamatergic neurotransmission and the prevention of neurotoxic extracellular glutamate concentrations are predominantly achieved by the uptake of extracellular glutamate into astroglia through the high affinity glutamate transporters , excitatory amino acid transporter 2 / glutamate transporter 1 ( EAAT 2 / GLT 1 ) and EAAT 1 / glutamate aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) . ^^^ Although several injury induced growth factors such as epidermal growth factor ( EGF ) and transforming growth factor alpha ( TGFalpha ) potently stimulate the expression of glutamate transporters in cultured astroglia , GLT 1 and / or GLAST expression temporarily decreases during acute brain injuries eventually contributing to secondary neuronal cell death . ^^^ Exposure of cultured cortical astroglia to ET 1 , ET 2 , and ET 3 resulted in a major loss of basal glutamate transporter expression after 72 hours and the complete prevention of the known stimulatory influences of dibutyryl cyclic ( dbc ) AMP , pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide ( PACAP ) , EGF , and TGFalpha on both GLT 1 and GLAST expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Reversed operation of glutamate transporter GLT 1 is crucial to the development of preconditioning induced ischemic tolerance of neurons in neuron / astrocyte co cultures . ^^^ In the present study , we investigated the roles of the astrocytic glutamate ( Glu ) transporter GLT 1 in preconditioning ( PC ) induced neuronal ischemic tolerance in cortical neuron / astrocyte co cultures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In most brain areas , uptake of extracellular glutamate predominantly occurs through the glutamate transporter subtype , glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) , which is enriched in astroglia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
No changes in the optical density of GLT 1 glutamate transporter immunoreactivity in cortex were detected in any group . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Clozapine reduces GLT 1 expression and glutamate uptake in astrocyte cultures . ^^^ To test the hypothesis that clozapine induced reduction of glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) expression is mediated by astrocytes , we studied the effects of clozapine on Glu transporters and Glu uptake in primary astrocyte cultures of the cerebral cortex . ^^^ Astrocyte cultures treated for 48 h with clozapine exhibited a reduction in GLT 1 levels of about 50 % , whereas glutamate aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) levels remained unchanged . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Astroglial glutamate transporters , GLT 1 and GLAST , play an essential role in removing released glutamate from the extracellular space and are essential for maintaining a low concentration of extracellular glutamate in the brain . ^^^ Global ischemia induced reduction in GLT 1 expression and glutamate transporter function of CA 1 astrocytes precedes the initiation of delayed neuronal death in CA 1 pyramidal layer . ^^^ The present study provides the evidence that transient global ischemia downregulates glutamate transporter function of hippocampal CA 1 astrocytes by decreasing mRNA and protein levels of GLT 1 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We subsequently transduced these cells with the GLT 1 glutamate transporter and examined the ability of these cells to protect motor neurons in an organotypic spinal cord culture . ^^^ We show that glial restricted precursors and GRIP derived astrocytes predominantly express glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 . ^^^ Having identified these precursor cells as potential vectors for delivering glutamate transporters to regions of interest , we engineered a line of GRIPS that overexpress the glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^ To test whether neuroprotection was related to glutamate transporter overexpression , we isolated GRIPS from the GLT 1 null mouse to serve as controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The ethanol induced deficit in glutamate uptake was not associated with decreased total tissue levels of the transporters GLAST or GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential modulation of the glutamate transporters GLT 1 , GLAST and EAAC 1 by docosahexaenoic acid . ^^^ Here we investigate the effect of cis 4 , 7 , 10 , 13 , 16 , 19 docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) on the activity of the mammalian glutamate transporter subtypes , GLT 1 , GLAST and EAAC 1 individually expressed in human embryonic kidney ( HEK ) cells . ^^^ We conclude that DHA differentially modulates the GLT 1 , GLAST and EAAC 1 glutamate transporter subtypes via different mechanisms . