| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In order to characterize the neurochemical profile of these neoplastic and malformative glioneuronal lesions , we have examined the presence of the alpha 1 subunit of the GABAA receptor , the N methyl D aspartate receptor subunit 1 ( NR 1 ) , glutamate decarboxylase , tyrosine hydroxylase , somatostatin , parvalbumin , and calretinin in 60 gangliogliomas , 11 DNT , 10 tuberous sclerosis like lesions and 17 non tuberous sclerosis like glioneuronal malformations . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Glutamate like immunoreactivity and fate of Cajal Retzius cells in the murine cortex as identified with calretinin antibody . ^^^ Calretinin positive Cajal Retzius cells were glutamate immunoreactive and their presumed axon terminals formed asymmetric synapses . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Between E 15 and E 19 the following populations were distinguished in the plexiform layers : the subventricular zone displayed small neurons that reacted with MAP 2 and GABA antibodies ; the subplate ( prospective stratum oriens ) was poorly populated by MAP 2 and GABA positive cells ; the inner marginal zone ( future stratum radiatum ) was heavily populated by multipolar GABAergic cells ; the outer marginal zone ( stratum lacunosum moleculare ) displayed horizontal neurons that showed glutamate and calretinin immunoreactivities , their morphology being reminiscent of neocortical Cajal Retzius cells . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| When cytotoxicity due to calcium overload was induced by an exposure of the cells to the calcium ionophore 4 bromo A 23187 rather than by activation of glutamate receptors , calretinin positive cells were found not to be significantly more resistant than the vast majority of neurons . ^^^ This may indicate that the lower sensitivity of a subpopulation of calretinin positive neurons to excitotoxic stimuli may be due to a lower expression of glutamate receptors . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase , choline acetyltransferase , calretinin , calbindin , the glutamate transporter GLT 1 , protein kinase C , recoverin and parvalbumin were co applied with the D 1 receptor antibody . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| From studies on the distribution of three further neuroactive substances in rat superior collicular tissue : the calcium binding protein calretinin , the growth and plasticity related protein neuromodulin ( GAP 43 ) , and a glutamate receptor of the NMDA type , we were led to conclude ( 1 ) that the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus are composed not of two , but of at least three disjunct types of modules , ( 2 ) that not just the intermediate layers but more or less the whole superior colliculus is an assemblage of modules , and ( 3 ) that , besides topographic connectivity and laminar structuring , the modules constituting an iterative partitioning represent a third major feature of superior collicular architecture . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Calretinin mRNA and immunoreactivity in the medullary reticular formation of the rat : colocalization with glutamate receptors . ^^^ In addition , double immunocytochemical labeling was used to examine the degree of colocalization of calretinin with GluR2 / R3 , GluR 4 and GluR 5 7 glutamate receptor subtypes . ^^^ Most calretinin immunoreactive cells also expressed at least one of the glutamate receptor subtypes examined with the exception of the smallest calretinin positive cells of the parvocellular reticular formation which were generally not immunoreactive for any of the glutamate receptors examined . ^^^ Calretinin immunoreactivity was colocalized with immunoreactivity for all three glutamate receptor subtypes examined in most of the large cells of the reticular formation . ^^^ These results suggest that calretinin and glutamate receptor antibodies may be used to identify specific subsets of reticular formation neurons . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Excitotoxic concentrations of glutamate receptor agonists failed to elicit an excitotoxic response on the intensely staining calretinin positive neurons , whereas greater than 95 % of the cerebellar granule cells were susceptible to the excitotoxic actions of the glutamate receptor agonists . ^^^ To distinguish between the two possibilities that calretinin positive neurons either do not express glutamate receptors or they are not susceptible to the excitotoxic effects of glutamate receptor agonists , we performed immunocytochemistry using glutamate receptor antibodies to detect the presence of receptor protein . ^^^ We found that the AMPA / kainate glutamate receptor ( GluR2R3 ) colocalized with calretinin , suggesting that calretinin immunoreactive neurons express the AMPA / kainate receptor ; cerebellar granule cells , which are known to express this receptor , were also immunoreactive for the GluR2R3 receptor . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Quinolinic acid produced a preferential loss in the number of cells immunoreactive for glutamate decarboxylase , with a relative sparing of the number of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive cells and , to a lesser degree , calretinin immunoreactive cells . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| However , they were found only on selected subpopulations of cochlear nucleus neurons , i . e . , on cell bodies containing glutamate or calretinin immunoreactivity , but apparently not on GABAergic neurons . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The hilar CGRP positive neurons were negative for parvalbumin , calretinin , cholecystokinin and somatostatin , whereas most of them were immunoreactive for GluR2 / 3 ( the AMPA type glutamate receptor known to be expressed largely by principal cells ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The neuronal localization of calcium binding proteins calretinin , parvalbumin and calbindin is here correlated to GABA and glutamate immunoreactivity in the guinea pig piriform cortex . ^^^ Part of the layer 2 calretinin positive neurons with pyramidal shape and large apical dendrites directed toward the surface were found to be immunoreactive for the anti glutamate antibody on adjacent sections . ^^^ The present data show that in the piriform cortex of the guinea pig calretinin , although expressed in Cajal Retzius like cells as in other cortical areas , also marks a subpopulation of glutamate containing pyramidal like neurons in layer II . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Immunohistochemical colocalization studies revealed that all tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive and the majority of calretinin immunoreactive neurons expressed the glutamate receptor subunits GluR 2 R3 . ^^^ Our experiments showed that glutamate receptors present in both calretinin and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells were functional , since phosphorylated cAMP / Ca2+ response element binding protein levels were increased in both cell types after 10 or 30 min exposures to 500 microM KA . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We characterized the inhibitory circuits in the rat entorhinal cortex by analyzing the distribution of calretinin immunoreactivity and its colocalization with glutamate decarboxylase ( GAD ) and gamma aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Fluorescent double immunostaining for calretinin and glutamate receptor 2 / 3 ( GluR2 / 3 ) revealed that all large calretinin immunoreactive hilar cells in the ventral level were GluR2 / 3 immunoreactive and almost all intensely GluR2 / 3 immunoreactive hilar cells in the ventral level were calretinin immunoreactive . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Topographic localization of calretinin , calbindin , VIP , substance P , CCK and metabotropic glutamate receptor immunoreactive neurons in the supramammillary and related areas of the rat . ^^^ The observations are : ( 1 ) each type of immunolabelled elements , such as calretinin , calbindin , VIP , substance P , CCK and metabotropic glutamate receptor 1a immunopositive neurons has a characteristic localization ; ( 2 ) no parvalbumin and enkephalin containing neurons are present in the SUM ; and ( 3 ) a small population of calretinin containing and a small number of calretinin negative supramammillohippocampal neurons located in the lateral area also project to the medial septum diagonal band region of the septal complex . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| A recent study demonstrated both an extrinsic and an intrinsic calretinin ( CR ) innervation of the rat septal complex and that a population of the extrinsic calretinin fibers is aspartate / glutamate containing . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Effects of glutamate induced excitotoxicity on calretinin expressing neuron populations in the area postrema of the rat . ^^^ We mapped the distribution of calretinin immunoreactive neuron populations in a circumventricular organ of the rat , the area postrema , and investigated their sensitivity to excitotoxic stimuli mediated by subcutaneously administered monosodium glutamate . ^^^ We were specifically interested to ascertain whether the presence of calretinin can , per se , confer an in vivo intrinsic resistance for area postrema neurons to glutamate excitotoxicity . ^^^ We demonstrated that calretinin positive neurons differ in their sensitivities to monosodium glutamate depending on their position within the area postrema . ^^^ We conclude that calretinin positive neurons in the area postrema are not uniformly protected against glutamate excitotoxicity . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| For analysis , immunocytochemistry against glutamate ( GLU ) , parvalbumin ( PV ) , and calretinin ( CR ) was combined with confocal microscopy . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This phenomenon was not as obvious in CA 3 , but the spiny metabotropic glutamate receptor 1alpha positive non pyramidal cells , some of which contain calretinin or substance P receptor , disappeared from stratum lucidum of this area . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| By seven days , unilateral intrastriatal infusion of quinolinic acid produced a partial but significant loss ( P < 0 . 01 ) in the number of striatal neurons immunoreactive for glutamate decarboxylase ( to 51 . 0+ / 5 . 8 % of unlesioned levels ) , calbindin ( to 58 . 7+ / 5 . 1 % ) , choline acetyltransferase ( to 68 . 6+ / 6 . 1 % ) , NADPH diaphorase ( to 47 . 4+ / 5 . 4 % ) , parvalbumin ( to 58 . 8+ / 4 . 1 % ) and calretinin ( to 60 . 6+ / 8 . 6 % ) in adult rats that were administered intrastriatal phosphate buffered saline for seven days following quinolinic acid . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Because glutamate receptor mediated excitotoxicity has been implicated in the massive loss of striatal projection neurons that characterizes Huntington ' s disease , we have applied a double antigen localization procedure to post mortem tissue from eight normal human subjects to determine the expression of the alpha amino 3 hydroxy 5 methyl 4 isoxazolepropionate glutamate receptor subunits 1 / 2 / 4 by the calretinin immunoreactive interneurons . ^^^ The two types of calretinin immunoreactive neurons were found to display various patterns of glutamate receptor subunit expression and a specific regionalization was also noted in the expression of these glutamate receptor subunits . ^^^ Approximately half of the large calretinin immunoreactive neurons displayed immunoreactivity for glutamate receptor subunits 1 and 2 , and about the same proportion of medium calretinin immunoreactive neurons expressed glutamate receptor subunits 1 and 4 . ^^^ In contrast , as much as 70 . 