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The results show that in spinal gray matter AQP 4 labeling is intense in all perivascular profiles and ( 1 ) displays a marked dorsoventral gradient in the neuropil ; and ( 2 ) coexists extensively with glial glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) but scarcely with glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Lipopolysaccharide increases microglial GLT 1 expression and glutamate uptake capacity in vitro by a mechanism dependent on TNF alpha . ^^^ Of the stimuli used , only LPS induced a significant release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF alpha ) and interleukin 6 ( IL 6 ) , and was the only stimulus that increased microglial GLT 1 expression and glutamate uptake capacity after 12 h incubation . ^^^ This could suggest different physiological functions for microglial and astroglial glutamate uptake and might indicate a reciprocal control of GLT 1 expression between microglia and astrocytes . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Quantification of immunoreactivities for glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) , glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) and heat shock protein 70 ( HSP 70 ) was determined by optical density signal in the immunoisotopic and immunoperoxidase assays . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
There is increasing evidence that motor neuron death in ALS is mediated by glutamate toxicity resulting from reduced activity of astrocytic glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) . ^^^ Our results indicate that glyoxal modifies GLT 1 to form CML and simultaneously deprives its glutamate uptake activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The yeast Debaryomyces hansenii ( which also has a VMA intein ) has an intein encoded within the sequence of the glutamate synthase gene ( GLT 1 ) . ^^^ These allelic GLT 1 inteins occupy exactly the same site in the glutamate synthase and all contain domains that indicate the presence of a homing endonuclease ( HEG ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , uptake of L [ 14C ] cystine by three of the high affinity sodium dependent mammalian glutamate transporters ( GLT 1 , GLAST and EAAC 1 ) individually expressed in HEK cells has been determined . ^^^ L glutamate and L homocysteate are potent inhibitors of sodium dependent L [ 14C ] cystine uptake in HEK ( GLAST ) , HEK ( GLT 1 ) and HEK ( EAAC 1 ) cells . ^^^ Reduction of L [ 14C ] cystine to L [ 14C ] cysteine in the presence of 1mM cysteinylglycine increases the uptake rate in HEK ( GLT 1 ) , HEK ( GLAST ) and HEK ( EAAC 1 ) cells , but only a small proportion ( < 10 % ) of L [ 14C ] cysteine uptake in HEK ( GLT 1 ) and HEK ( GLAST ) cells occurs by the high affinity glutamate transporters . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study describes the expression of functional glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 in oligodendrocytes by means of electrophysiology , uptake assays , and immunocytochemistry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
DEX co infusion prevented the downregulation of glial glutamate transporters ( GLAST ( Glu Asp transporter ) and GLT 1 ( Glu transporter 1 ) ) , but not the neuronal GT EAAC 1 ( excitatory amino acid carrier ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Constitutive expression of mRNA was shown for the first time with the neuronal EAAT subtype excitatory amino acid carrier 1 ( EAAC 1 ) , in addition to glial subtypes such as glutamate aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) and glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) , in rat costal chondrocytes cultured for 7 21 days on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Regulation of glutamate transporter GLAST and GLT 1 expression in astrocytes by estrogen . ^^^ Thus , the removal of l glutamate from the extracellular space by astrocytes through the astroglial glutamate transporters GLT 1 and GLAST appears essential for maintaining a homeostatic milieu for neighboring neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
L DOPA treatment increased dopamine D 3 receptor and glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) mRNA expression in the lesioned striatum and that , specifically in an area overlapping one of Nur 77 decrease and of NT / DYN induction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
There was no change in the relative density of the glutamate transporter , GLT 1 , within the striatum or SN PC between any of the groups , suggesting that the alterations in striatal extracellular glutamate were not due to a change in this specific transporter . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently , Rothstein et al . reported that beta lactam antibiotics , including penicillin and ceftriaxone , are potential therapeutic drugs to treat some neurological disorders , e . g . , amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) , by modulating the expression of glutamate transporter GLT 1 via gene activation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We examined the expression of main astrocytic glutamate / aspartate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 , which regulate extracellular glutamate concentration . ^^^ The response of astroglia is rather of neuroprotective character however , downexpression of GLT 1 glutamate transporter and activation of S glutathionylation processes lead to the question about their significance in Pb induced neurotoxicity . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Changes in the expression of glial glutamate transporters ( GLAST and GLT 1 ) were examined in the spinal cord of rats with chemotherapy ( taxol ) induced mechanical hyperalgesia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This up regulation was inhibited by an antagonist of mGluR 5 and , more importantly , was sensitive to a specific glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) blocker . ^^^ We conclude that mGluR5a contributes to a dynamic control of GLT 1 function in activated astrocytes , acting as a glial sensor of the extracellular glutamate concentration in order to acutely regulate the excitatory transmission . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Down regulation of the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 in rat hippocampus and striatum and its modulation by a group 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist following transient global forebrain ischemia . ^^^ The temporal expression profiles of three glutamate transporters ( GLT 1 , GLAST and EAAC 1 ) were evaluated in the CA 1 region of the hippocampus and the striatum . ^^^ Pretreatment with group 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist s alpha MCPA ( 20 microg / 5 microl ) 30 min prior to 4 VO significantly restored the GLT 1 levels in the CA 1 region caused by global ischemia at both 3 and 6 h after reperfusion . ^^^ The current findings pinpoint the significance of GLT 1 during ischemia / reperfusion and suggest a potential application of group 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist against ischemic / hypoxic neuronal damage . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
High yield expression , reconstitution and structure of the recombinant , fully functional glutamate transporter GLT 1 from Rattus norvegicus . ^^^ The glutamate transporter GLT 1 from Rattus norvegicus was expressed at high level in BHK cells using the Semliki Forest virus expression system . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Role of the GLT 1 subtype of glutamate transporter in glutamate homeostasis : the GLT 1 preferring inhibitor WAY 855 produces marginal neurotoxicity in the rat hippocampus . ^^^ According to [ ( 3 ) H ] l glutamate uptake data , GLT 1 was responsible for approximately 80 % of the GLAST , GLT 1 , and EAAC 1 mediated uptake that occurs within dissociated hippocampal tissue , yet when this transporter was preferentially blocked for 120 h with WAY 855 ( 100 microm ) , no significant neurotoxicity was observed in hippocampal slices . ^^^ These results indicate that selective inhibition of GLT 1 is insufficient to provoke glutamate build up , leading to NMDA receptor mediated neurotoxic effects , and suggest a prominent role of GLAST and / or EAAC 1 in extracellular glutamate maintenance . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Evidence that protein kinase Calpha interacts with and regulates the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we investigated the role of corticosteroids in regulating the expression of the glial glutamate transporters glial glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) and glutamate aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) in rat primary astrocytes . ^^^ Up regulation of GLT 1 expression was accompanied by an enhanced glutamate uptake , which could be blocked by the specific GLT 1 inhibitor dihydrokainate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
More than 95 % of these cells expressed the astrocyte markers glial fibrillary acidic protein and GLT 1 glutamate transporter , and the morphological characteristics of these cells were typical of astrocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In Purkinje cells in slices from mice lacking the glial glutamate transporters GLAST or GLT 1 , the ischaemia evoked AD current was indistinguishable from that in wild type slices . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GLT 1 , the predominant glutamate transporter of the forebrain , exists in two splice variant isoforms , i . e . , GLT1a and GLT1b . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Decreased metabolic response to visual stimulation in the superior colliculus of mice lacking the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^ We provide evidence that the metabolic response to synaptic activation ( i . e . enhancement of glucose uptake ) is decreased in the superior colliculus during visual stimulation in young adult mice deficient in the glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