1 % of the large calretinin immunoreactive neurons displayed glutamate receptor subunit 4 immunoreactivity in the postcommissural portion of the putamen , an area that corresponds to the sensorimotor striatal territory . ^^^ For their part , the medium calretinin immunoreactive neurons were markedly enriched with glutamate receptor subunit 2 , 76 % of them being double labeled in the caudate nucleus , which corresponds to the striatal associative territory , compared with 85 . 5 % in the postcommissural putamen . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Also , BDNF increased the number of calretinin positive cells in the INL and reduced the KCN induced elevation of intravitreal glutamate levels . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Thus , sections were prepared for light microscopy to determine whether CGRP containing neurons also had glutamate decarboxylase ( GAD ) and other markers for GABAergic neurons , such as calcium binding proteins : calbindin ( CB ) , calretinin ( CR ) and parvalbumin ( PV ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Previously we showed that large multipolar cells immunoreactive for calretinin and subunits 2 and 3 of amino 3 hydroxy 5 methyl 4 isoxazolepropionate ( AMPA ) type glutamate receptors ( GluR2 / 3 ) clustered in the ventral hilus of the mouse dentate gyrus and revealed that they were mossy cells . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| KCC 2 was highly expressed in parvalbumin containing interneurons , as well as in subsets of calbindin , calretinin and metabotropic glutamate receptor 1a immunoreactive interneurons . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We searched for human auditory UBCs probing their immunoreactivity against the calcium binding protein calretinin ( CR IR ) , and a metabotropic glutamate receptor ( mGluR2 / 3 IR ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Neuronal gene expression profiles were characterized by detection of mRNAs for choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT , cholinergic ) and glutamate decarboxylase ( GAD 67 , GABAergic ) , as well as mRNAs for calcium binding proteins ( CaBPs ) calbindin D28k , calretinin and parvalbumin . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Calretinin and calbindin D 28k , but not parvalbumin protect against glutamate induced delayed excitotoxicity in transfected N 18 RE 105 neuroblastoma retina hybrid cells . ^^^ The results indicate that the ' fast ' Ca ( 2+ ) buffers calretinin and calbindin D 28k , but not the ' slow ' buffer parvalbumin can protect N 18 RE 105 cells from this type of Ca ( 2+ ) dependent L glutamate induced delayed cytotoxicity . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Differential expression of calretinin and metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1alpha defines subsets of unipolar brush cells in mouse cerebellum . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The multiplex reverse transcription PCR protocol was designed to detect simultaneously the expression of GAD 65 , GAD 67 , calbindin , parvalbumin , calretinin , neuropeptide Y , vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP ) , somatostatin ( SS ) , cholecystokinin , alpha amino 3 hydroxy 5 methyl 4 isoxazolepropionic acid , kainate , N methyl d aspartate , and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Furthermore , UBCs identified by calretinin immunoreactivity expressed the glutamate receptor subunits GluR2 / 3 , NMDAR 1 , and mGluR2 / 3 , like they do in the mature mouse cerebellum in situ . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To this end , double immunofluorescence histochemistry was performed by combining antibodies against the cytoplasmic antigen Rat 303 , calretinin , the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR 2 and somatostatin . ^^^ Immunostaining for the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR 2 combined with Rat 303 or calretinin revealed that the majority of Golgi cells ( about 90 % ) appeared to be mGluR 2 positive . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In embryonic cultures exposed to high concentrations of glutamate after 12 days in vitro , calretinin positive neurons have a survival advantage over calretinin negative cells and represent up to 83 % of total cells . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In double labeling experiments , Cajal Retzius cells ( reelin ( + ) ) expressed transcription factors characteristic of pallial neurons ( Tbr 1 and Emx 2 ) , contained high levels of glutamate , were usually calretinin ( + ) , and were born early in corticogenesis , on embryonic days ( E ) 10 . 5 and E11 . 5 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Complementary distribution of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 in the nucleus accumbens of rat : Relationship to calretinin containing extrinsic innervation and calbindin immunoreactive neurons . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These folia contain two distinct subsets of UBCs : one kind expresses the calcium binding protein calretinin ( CR ) , and the other kind expresses the metabotropic glutamate receptor ( mGluR ) 1alpha . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We have studied the chemo architecture of the AMPA glutamate receptor subtype GluR2 / 3 in the hamster visual cortex by immunocytochemistry and compared it with the distribution of the calcium binding proteins , calbindin D28K and calretinin . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| UBN synthesize glutamate , calretinin , contain metabo and ionotropic glutamate receptors . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In all species studied , including man , this cell shows very particular morphology , immunohistochemical reactivity ( against calretinin , some glutamate receptors and some neurofilament antibodies ) and synaptic connections . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Differentiation of E 17 neurospheres yielded astrocytes and neurons exhibiting several different phenotypes , including expression of calbindin , calretinin , gamma aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) , and glutamate , and many also coexpressed CXCR 4 receptors . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Our aim was to examine the properties of distinct hippocampal interneuron populations , i . e . , those immunoreactive for calcium binding proteins ( parvalbumin , calbindin , and calretinin ) , neuropeptides ( cholecystokinin , neuropeptide Y , somatostatin , vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ) , and certain receptors ( metabotropic glutamate receptor 1alpha , cannabinoid receptor type 1 ) in four strains of mice widely used in transgenic technology , and to compare their properties to those in the rat . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Using antibodies against the ionotropic glutamate receptor GluR 2 and the calcium binding protein calretinin we found two populations of UBCs . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Three main patterns of changes were identified . ( 1 ) A gradual decrease of transcript level without recovery was observed for parvalbumin ; this transcript is expressed by the glycinergic AII cells . ( 2 ) A gradual reduction to different levels at 72 h of reperfusion followed by a partial or complete recovery ( glycine transporter 1 , glutamate decarboxylase , calretinin , and several other transcripts ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We used antibodies against the following proteins and amino acids : the neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) ; the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase ( GAD ) ; GABA transporter 1 ; the anchoring protein for GABA and glycine receptors , gephyrin ; the calcium binding proteins calbindin and calretinin ; the NR 1 subunit of the N methyl D aspartate glutamate receptor ; the metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1alpha , mGluR2 / 3 , and mGluR 5 ; and the intracellular signaling molecules calcineurin , calcium calmodulin kinase IIalpha ( CAMKIIalpha ) and the receptor for inositol triphosphate ( IP3R1alpha ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| UBN synthesize glutamate , calretinin , and metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Rats were killed at P 10 and P 35 , and immunocytochemistry procedures were performed on 50 microm vibratome sections , by using antibodies against nonphosphorylated neurofilament ( SMI 311 ) , parvalbumin ( PV ) , calbindin ( CB ) , calretinin ( CR ) , and glutamate decarboxylase ( GAD 65 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Layer Ic and the zinc dome like modules were co labeled for the cortico cortical marker , vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and calretinin . 3 ) The spatial coincidence between zinc funnels in layers Ia , b and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 was further investigated by electron microscopy , which demonstrated co localization of zinc and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 in synaptic boutons . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Cells positive to Ca binding proteins , principally parvalbumin , but also calbindin and calretinin , as well as glutamate decarboxylase 67 kDa isoform , were pannexin 1 positive . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| At that stage , the hippocampal primordium is already composed of pioneer glutamatergic neurons , including ( 1 ) Cajal Retzius cells , immunopositive to calretinin and reelin , and ( 2 ) other presumptive pioneer pyramidal cells that are immunopositive to betaIII tubulin and vesicular glutamate transporter 3 and immunonegative to GABA or GAD 67 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In the present study , we used immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution and morphology of neurons with CaBPs , including calretinin , calbindin , and parvalbumin , and to compare this distribution with neurons exhibiting Ca++ permeable glutamate receptors as determined by kainate stimulated uptake of Co++ in the vagal lobe of goldfish . ^^^ These results indicate that calretinin expression is strongly correlated with calcium permeable ionotropic glutamate receptors in the neurons of the sensory zone of the goldfish vagal lobe , but even within this limited region , not all Ca++ permeable neurons possess any of the CaBPs examined . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The following substances can be reliably measured in brain extracts by in vitro MRS : N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) , total creatine ( Cr ) , phosphorylethanoloamine ( PE ) , taurine ( Tau ) , glutamate ( Glu ) , glutamine ( Gln ) , gamma aminobutyrate ( GABA ) and alanine ( Ala ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Specifically , higher contents of glutamine ( +65 % ) , glutamate ( +27 % ) , myo inositol ( +36 % ) , phosphocreatine + creatine ( PCr + Cr ) ( 32 % ) , glycerophosphorylcholine ( GPC ) ( +75 % ) , and choline ( +114 % ) were observed . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The succinate supported reduction of Cr ( 6 ) is active especially in the presence of ADP or an uncoupler , while reduction induced by glutamate occurs only in the presence of respiratory chain inhibitors . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Peak area ratios of choline ( Cho ) , glutamine and glutamate ( Glx ) and N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) relative to creatine ( Cr ) were measured . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Immunocytochemistry was performed on 50 microm vibratome sections , by using antibodies against nonphosphorylated neurofilament ( SMI 311 ) , parvalbumin ( PV ) , calbindin ( CB ) , calretinin ( CR ) , and glutamate decarboxylase ( GAD 65 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Therefore , the 3 . 21 ppm resonance observed in the in vivo spectrum is predominantly GPC and PC in a ratio of 2 . 6 : 1 , the 3 . 04 ppm resonance is Cr and PCr in a ratio of 2 . 3 : 1 , and the 2 . 02 ppm resonance is predominantly ( approximately 80 % ) NAA with small contributions from N acetylaspartylglutamate ( NAAG ) and glutamate . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Treatment with various substances such as antiandrogen , opioids , neuropeptides , and neurotransmitters significantly modulated the pineal androgen receptor population : cyproterone acetate and monosodium glutamate suppressed CR ; growth hormone releasing hormone increased NR ; growth hormone release inhibiting hormone had no significant effects on either group of receptors ; exogenous melatonin and norepinephrine increased NR ; beta endorphin increased only NR , but methionine enkephalin stimulated both , and epithalamine had no significant effects on either group of receptors , but thymosin alpha 1 increased NR . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This effect is associated with the restoration of higher myocardial contents of ATP , adenine nucleotides , total Cr , and lactate level close to preischemic one , and reduced losses of tissue Cr , glutamate , and aspartate . ^^^ The importance of metabolism of glutamate and aspartate for recovery of cardiac function is confirmed by good correlations between the pools of these amino acids and of ATP , adenine nucleotides , and the total Cr . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This technique allows in vivo measurements of N acetyl compounds ( NA ) , total creatine ( CR ) , choline containing compounds ( CHO ) , myo inositol ( MI ) , glutamate and glutamine ( GLX ) , as well as the percentage of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) and the brain water content within the brain region studied . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Peak area ratios of choline containing compounds ( Cho ) , glutamine and glutamate ( Glx ) , and N acetyl moieties including N acetylaspartate ( NAx ) , relative to creatine ( Cr ) , were calculated . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Relaxation rate constants for protons of water and spectral regions with dominant contributions from methyl protons of cholines ( Cho ) , creatines ( Cr ) , N acetylaspartate ( NA ) , and lactate ( Lac ) , and for methylene protons of glutamate ( Glu ) were measured at 7 T . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| After neuroleptic treatment , chronic schizophrenic patients generally demonstrated a decrease of the complex of gamma aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) and glutamate ( Glu ) containing ( GABA + Glu ) / creatine ( Cr ) ratio . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The disappearance of CR cells in neocortical slices was prevented by incubation with tetrodotoxin and the glutamate receptor antagonist 6 cyano 7 nitroquinoxaline 2 , 3 , dione but not by 2 amino 5 phosphonopentanoic acid , suggesting that neuronal activity and non NMDA glutamate receptors may trigger CR cell death in the neocortex . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Peak area ratios of choline ( Cho ) , glutamine and glutamate ( Glx ) and N acetylaspartate relative to creatine ( Cr ) were measured . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The interaction of ( S ) CR 2249 with NMDA receptors was also studied with binding experiments , in which we examined the effect of ( S ) CR 2249 on the modulation by glutamate , glycine and spermine of [ 3H ] dizocilpine ( MK 801 ) binding . ( S ) CR 2249 , increased [ 3H ] MK 801 binding in a concentration dependent manner and we found positive cooperative interactions between glycine and ( S ) CR 2249 , indicating that ( S ) CR 2249 probably acts at a separate allosteric site to increase NMDA receptor functionality . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The pharmacology of ( 2S , 4R ) 4 methylglutamic acid , ( 2S , 4S ) 4 methylglutamic acid and ( S ) and ( R ) 4 methyleneglutamic acids ( obtained in high chemical and enantiomeric purity from racemic 4 methyleneglutamic acid by chiral HPLC using a Crownpak CR ( + ) column ) , was examined in binding experiments using rat brain ionotropic glutamate receptors , and in functional assays using cloned metabotropic glutamate ( mGlu ) receptors . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Although it is unclear whether the elevation of Glu+Gln / Cr precedes or follows the neuronal ( and axonal ) degeneration in the medulla of these patients , its occurrence provides in vivo evidence of abnormal glutamate metabolism in the CNS parenchyma of patients with ALS / MND . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| RESULTS : Drug naive , chronic schizophrenic patients demonstrated a decrease in the N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) : Cr and choline ( Cho ) : Cr ratios and an increase of the complex of gamma aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) and glutamate ( Glu ) containing ratio [ ( GABA + Glu ) : Cr ] as compared with normal control subjects . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In addition to the static measurements measurements of N acetyl aspartate ( NAA ) , creatine ( CR ) and choline ( CH ) which can be performed at 1 . 5 T , high resolution measurements of glutamate , glutamine , GABA and the incorporation of 13C labeled glucose into glutamate are possible with improved spatial and spectral resolution . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| OBJECTIVE : Our objective was to assess the metabolite levels ( myo inositol [ ml ] , choline [ Cho ] , creatine [ Cr ] , glutamate or glutamine [ Glx ] , and N acetyl L aspartate [ NAA ] ) visible on 1H MR spectroscopy in patients with subclinical and mild hepatic encephalopathy before and after liver transplantation and to correlate these data with the results of neuropsychiatric tests and related clinical findings . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Peak area ratios of choline containing compounds ( Cho ) , glutamine and glutamate ( Glx ) and N acetyl moieties including N acetylaspartate ( NAx ) , relative to creatine ( Cr ) were calculated . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The antagonism of the NMDA evoked [ 3H ] NE release produced by 300 microM kynurenate was potently ( EC 50 < 10 microM ) prevented by most of the nootropics tested , including aniracetam , oxiracetam , D cycloserine , and the glutamate analog CR 2249 ( but not its enantiomer CR 2361 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Relative ratios of N acetyl groups ( NA : N acetylaspartate and N acetylaspartyl glutamate ) , choline , and lactate ( Lac ) over creatine ( Cr ) were calculated . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Eighty four in vitro and 30 single subject examinations were statistically evaluated after quantification , including the calculation of the coefficients of variations ( CV ) for choline ( Cho ) , creatine ( Cr ) , myo inositol ( mI ) , lactate ( Lac ) , N acetyl aspartate ( NAA ) and unresolved glutamine , glutamate and GABA ( Glx ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This was tested by the quantitative in vivo MR determination of the molar concentrations of 13 prominent metabolites ( N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) , N acetylaspartylglutamate , creatine and phosphocreatine ( Cr ) , choline containing compounds ( Cho ) , myo inositol , scyllo inositol , gamma aminobutyric acid , glutamine , glutamate , glucose , lactate , alanine , taurine ) in the white matter and hippocampus of the brain in groups of volunteers , using a short echo time stimulated echo acquisition mode sequence ( echo time = 10 ms ) and the LCModel technique . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H MRS ) has been utilized by neuroimaging laboratories in recent years to reliably measure compounds such as N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) , choline ( Cho ) , creatine ( Cr ) , and to a lesser extent glutamate and glutamine in the human brain . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Water suppressed spectra from the left precentral gyrus and from the left cuneus gyrus were analyzed with the LCModel method , yielding concentrations for N acetyl ( NA ) , total creatine ( Cr ) , choline ( Cho ) , glutamate ( Glu ) , glutamine ( Gin ) , and myo inositol ( Ins ) metabolic substrates . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Absolute concentrations of NA ( the sum of NAA and N acetyl aspartate glutamate ) , NAA , creatine / phosphocreatine ( Cr ) , choline containing compounds ( Cho ) and myo inositol ( mI ) were measured . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Peaks from N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) , choline ( Cho ) , glutamate / glutamine ( Glu / Gln ) , and lipids were normalized with respect to the creatine ( Cr ) peak to obtain ratios of values of peak areas . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| RESULTS : Before liver transplantation , typical ( 1 ) H spectroscopic changes decreased myo inositol ( mI ) / creatine ( Cr ) and choline ( Cho ) / Cr ratios and an elevated glutamine and glutamate ( Glx ) / Cr ratio were found in 21 patients . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| N acetyl aspartate + N acetyl aspartyl glutamate ( NAA ) , creatine + phosphocreatine ( Cr ) , choline containing compounds ( Cho ) , glutamate + glutamine ( Glx ) and myo inositol ( Ins ) were automatically quantified in voxels covering these different regions . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Levels of myoinositol ( MI ) , choline containing compounds ( Cho ) , creatine ( Cr ) , N acetyl aspartate ( NAA ) , Glx ( unresolved resonances of glutamate , glutamine , and gamma aminobutyric acid ) and lactate were measured using a relative quantitative approach . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Metabolite concentrations of N acetyl containing compounds ( NA ) , total creatine ( Cr ) , choline containing compounds , myoinositol , and glutamate + glutamine were measured in the frontal white matter and striatum . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Pre treatment of PCr for 2 or 5 days and Cr for 5 days protected against glutamate excitotoxicity equivalent to that achieved by MK 801 post treatment . ^^^ The combination of PCr or Cr pre treatment and MK 801 post treatment did not provide additional protection , indicating that both prevented the toxicity attributable to secondary glutamate release . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The resonance signals assigned to inositol ( Ino ) , glycerophospho and phosphocholine ( GPC + PC ) , choline ( Cho ) , creatine and phosphocreatine ( Cr + PCr ) , glutamate ( Glu ) , acetate ( Ac ) , alanine ( Ala ) and lactate ( Lac ) were integrated , and analyzed by two methods . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Large differences in metabolite concentrations were seen between posterior lateral temporal lobe ( predominantly subcortical white matter ) and the posterior mesial temporal lobe , most notably lower creatine , glutamate / glutamine , and myo inositol , and higher NAA / ( Cr + Cho ) in the lateral than mesial temporal lobe . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Metabolite concentrations of N acetyl containing compounds ( NA ) , total creatine ( Cr ) , choline containing compounds , myoinositol , and glutamate + glutamine were measured in the frontal white matter and striatum . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Peaks of N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) , choline ( Cho ) , myo inositol , glutamate and creatine ( Cr ) were measured and the ratios of the peaks were calculated and compared with data from ten matched controls . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Upon creatine supplementation we observed in the controls a decline in the NAA / Cr ( t ) , NAA / choline ( Cho ) , glutamate + glutamine ( Glx ) / Cr ( t ) , and Glx / Cho metabolite ratios . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In patients , the N acetyl group ( NA ) / creatine + phosphocreatine ( Cr ) ratios were decreased in both regions , and a decrease in the glutamate + glutamine ( Glx ) / Cr ratio and a correlation between the NA / Cr and Glx / Cr ratios were detected in the gray matter , but not in the white matter . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We measured the concentrations of N acetyl aspartate +N acetyl aspartyl glutamate ( NAAt ) , creatine ( Cr ) , choline ( Cho ) , glutamate + glutamine ( Glx ) , and myoinositol , in the anterior , middle , and posterior medial temporal lobe ( MTL ) , and in the posterior lateral temporal lobe . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NAWM and CGM metabolite concentrations estimated were : choline containing compounds ( Cho ) ; creatine and phosphocreatine ( Cr ) ; myo inositol ( Ins ) ; N acetyl aspartate plus N acetyl aspartyl glutamate ( tNAA ) ; and glutamate plus glutamine ( Glx ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The products of hexavalent chromium [ Cr ( 6 ) ] reduction by glutathione ( GSH ) alone or in the presence of equimolar quantities of aspartate ( Asp ) and / or glutamate ( Glu ) and a chromium containing material extracted from bovine liver were studied by ultraviolet visible spectrum ( UV vis ) studies , electrospray mass spectrometry ( ES MS ) , electron paramagnetic resonance ( EPR ) , and nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The metabolites in the spectra includes : N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) , choline compounds ( CHO ) , creatine compounds ( CR ) , myo inositol ( MI ) , lactate ( LAC ) , glutamate and glutamine ( Glu Gln ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The metabolites in the spectra included : N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) , choline compounds ( CHO ) , creatine compounds ( CR ) , myo inositol ( MI ) , glutamate and glutamine ( Glu n ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H MRS ) is a non invasive method in detecting abnormal spectra of various brain metabolites containing N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) , Choline ( Cho ) , Creatine ( Cr ) , gamma Aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) and Glutamate . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Changes of creatine and phosphocreatine ( Cr & PCr ) , N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) , choline ( Cho ) , inositol ( Ino ) , taurine ( Tau ) , glutamate ( Glu ) , and lactate ( Lac ) were assessed and compared to neuronal , glial and inflammatory changes in histology . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| RESULTS : In anterior cingulate , VFD reared subjects displayed significantly decreased N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) resonance and significantly increased glutamate glutamine gamma aminobutyric acid ( Glx ) resonance relative to the stable neurometabolite creatine ( Cr ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The metabolites in the spectra include : N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) , choline ( CHO ) , creatine compounds ( CR ) , myo inositol ( MI ) , lactate ( LAC ) , glutamate and glutamine ( Glu n ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Absolute concentrations of N acetyl aspartate , total creatine and phosphocreatine ( Cr ) , choline containing compounds , glutamate plus glutamine , and myo inositol ( Ins ) were estimated automatically using the LCModel . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| CR also resulted in decreased levels of citrate , glutamate and alpha ketoglutarate , increased levels of malate , and unchanged levels of aspartate . ^^^ The alpha ketoglutarate / glutamate and malate / alpha ketoglutarate ratios were higher in CR , in parallel with previously reported increases with CR in pyruvate carboxylase activity and glucagon levels , respectively . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To elucidate the role of IN glutamate neurotransmission in conditioned response ( CR ) expression , effects of blocking fast glutamatergic neurotransmission in the IN with gamma d glutamylglycine ( DGG ) on the expression of conditioned eyeblinks and on cerebellar nuclear neuronal activity were examined . ^^^ A combined block of fast glutamate and GABA ( A ) neurotransmission using a mixture of DGG and picrotoxin dramatically reduced CR incidence , increased the firing frequency of all cell types , and virtually abolished all modulation of neuronal activity . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Secondary measures comprised the motor section of the Unified Huntington ' s Disease Rating Scale and the Mini Mental State Examination . ( 1 ) H MRS showed a 15 . 6 % decrease of unresolved glutamate ( Glu ) +glutamine ( Gln ; Glu+Gln=Glx ; p < 0 . 001 ) and a 7 . 8 % decrease of Glu ( p < 0 . 027 ) after Cr treatment . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Major cerebral metabolites ( concentrations > 3 mM ) such as glutamate ( Glu ) , N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) , creatine ( Cr ) / phosphocreatine ( PCr ) and myo inositol ( Ins ) were identified with an error below 3 % ; most other metabolites were quantified with errors in the order of 10 % . ^^^ Metabolite ratios were 1 . 39 : 1 for total NAA , 1 . 38 : 1 for glutamate ( Glu ) / glutamine ( Gln ) and 0 . 09 : 1 for cholines ( Cho ) relative to total Cr . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Sixteen brain tissue samples from simian immunodeficiency virus infected rhesus macaques from both frontal cortex and putamen were evaluated by comparing brain metabolite quantities of N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) , choline containing compounds ( Cho ) , myo inositol ( MI ) , creatine ( Cr ) , lactate ( Lac ) , glutamate ( Glu ) and acetate ( Ace ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase increased ( p < 0 . 001 ) and that of glutamate pyruvate transaminase in plasma decreased ( p < 0 . 01 ) in the Cr supplemented bucks . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| High field ( 1 ) H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that equilibration of added Cr ( 3 ) ions in osteoarthritic knee joint synovial fluid ( SF ) resulted in its complexation by a range of biomolecules , the relative efficacies of these complexants / chelators being threonine approximately alanine > glycine > glutamine > citrate > histidine approximately phenylalanine approximately tyrosine > valine approximately isoleucine approximately leucine > glutamate > lactate approximately acetate approximately formate approximately pyruvate , this order reflecting the ability of these ligands to compete for the available Cr ( 3 ) in terms of ( 1 ) thermodynamic equilibrium constants for the formation of their complexes and ( 2 ) their SF concentrations . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Spectral analysis and absolute metabolite quantitation of N acetylaspartate+N acetylaspartyl glutamate ( tNAA ) , choline ( Cho ) , creatine ( Cr ) , total glutamate plus glutamine ( Glu+Gln ) and myo inositol ( Ins ) were carried out by LCModel . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Moreover , our study shows that the improvement of glutamate dysregulation , mitochondrial dysfunction and protein synthesis by CR is , at least partially , due to the CR mediated alteration of the oxidation or the expression of PKM 2 , ENO 1 , INSP 1 , ATP F1B , PKG 1 , IMPCH , ATP F1A MDH , PKG 1 and 14 3 3 zeta protein , DLP 1 , ACO 2 , DLDH , NPH 3 , eIF 5A and UNP 1 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We observed significant MT saturation in vivo for N acetylated compounds , choline ( Cho ) , myo inositol , and lactate ( Lac ) ; a trend of an effect on glutamate + glutamine ( Glx ) ; and the typically observed effect on creatine ( Cr ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Moreover , in an in vitro model of neurotoxicity , CR 3394 strongly reduced glutamate and NMDA induced neuronal death . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Other metabolites , such as myoinositol ( Ins ) , creatine ( Cr ) , choline ( Cho ) , and glutamate plus glutamine ( Glx ) , can also be quantified by ( 1 ) H MRSI , and studies have indicated that concentrations of these metabolites may also be altered in MS . ^^^ This preliminary study aimed to characterise changes in total NAA ( tNAA , the sum of NAA and N acetyl aspartyl glutamate ) , Cr , Cho , Ins and Glx concentrations in NAWM and in CGM , and their relationship with clinical outcome , in subjects with clinically early relapsing remitting MS ( RRMS ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Spectra were acquired from voxels of interest positioned in the parietal gray and white matter , and concentrations of the following cerebral metabolites were measured : N acetyl group ( NA ) , creatine + phosphocreatine ( Cr ) , choline containing compounds ( Cho ) , myo inositol and glutamate + glutamine . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| METHOD : We grouped the ( 1 ) H MRS studies documenting data on the metabolites of N acetylaspartate ( NAA ) , Choline ( Cho ) , myo inositol ( mI ) , Glutamate ( Glu ) / Glutamine ( Gln ) and Creatine ( Cr ) separately , for each of the euthymic , manic , depressed adult and child / adolescent bipolar patients . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We found by simultaneously monitoring cytosolic and mitochondrial Na+ using sodium binding benzofuran isophthalate and CR , respectively , that glutamate evoked cytosolic Na+ elevations are transmitted to mitochondria . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
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| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22676 and Q13224 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|