There was a decrease in the relative density of immunolabeling within the dorsolateral striatum for the glutamate transporter , GLT 1 , following acute 1 methyl 4 phenyl 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 tetrahydropyridine treatment in the groups administered either vehicle or l dopa . ^^^ The results demonstrate that the reversal in the extracellular level of striatal glutamate following l dopa treatment in both the acute and subchronic 1 methyl 4 phenyl 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 tetrahydropyridine treated groups is not due to changes in either striatal dopamine nerve terminals or in the density of the glutamate transporter , GLT 1 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By contrast , the GLT 1 mRNA expression was increased during hypoxia and at confluence , but not during glutamate and potassium loading , and the EAAC 1 mRNA expression was not changed only during glutamate loading . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chronic epileptogenesis may be associated with down regulation of the production of glial excitatory amino acid transporters , GLAST and GLT 1 , proteins that cause increase in the basal extracellular concentrations of glutamate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Selective up regulation of the glial Na+ dependent glutamate transporter GLT 1 by a neuroimmunophilin ligand results in neuroprotection . ^^^ In the present study , we demonstrated that GPI 1046 induces selective expression of GLT 1 in vitro and in vivo , associated with a marked increase in DHK sensitive Na+ dependent glutamate transport . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Methylmercury alters the in vitro uptake of glutamate in GLAST and GLT 1 transfected mutant CHO K 1 cells . ^^^ This is accomplished , in large measure , by the astroglial high affinity Na+ dependent EAA transporters glutamate / aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) and glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) . ^^^ Accordingly , the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of MeHg on the transport of [ d 2 , 3 3H ] d aspartate , a nonmetabolizable glutamate analog in Chinese hamster ovary cells ( CHO ) transfected with the glutamate transporter subtypes GLAST or GLT 1 . ^^^ MeHg treatment ( 6 h ) led to no discernible changes in GLAST mRNA expression ; however , GLT 1 mRNA expression significantly ( p < 0 . 001 ) increased following treatments with 5 or 10 microM MeHg . ( 2 ) Selective changes in the expression of glutamate transporter protein levels were also noted . ^^^ GLAST transporter protein levels significantly ( p < 0 . 001 , both at 5 and 10 microM MeHg ) increased and GLT 1 transporter protein levels significantly ( p < 0 . 001 ) decreased following MeHg exposure ( 5 microM ) . ( 3 ) MeHg exposure led to significant inhibition ( p < 0 . 05 ) of glutamate uptake by GLAST ( both 5 and 10 microM MeHg ) , whereas GLT 1 transporter activity was significantly ( p < 0 . 01 ) increased following exposure to 5 and 10 microM MeHg . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Functional significance of the preconditioning induced down regulation of glutamate transporter GLT 1 in neuron / astrocyte co cultures . ^^^ Immunocytochemical and Western blot analyses demonstrated that the expression of the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT 1 was transiently down regulated after the PC insult . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Gene transfer of GLT 1 , a glutamate transporter , into the nucleus accumbens shell attenuates methamphetamine and morphine induced conditioned place preference in rats . ^^^ In the present study , we examined the effects of gene transfer of a glial glutamate transporter , GLT 1 , into the NAc shell by recombinant adenoviruses on methamphetamine and morphine induced conditioned place preference in rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunohistochemistry using glutamate ( Glu ) , glutamate transporter ( GLT 1 and GLAST ) , and glutamine synthetase ( GS ) antibodies was also carried out on the cerebrum of four familial dogs that died of status epilepticus ( SE ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we show that PDGF had no effect on subcellular localization of the glial glutamate transporter , GLT 1 , after transfection into C 6 glioma cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cells from transgenic animals and wild type littermates showed similar expression of glutamate aspartate transporter and glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) after in vitro activation , whereas cells carrying the hSOD 1 mutation showed a three fold higher expression of functional mGluR 5 , as observed in the spinal cord of end stage animals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Glial glutamate transporters , GLAST and GLT 1 , are co localized in processes of Bergmann glia ( BG ) wrapping excitatory synapses on Purkinje cells ( PCs ) . ^^^ Here we aimed to clarify the mechanism ( s ) underlying this unexpected finding using a selective GLT 1 blocker , dihydrokainate ( DHK ) , and a novel antagonist of glial glutamate transporter , ( 2S , 3S ) 3 [ 3 ( 4 methoxybenzoylamino ) benzyloxy ] aspartate ( PMB TBOA ) . ^^^ In the presence of cyclothiazide ( CTZ ) , which attenuates the desensitization of AMPA receptors , DHK prolonged the decay time constant ( tau ( w ) ) of CF EPSCs in WT , indicating that GLT 1 plays a partial role in the removal of glutamate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Subsequently , the Tg mice manifest additional deficits in neuromuscular strength that correlates with reduced expression of glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) and occurs concurrent with tau inclusion pathology . ^^^ Reduced GLT 1 expression was associated with a progressive decrease in sodium dependent glutamate transport capacity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Corticosterone inhibits expression of the microglial glutamate transporter GLT 1 in vitro . ^^^ The effect of corticosterone on the GLT 1 expression was dose dependent and accompanied by similar effects on the microglial glutamate uptake capacity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nitric oxide produced during sublethal ischemia is crucial for the preconditioning induced down regulation of glutamate transporter GLT 1 in neuron / astrocyte co cultures . ^^^ The rise in the extracellular concentration of glutamate during ischemia caused by the reversed uptake of glutamate ( Glu ) by the astrocytic Glu transporter GLT 1 was markedly suppressed by the prior PC treatment , but the suppression was reversed by treatment with an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase ( NOS ) during PC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
After screening four EAAT genes ( glutamate transporter 1 ; GLT 1 , excitatory amino acid transporter 4 ; EAAT 4 , excitatory amino acid carrier ; EAAC 1 , glutamate / aspartate transporter ; GLAST ) for single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) , we identified two silent SNPs ( C129T and T471C ) in the GLT 1 gene . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Effect of topiramate and dBcAMP on expression of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 in astrocytes cultured separately , or together with neurons . ^^^ The glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 are responsible for the inactivation of glutamate as a neurotransmitter and it was therefore investigated if topiramate might affect the expression of GLAST and GLT 1 in astrocytes cultured separately or together with neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Effects of lipopolysaccharide on glial phenotype and activity of glutamate transporters : Evidence for delayed up regulation and redistribution of GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Regulation of astrocytic glutamate transporter expression by Akt : evidence for a selective transcriptional effect on the GLT 1 / EAAT2 subtype . ^^^ In the nervous system , astrocytes express different ratios of the two glial glutamate transporters , glutamate transporter subtype 1 ( GLT 1 ) and glutamate / aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) , but little is known about the signaling pathways that independently regulate their expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The results showed that amitriptyline alone did not produce an antinociceptive effect , while morphine alone induced antinociceptive tolerance and down regulation of spinal glutamate transporters ( GLAST , GLT 1 , and EAAC 1 ) in the rat spinal cord dorsal horn . ^^^ The mechanisms involved may include : ( a ) inhibition of pro inflammatory cytokine expression , ( b ) prevention of glutamate transporter down regulation , and even up regulation of glial GTs GLAST and GLT 1 expression , with ( c ) attenuation of morphine evoked EAA release following continuous long term morphine infusion . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ciliary neurotrophic factor activates astrocytes , redistributes their glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 to raft microdomains , and improves glutamate handling in vivo . ^^^ CNTF activated astrocytes were hypertrophic , expressed immature intermediate filament proteins and highly glycosylated forms of their glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 . ^^^ CNTF overexpression produced a redistribution of GLAST and GLT 1 into raft functional membrane microdomains , which are important for glutamate uptake . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Loss of the astrocyte glutamate transporter GLT 1 modifies disease in SOD 1 ( G93A ) mice . ^^^ The astrocyte glutamate transporter GLT 1 is responsible for a significant portion of glutamate transport from the synaptic cleft ; regulating synaptic transmission and preventing glutamate excitotoxicity . ^^^ Dramatic losses of the GLT 1 protein and reduced glutamate transport in the lumbar spinal cords of the SOD 1 ( G93A ) / GLT1+ / animals were also observed . ^^^ This study suggests that astrocytes , and the astrocyte glutamate transporter GLT 1 , play a role in modifying disease progression and motor neuron loss in this model . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GLAST and GLT 1 are the most abundant glutamate transporters in the CNS and protect neurons from glutamate neurotoxicity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Inhibition of tetanically sciatic stimulation induced LTP of spinal neurons and Fos expression by disrupting glutamate transporter GLT 1 . ^^^ Glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 has been considered as an important regulator of excitatory synaptic transmission and nociception . ^^^ Intrathecal administration of dihydrokainate ( DHK ) , a GLT 1 selective inhibitor , partially inhibited ( 0 . 1 mM ) or completely blocked ( 3 . 0 mM ) the spinal LTP , which may be related to an accumulation of extracellular glutamate . ^^^ These results suggest that disruption of GLT 1 may be associated with the inhibition of functional activation of spinal neurons expressing Fos , but not with glutamate excitotoxicity . ^^^ In conclusion , glial GLT 1 may play an important role in tetanically sciatic stimulation induced LTP of spinal nociceptive neurons via the regulation of extracellular levels of glutamate to an appropriate concentration . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Reactive astrocytes display decreased glutamate transporters , such as GLT 1 , and as a result synaptic glutamate clearance is impaired . ^^^ Importantly , the observed increase in glutamate transporters was found to have a functional effect , with significantly enhanced glutamate uptake in astrocytes treated with 100 or 1 , 000 microM PPF that was sensitive to dihydrokainate inhibition , suggesting it is GLT 1 mediated . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These results suggested that the OGD induced reversal of GLT 1 contributed to the survival of astrocytes themselves by releasing Na ( + ) with glutamate via reversed GLT 1 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , we investigated expressions of vesicular glutamate transporter ( VGLUT ) and of the plasma membrane glutamate transporters [ glutamate transporter 1 ( GLT 1 ) , glutamate / aspartate transporter ( GLAST ) and excitatory amino acid carrier 1 ( EAAC 1 ) ] in the gerbil hippocampus following transient ischaemia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , the possible functional role of EAAC 1 in preventing neuron death has not been resolved as compared with glial glutamate transporters such as GLT 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Moreover , when the analogous double mutant in the glutamate transporter GLT 1 is reconstituted into liposomes , a slow exchange of radioactive and unlabeled acidic amino acids is observed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
From the Cover : Indispensability of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 to brain development . ^^^ We examined the direct consequences on brain development of extracellular glutamate buildup due to the depletion of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT 1 . ^^^ These results provide direct in vivo evidence that GLAST and GLT 1 are necessary for brain development through regulation of extracellular glutamate concentration and show that an important mechanism is likely to be maintenance of glutamate mediated synaptic transmission . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GFAP expressing cells express both GLAST and GLT 1 glutamate transporters but lack AMPA type glutamate receptors as reported for dye coupled astrocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have recently shown that a significant reduction in the levels of the glutamate transporter GLT 1 may be one of the mechanisms responsible for this elevation . ^^^ Here we studied whether GLT 1 down regulation induced by chronic clozapine treatment is associated with changes in the expression of synaptophysin , synaptosome associated protein of 25 kDa ( SNAP 25 ) and vesicular glutamate transporter 1 ( VGLUT 1 ) , three major presynaptic proteins involved in neurotransmitter release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Microarray analysis of specific areas of cerebral cortex from individuals who had suffered from major depressive disorder demonstrated significant down regulation of SLC1A2 and SLC1A3 , two key members of the glutamate / neutral amino acid transporter protein family , SLC 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43004 and Q13224	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA