Pubmed abstracts for Protein-Protein Interaction search result :

Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.99515322
Here , specific interactions between human RAD 51 and RAD 52 proteins are demonstrated both in vivo , using the yeast two hybrid system and immunoprecipitation of insect cells co infected with RAD 51 and RAD 52 recombinant viruses , and in vitro , using affinity chromatography with purified recombinant proteins . 0.99515322^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.80434444
The expected association of Rad 51 protein with Rad 52 could not be verified immunocytologically . . 0.80434444^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :1.0646509
Yeast Rad 51 has been shown to interact with Rad 52 protein , as does the human homologue . 1.0646509^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :1.1461415
In assays using purified components , phosphorylation of Rad 51 by c Abl enhances complex formation between Rad 51 and Rad 52 , which cooperates with Rad 51 in recombination and repair . 1.1461415^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.57530161
By analysis of murine cells expressing murine Rad 52 tagged with green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) Rad 52 , we now show that DNA damage causes Rad 51 and GFP Rad 52 to colocalize in distinct nuclear foci . 0.57530161^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.88771849
We have constructed a four amino acid deletion mutation within this region of Rad 52 to ablate its interaction with Rad 51 . 0.88771849^^^ Through a series of deletions , we have identified residues 409 420 of Rad 52 as being indispensable and likely sufficient for its interaction with Rad 51 . 0.77035317^^^ Moreover , Rad 52 physically interacts with the Rad 51 recombinase and serves as a mediator in the Rad 51 catalyzed DNA strand exchange reaction . 0.70554517^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.62617373
Other mutations in the Rad 51 protein , such as one that reduces interaction with Rad 52 , has little or no effect on the frequency of gene repair . 0.62617373^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.50329368
Thus , these results suggest that the formation of the stoichiometric complex of Rad 52 with Rad 51 on single stranded DNA is required for the functional binding of the protein single stranded DNA complex to the double stranded DNA to form D loops . . 0.50329368^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The sensitive strains contained rad 6 , rad 9 , rad 18 , rad 22 , rad 50 , rad 51 , rad 52 , rad 53 , rad 54 , rad 55 , rad 56 , rad 57 and rs 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The radiation sensitive mutants rad 3 , rad 6 , rad 51 and rad 52 of S . cerevisiae were exposed , in water , to 50 ppm of ozone for 30 min . ^^^ On comparing their survival curves , the rad 51 and the rad 52 mutants showed a greater sensitivity to ozone exposure than the wild type . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , we have found that Rad 51 protein is similar to RecA in its DNA binding properties and binds directly to Rad 52 protein , which also plays a crucial role in recombination . ^^^ These results suggest that the Rad 51 protein , probably together with Rad 52 protein , is involved in a step to convert DSBs to the next intermediate in recombination . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transformation of the wild type yeast strains YNN 27 and 7799 4B , as well as the recombination deficient rad 52 1 C 5 6 mutant , with this shuttle plasmid resulted in the expression of the bacterial 38 kDa RecA protein in exponential phase cells . ^^^ Thus , the RecA protein endows the yeast cells with additional activities , which were shown to be error prone and dependent on the RAD 52 gene . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show that suppression of rad 6 delta is dependent on the RAD 52 recombinational repair pathway since suppression is not observed in the rad 6 delta SRS 2 strain containing an additional mutation in either the RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , RAD 55 or RAD 57 genes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mutations rad 51 , rad 52 , rad 54 and rad 55 inhibit the fast repair of DNA DSB , whereas mutations rad 50 , rad 53 and rad 57 do not significantly influence this process . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We employed southern analysis to examine homology between yeast genes RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , and RAD 55 for possible gamma repair genes in radioresistant or repair proficient human tumor cell lines and normal placental DNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In certain radiation sensitive mutants ( rad 51 , rad 52 and rad 54 ) , the fragment smear appears following 10 ray exposure but no repair of broken chromosomes occurs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
DNA double strand break repair and restoration of viability in 10 irradiated diploid yeast cells homozygous for rad 50 , rad 51 , rad 52 , rad 55 mutations were studies under conditions of keeping the cells in non nutrient medium , after irradiation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The rad 50 , rad 51 , rad 52 , rad 54 and rad 56 mutants showed reducted reversion of both tester sites when stationary phase diploid cells were treated with EMS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The role of the RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , RAD 55 , and RAD 57 genes , which are involved in recombinational repair , was investigated . ^^^ Based on the phenotypes of single and double mutants , these genes can be divided into three functional subgroups : one composed of RAD 52 , a second one composed of RAD 51 and RAD 54 , and a third one that includes the RAD 55 and RAD 57 genes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By contrast , both rad 51 and rad 52 mutants deficient in double strand breaks repair were hypersensitive to adriamycin and bleomycin , but the rad 1 and rad 10 mutants deficient in nucleotide excision repair were not . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Complex formation in yeast double strand break repair : participation of Rad 51 , Rad 52 , Rad 55 , and Rad 57 proteins . ^^^ Here , we show that the 10 ray sensitivity of rad 55 and rad 57 mutant strains is suppressible by overexpression of RAD 51 or RAD 52 . ^^^ Virtually complete suppression is provided by the simultaneous overexpression of RAD 51 and RAD 52 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A species specific interaction of rad 51 and rad 52 proteins in eukaryotes . ^^^ The structures and properties of the Rad 51 and Rad 52 proteins in eukaryotes are described . ^^^ The N terminal region of the Rad 51 protein interacts with the C terminal region of the Rad 52 protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Suppression of a new allele of the yeast RAD 52 gene by overexpression of RAD 51 , mutations in srs 2 and ccr 4 , or mating type heterozygosity . ^^^ Because other researchers have shown that the RAD 51 and RAD 52 proteins interact , RAD 51 on a high copy number plasmid was tested and found to suppress the rad 52 20 allele , but RAD 54 , 55 and 57 did not suppress . ^^^ The RAD 51 plasmid did not suppress rad 52 1 . ^^^ The rad 52 20 allele may encode a protein that has low affinity binding to the RAD 51 protein . ^^^ To test whether the selected revertants suppressed rad 52 20 by elevating the expression of RAD 51 , an integrated RAD 51 lacZ fusion was genetically crossed into each revertant . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Described here is the isolation of a phenotypic null allele of SRS 2 that suppressed multiple alleles of RAD 52 ( rad52B , rad52D , rad 52 1 and KlRAD 52 ) and RAD 51 ( KlRAD 51 ) but failed to suppress either a rad 52 delta or a rad 51 delta . ^^^ These results indicate that SRS 2 antagonizes RAD 51 and RAD 52 function in recombinational repair . ^^^ The mechanism of suppression of RAD 52 alleles by srs 2 is distinct from that which has been previously described for RAD 51 overexpression , as both conditions were shown to act additively with respect to the rad52B allele . ^^^ Furthermore , overexpression of either RAD 52 or RAD 51 enhanced the recombination dependent sensitivity of an srs 2 delta RAD 52 strain , suggesting that RAD 52 and RAD 51 positively influence recombinational repair mechanisms . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Unlike chicken RAD 52 and mouse RAD 51 , no significant difference in mouse RAD 52 mRNA level was found among mouse heart , brain , spleen , lung , liver , skeletal muscle , kidney , and testis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we use physical monitoring of DNA to show that MAT switching is completely blocked at an early step in recombination in strains deleted for the DNA repair genes RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , RAD 55 or RAD 57 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Use of a chromosomal inverted repeat to demonstrate that the RAD 51 and RAD 52 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have different roles in mitotic recombination . ^^^ A rad 51 rad52 double mutant strain showed the same reduction in the rate of recombination as the rad 52 mutant , but the distribution of events resembled that seen in rad 51 . ^^^ From these observations it is concluded that ( 1 ) RAD 52 is required for high levels of both gene conversions and reciprocal crossovers , ( 2 ) that RAD 51 is not required for intrachromosomal crossovers , and ( 3 ) that RAD 51 and RAD 52 have different functions , or that RAD 52 has functions in addition to those of the Rad51 / Rad52 protein complex . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Different from RecA , Rad 51 protein requires at least an another protein , Rad 52 , to carry out recombination through the interaction between them . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GAL 4 two hybrid fusion analysis demonstrated that the amino terminal region of Rad 51 mediates both a strong Rad 51 : Rad 51 self association and a Rad 51 : Rad 52 interaction . ^^^ Third , fusions of Gal 4 domains to Rad 51 disrupted DSB repair in a manner that required the presence of either Rad 51 or Rad 52 . ^^^ Because K . lactis RAD 51 and RAD 52 did not complement a S . cerevisiae rad 51 delta rad 52 delta strain , Rad 51 Rad52 functions appear to be mediated through additional components . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Surprisingly , REM events are completely independent of the double strand break repair functions encoded by the RAD 51 , RAD 52 , and RAD 57 genes but require the RAD 50 gene product . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , direct repeat recombination is reduced 2 fold in rad 52 mutant strains , while in rad 51 , rad 54 , rad 55 and rad 57 mutants direct repeat recombination is increased 3 4 fold . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The role of repair inhibition in hyperthermic sensitization has been investigated by carrying out interaction studies ( non lethal heat plus radiation ) using three radiosensitive mutant strains rad 9 4 , rad 51 , rad 52 of diploid yeast . ^^^ However in log phase cells TER calculated as the ratio of D 10 values was 1 . 84 for wild type strain ; whereas the same was 1 . 2 , 1 . 18 and 1 . 50 for rad 9 4 , rad 51 and rad 52 strains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In search for genes which might participate in chicken immunoglobulin gene conversion , we have identified chicken counterparts of the yeast RAD 51 , RAD 52 , and RAD 54 genes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In budding yeast , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the RAD 51 gene is essential along with other genes of the RAD 52 epistasis group for mitotic and meiotic recombination and DNA repair . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Haploid xrs 2 cells bearing a mutation in RAD 51 or RAD 52 genes are more sensitive to gamma rays than respective single mutants . ^^^ At the same time , diploid double mutants xrs 2 6rad51 ( rad 52 ) have no stronger sensitivity than single rad 51 or rad 52 , whilst xrs 2 6cdc40 1 mutant is more sensitive than each of the single mutants . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Dominant negative alleles of RAD 52 reveal a DNA repair / recombination complex including Rad 51 and Rad 52 . ^^^ Furthermore , GAL 4 two hybrid analysis revealed a physical interaction between Rad 51 and the carboxy terminal one third of Rad 52 . ^^^ Deletion alleles of rad 52 ( with or without the Rad 51 association domain ) also produced dominant negative defects , suggesting the disruption of repair through nonfunctional interactions with other DSB repair and recombination proteins . ^^^ RAD 51 relieved the negative dominance of each of these alleles either by competitive titration or functional activation of mutant or heterologous Rad 52 proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
YACs containing color vision red pigment gene DNA or 1 . 5 rDNA tandem repeat units were transformed into hosts bearing lesions at the RAD 1 , RAD 6 , RAD 51 , or RAD 52 loci . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Further characterization of the yeast pso 4 1 mutant : interaction with rad 51 and rad 52 mutants after photoinduced psoralen lesions . ^^^ The mode of interaction between pso 4 1 and rad 51 and between pso 4 1 and rad 52 mutants indicated that the PSO 4 gene belongs to the RAD 52 epistasis group for strand break repair . ^^^ Moreover , the presence of the pso 4 1 mutation decreased 8 MOP photoinduced mutagenesis of the rad 51 and rad 52 mutants . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The frequency of NHEJ is unaltered in strains from which RAD 1 , RAD 2 , RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , or RAD 57 is deleted ; however , deletions of RAD 50 , XRS 2 , or MRE 11 reduced NHEJ by more than 70 fold when HO was not cell cycle regulated . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Homologous and homeologous intermolecular gene conversion are not differentially affected by mutations in the DNA damage or the mismatch repair genes RAD 1 , RAD 50 , RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , PMS 1 and MSH 2 . ^^^ Homologous recombination in rad 51 , rad 52 and rad 54 mutants was considerably reduced , while there was little effect of rad 1 , rad 50 , pms 1 and msh 2 null mutations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A Rad 52 homolog is required for RAD 51 independent mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using a yeast two hybrid system , we have identified a 12 kDa protein that associates with the human RAD 51 and RAD 52 proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Effects of mutations of RAD 50 , RAD 51 , RAD 52 , and related genes on illegitimate recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . ^^^ Study on the effect of several rad mutations showed that the recombination rate was reduced by 30 , 10 , 10 , and 10 fold in the rad 52 , rad 50 , mre 11 , and xrs 2 mutants , respectively , while in the rad 51 , 54 , 55 , and 57 mutants , the rate was comparable to that in the wild type strain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RAD 52 can bind to the yeast RAD 51 protein , which shares a functional similarity with the bacterial RecA protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Associations of UBE2I with RAD 52 , UBL 1 , p 53 , and RAD 51 proteins in a yeast two hybrid system . ^^^ Using the human RAD 52 protein as the `` bait ' ' in a yeast two hybrid system , we have identified a human homolog of yeast UBC 9 , designated UBE2I , that interacts with RAD 52 , RAD 51 , p 53 , and a ubiquitin like protein UBL 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recombination was found to involve integration of the whole plasmid and to depend on RAD 51 , RAD 52 and RAD 54 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mutations in RAD 27 cause increased rates of mitotic crossing over and are lethal in combination with mutations in RAD 51 and RAD 52 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The Schizosaccharomyces pombe rhp51+ , rad22+ and rhp54+ genes are homologous to RAD 51 , RAD 52 and RAD 54 respectively , which are indispensable in the recombinational repair of double strand breaks ( DSBs ) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using high molecular weight DNA fragments from a human lymphoblastoid cell line , a pilot collection of 2500 YACs was constructed in YKK 115 , a recombination deficient strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying mutations in both the rad 51 and rad 52 genes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RAD 52 or RAD 51 recombination deficient yeast strains stabilize otherwise unstable YACs containing ribosomal DNA or the human color vision locus ( Kohno et al . , 1994 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NLS less S . cerevisiae proteins include both RAD 51 and RAD 52 that function in the recombination and in the repair of double strand breaks as well as the RAD 23 and HRR 25 molecules . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The level of Holliday junctions is greatly reduced in rad 52 mutants , but surprisingly , not in mutants defective in the three known mitotically expressed yeast RecA homologs . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cell cycle dependent protein expression of mammalian homologs of yeast DNA double strand break repair genes Rad 51 and Rad 52 . ^^^ Recently , human and rodent homologs of yeast repair genes Rad 51 and Rad 52 have been identified and proposed to play roles in DNA double strand break ( DSB ) repair . ^^^ In this study , cell cycle dependent expression of human and rodent RAD 51 and RAD 52 proteins was monitored using two approaches . ^^^ First , flow cytometric measurements of DNA content and immunofluorescence were used to determine the phase specific levels of RAD 51 and RAD 52 protein expression in irradiated and control populations . ^^^ No difference was found in the whole cell level of RAD 51 or RAD 52 protein expression between gamma irradiated and control cell populations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Function of yeast Rad 52 protein as a mediator between replication protein A and the Rad 51 recombinase . ^^^ The RAD 51 and RAD 52 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are key members of the RAD 52 epistasis group required for genetic recombination and the repair of DNA double stranded breaks . ^^^ Thus , Rad 52 functions as a co factor for the Rad 51 recombinase , acting specifically to overcome the apparent competition by RPA for binding to single stranded DNA . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sentrin is a ubiquitin like molecule that has been shown to interact with the death domains of Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 ( TNFR 1 ) , PML , Rad 51 , Rad 52 , and RanGAP 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also found that pol 30 104 displayed synthetic lethality with mutations in other members of the RAD 52 epistasis group ( rad 51 and rad 54 ) , but not with mutations in members of the RAD 3 nor the RAD 6 epistasis group . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In vitro , Rad 52 protein preferentially binds single stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) , mediates annealing of complementary ssDNA , and stimulates Rad 51 protein mediated DNA strand exchange . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We therefore propose that Rad 52 mediates the RAD 51 independent recombination through an ssDNA annealing , assisted by RPA . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The high recombination levels seen in rad 5 and rad 18 mutants is dependent on the RAD 1 , RAD 51 , RAD 52 , and RAD 57 genes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunostaining shows extensive colocalization of Rad 52 and RPA and more limited colocalization of Rad 52 with the strand exchange protein Rad 51 . ^^^ Rad 52 and RPA foci are distinct from those formed by Rad 51 , and its meiosis specific relative Dmc 1 , in that they are also detected in meiosis during replication . ^^^ Double strand breaks ( DSBs ) promote formation of RPA , Rad 52 , and Rad 51 foci . ^^^ DSBs are not sufficient for the appearance of Rad 51 foci ; Rad 52 , Rad 55 , and Rad 57 are also required supporting a model in which these three proteins promote meiotic recombination by promoting the assembly of strand exchange complexes . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A representative rfa 1 mutation exhibited a growth defect in conjunction with rad 51 , rad 52 , or rad 10 mutations , suggesting an accumulation of double strand breaks . rad 10 and rad 52 mutations eliminated deletion and translocation formation , whereas a rad 51 mutation increased the frequency of these events and revealed a new class of genetic rearrangements loss of a portion of a chromosome arm combined with telomere addition . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To further substantiate this , we measured the induction of the DNA repair gene RAD 51 in RAD 51 LACZ fusion strains using the dsb repair and recombination deficient mutant rad 52 and the corresponding wild type , and we determined the formation of dsb by pulsed field gel electrophoresis . ^^^ At equal doses , i . e . the same number of lesions , the induction of the RAD 51 gene by UV or 8 MOP plus UVA was significantly reduced in the rad 52 mutant as compared with the wild type . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
DNA double strand break repair through the RAD 52 homologous recombination pathway in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires , among others , the RAD 51 , RAD 52 , and RAD 54 genes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Yeast Rad 51 and Rad 52 interact , as do their human homologues , which stimulates Rad 51 mediated DNA strand exchange in vitro , suggesting that Rad 51 and Rad 52 act cooperatively . ^^^ Intrachromosomal recombination , measured by immunoglobulin gene conversion , and radiation induced Rad 51 nuclear focus formation , which is a putative intermediate step during recombinational repair , occurred as frequently in RAD 52 ( / ) cells as in wild type cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Visualisation of human rad 52 protein and its complexes with hRad 51 and DNA . ^^^ The human Rad 52 protein stimulates joint molecule formation by hRad 51 , a homologue of Escherichia coli RecA protein . ^^^ Saturating concentrations of hRad 51 displaced hRad 52 from ssDNA , whereas dsDNA Rad 52 complexes ( networks ) were more resistant to hRad 51 invasion and nucleoprotein filament formation . ^^^ When Rad 52 Rad51 DNA complexes were probed with gold conjugated hRad 52 antibodies , the presence of globular hRad 52 structures within the Rad 51 nucleoprotein filament was observed . ^^^ These data provide the first direct visualisation of protein DNA complexes formed by the human Rad 51 and Rad 52 recombination / repair proteins . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Dependence of viability of rad 27 strains on recombination was determined by crossing a strain containing a null allele of RAD 27 to strains containing a mutation in either the RAD 1 , RAD 50 , RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , RAD 55 , RAD 57 , MRE 11 , XRS 2 or RAD 59 gene . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , the RAD 51 and RAD 52 genes are essential for homothallic mating type switching . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The radioresistant N 10 and parental KB cell lines were examined for the expression of human DNA repair genes which were related to the repair of radiation induced DNA damage by northern blot analysis using five kinds of DNA probes ( XRCC 1 , XRCC 3 , XRCC 5 , RAD 51 , RAD 52 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Several isogenic strains with defects in recombination / repair genes ( RAD 1 , RAD 50 , RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , and RAD 55 ) were examined for their ability to propagate accurately a variety of linear and circular yeast artificial chromosomes ( YACs ) containing human DNA inserts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Error free repair by homologous recombination of DNA double strand breaks induced by ionizing radiation ( IR ) requires the Rad 52 group proteins , including Rad 51 and Rad 54 , in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [ 1 ] . ^^^ Rad 54 appears to be required downstream of other Rad 52 group proteins , such as Rad 52 and the Rad 55 Rad57 heterodimer , that assist Rad 51 in interacting with the broken DNA [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To further investigate the role of recombination in telomere maintenance , we assayed telomere length and the ability to generate survivors in several isogenic DNA recombination mutants , including rad 50 , rad 51 , rad 52 , rad 54 , rad 57 , xrs 2 , and mre 11 . ^^^ The rad 51 , rad 52 , rad 54 , and rad 57 mutations increased the rate of cell death in the absence of TLC 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Since RAD 51 forms a complex with other members of the RAD 52 epistasis group and with BRCA proteins , it is reasonable to ask if alterations of members of the RAD 52 epistasis group lead to tumor development . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , other checkpoint mutants tested ( mec 1 , mec 3 and rad 53 ) showed increased sensitivity to CDDP , as did controls with a defect in excision repair ( rad 1 and rad 14 ) or a defect in recombination ( rad 51 and rad 52 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , EcoRI caused prolonged cell cycle arrest of recombination defective rad 51 , rad 52 , rad 54 , rad 55 , and rad 57 mutants , but cells remained viable . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we show that the HsRad 51 N terminal region , which corresponds to the Rad 52 binding region of ScRad 51 , does not exhibit strong binding to the human Rad 52 protein ( HsRad 52 ) . ^^^ HsRad 52 , as well as S . cerevisiae Rad 52 , promoted homologous pairing between ssDNA and dsDNA , and higher homologous pairing activity was observed in the presence of both HsRad 51 and HsRad 52 than with either HsRad 51 or HsRad 52 alone . ^^^ Human Rad 51 amino acid residues required for Rad 52 binding . ^^^ Based on a yeast two hybrid analysis , it has been reported that the N terminal region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad 51 protein binds Rad 52 ; S . cerevisiae Rad 51 and Rad 52 both activate the homologous pairing and strand exchange reactions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RAD 51 , RAD 52 , and RAD 54 encode proteins that are critical to the repair of double strand DNA breaks by homologous recombination . ^^^ Given the observation that different genes within a common functional pathway may be targeted by mutations in human cancers , we analyzed RAD 51 , RAD 52 , and RAD 54 for the presence of germ line mutations in 100 cases with early onset breast cancer and for somatic mutations in 15 human breast cancer cell lines . ^^^ We conclude that , despite their potential functional association with the BRCA gene products , RAD 51 , RAD 52 , and RAD 54 are not themselves targeted by mutations in human breast cancer . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunostaining showed that APBs also contain replication factor A , RAD 51 , and RAD 52 , proteins involved in DNA synthesis and recombination . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Detection of loss of heterozygosity at RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 and BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 loci in breast cancer : pathological correlations . ^^^ Loss of heterozygosity ( LOH ) in loci of the 15q15 . 1 , 12p13 , 1p32 , 17q21 and 13q12 13 regions may collaborate in the inactivation of RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , BRCA 1 , BRCA 2 and possibly other genes implicated in the repair of double stranded DNA and in DNA recombination . ^^^ We investigate allelic losses in microsatellites of the RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 regions , and their correlations with nine pathologic parameters in 127 breast carcinomas . ^^^ LOH was found in the RAD 51 region in 32 % of tumours , in the RAD 52 region in 16 % , in RAD 54 in 20 % and in the BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 regions in 49 % and 44 % respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A core activity associated with the N terminus of the yeast RAD 52 protein is revealed by RAD 51 overexpression suppression of C terminal rad 52 truncation alleles . ^^^ Furthermore , RAD 51 overexpression completely suppresses the MMS sensitivity of a rad 52 Delta251 mutant . ^^^ RAD 51 overexpression does not suppress the low level of spore viability that the rad 52 Delta251 allele causes and only partially suppresses the defect in rad 52 alleles encoding the N terminal 292 or 327 amino acids . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A novel allele of RAD 52 that causes severe DNA repair and recombination deficiencies only in the absence of RAD 51 or RAD 59 . ^^^ With the use of an intrachromosomal inverted repeat as a recombination reporter , we have shown that mitotic recombination is dependent on the RAD 52 gene , but reduced only fivefold by mutation of RAD 51 . ^^^ Here we describe a rad 52 mutation , rad52R70K , that also reduced recombination synergistically in a rad 51 background . ^^^ These results suggest that Rad 52 and Rad 59 have partially overlapping functions and that Rad 59 can substitute for this function of Rad 52 in a RAD 51 rad52R70K strain . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 57 , and RAD 59 were required for efficient gap repair using either chromosomal or plasmid donors . ^^^ No homologous recombination products were recovered from rad 52 mutants , whereas a low level of repair occurred in the absence of RAD 51 , RAD 57 , or RAD 59 . ^^^ These results suggest a minor pathway of strand invasion that is dependent on RAD 52 but not on RAD 51 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We find that transposition is elevated in cells mutated for genes in the RAD 52 recombinational repair pathway , such as RAD 50 , RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , or RAD 57 , or in the DNA ligase 1 gene CDC 9 , but is not elevated in cells mutated in the DNA repair functions encoded by the RAD 1 , RAD 2 , or MSH 2 genes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study we found that non conjugated UBL 1 forms a complex with RAD 51 and RAD 52 proteins in human cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Functional interactions among yeast Rad 51 recombinase , Rad 52 mediator , and replication protein A in DNA strand exchange . ^^^ Rad 52 promotes strand exchange but only when there is a need for Rad 51 to compete with RPA for loading onto ssDNA . ^^^ Rad 52 is multimeric , binds ssDNA , and targets Rad 51 to ssDNA . ^^^ Maximal restoration of pairing and strand exchange requires amounts of Rad 52 substoichiometric to Rad 51 and involves a stable , equimolar complex between Rad 51 and Rad 52 . ^^^ Rad 52 does not substitute for RPA in the pairing and strand exchange reaction nor does it lower the dependence of the reaction on Rad 51 or RPA . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
For spontaneous recombination , compared to wild type cells , a rad 22 mutant ( corresponding to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad 52 mutant ) had wild type levels of deletion types , but was hypo recombinant for conversion types ; rad 16 ( S . cerevisiae rad 1 ) , rad 22 rad16 ( S . cerevisiae rad 52 rad1 ) and swi 10 ( S . cerevisiae rad 10 ) mutants were hyper recombinant for both types ; rad 22 swi10 ( S . cerevisiae rad 52 rad10 ) mutants were hypo recombinant for both types ; rhp 51 ( S . cerevisiae rad 51 ) and rhp 54 ( S . cerevisiae rad 54 ) mutants were hyper recombinant for deletion types , but almost completely lacked conversion types . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The Rad 51 protein associates with the Rad 51 , Rad 52 , Rad 54 , and Rad 55 proteins to form a dynamic complex . ^^^ Finally , the detection of a subset of mutations within Rad 51 which disrupt the interaction with mutant Rad 52 protein but activate the interaction with Rad 54 suggests that dynamic changes within the Rad 51 protein may contribute to an ordered reaction process . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Many of these lethalities or poor growth can be suppressed by mutations in other genes in the DSB repair pathway , namely rad 51 , rad 52 , rad 55 , and rad 57 , suggesting that inhibition of recombination at a prior step prevents formation of a lethal intermediate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both mechanisms are dependent on RAD 52 and on either RAD 50 or RAD 51 . ^^^ Survival in the absence of SGS 1 and EST 2 is dependent upon RAD 52 and RAD 51 but not RAD 50 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Deletion of both RAD 50 and RAD 51 produces a phenotype similar to that produced by deletion of RAD 52 . ^^^ Here we examined the effects of the RAD 50 and the RAD 51 epistasis groups as well as the RAD 52 homologue , RAD 59 , on the types of survivors generated in the absence of telomerase . rad 59 mutations completely abolished the ability to generate type 2 survivors , while rad 50 mutations decreased the growth viability of type 2 survivors but did not completely eliminate their appearance . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Previously , we have shown that in the absence of RAD 52 , repair is nearly absent and diploid cells lose the broken chromosome ; however , in cells lacking RAD 51 , gene conversion is absent but cells can repair the DSB by BIR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This arrest can be suppressed by mutations in RAD 51 , RAD 52 , and RAD 57 , suggesting that the cell cycle defect in sgs 1 srs2 mutants results from inappropriate homologous recombination . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
They exhibited strong synergistic increases in CAN 1 duplication mutations , intrachromosomal and interchromosomal recombination , and required the wild type double strand break repair genes RAD 50 , RAD 51 , and RAD 52 for viability . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also show that deletion of RAD51B , RAD 52 and RAD 54 leaves unchanged the rejoining half times and the contribution of the slow component , as does also a conditional knock out mutant of RAD 51 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The Rad 52 protein , which is unique to eukaryotes , plays important roles in the Rad 51 dependent and the Rad 51 independent pathways of DNA recombination . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In meiosis , both Rad 52 and Rad55 / 57 are required , whereas either Rad 52 or Rad55 / 57 is sufficient to promote assembly of Rad 51 in irradiated mitotic cells . ^^^ Rad 52 promotes normal amounts of Rad 51 assembly in the absence of Rad 55 at 30 degrees C but not 20 degrees C , accounting for the cold sensitivity of rad 55 null mutants . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
All three components of the Mre11 / Rad50 / Xrs2 complex are required for activation of Rad 53 , however , the Ku 80 , Rad 51 or Rad 52 proteins , which are also involved in DSB repair , are not . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The DNA synthesis , repair , and recombination genes ( nine genes ) were the DNA replication licensing factor MCM 4 , the DNA replication licensing factor MCM 5 , the DNA mismatch repair gene PMS 2 , the DNA excision repair gene , the DNA mismatch repair gene MSH 2 , the ultraviolet excision repair gene Rad 23 DNA ligase 1 , Rad 51 , and Rad 52 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rad 52 partially substitutes for the Rad 51 paralog XRCC 3 in maintaining chromosomal integrity in vertebrate cells . ^^^ Bio chemical studies show that both yeast Rad 52 and Rad 55 57 ( Rad 51 paralogs ) stimulate DNA strand exchange mediated by Rad 51 . ^^^ These findings raise the possibility that Rad 51 paralogs may compensate for lack of Rad 52 in vertebrate cells , explaining the absence of prominent phenotypes for Rad 52 deficient cells . ^^^ To test this hypothesis , using chicken DT 40 cells , we generated conditional mutants deficient in both RAD 52 and XRCC 3 , which is one of the five vertebrate RAD 51 paralogs . ^^^ The present study shows that Rad 52 can play an important role in HR repair by partially substituting for a Rad 51 paralog . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Thus , resistance to melphalan may require accelerated DNA repair by either recombinational repair mechanisms involving Rad 51 related proteins ( including 10 ray repair cross complementing proteins Xrcc 2 , Xrcc 3 , and Rad 52 ) or by nonhomologous endjoining involving DNA dependent protein kinase ( DNA PK ) and Ku proteins . ^^^ Homologous recombinational repair involving Rad 51 related proteins was investigated by determining the levels of Rad 51 , Rad 52 , and Xrcc 3 proteins and the density of nuclear melphalan induced Rad 51 foci , which represent sites of homologous recombinational repair . ^^^ We found no correlation between melphalan resistance and Rad 51 , Rad 52 , or Ku protein levels or DNA PK activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Overexpression of human RAD 51 and RAD 52 reduces double strand break induced homologous recombination in mammalian cells . ^^^ RAD 51 functions with RAD 52 and other proteins to effect strand exchange during HR , forming heteroduplex DNA ( hDNA ) that is resolved by mismatch repair to yield a gene conversion tract . ^^^ In mammalian cells RAD 51 and RAD 52 overexpression increase the frequency of spontaneous HR , and one study indicated that overexpression of mouse RAD 51 enhances DSB induced HR in Chinese hamster ovary ( CHO ) cells . ^^^ We tested the effects of transient and stable overexpression of human RAD 51 and / or human RAD 52 on DSB induced HR in CHO cells and in human cells . ^^^ In all cases , excess RAD 51 and / or RAD 52 reduced DSB induced HR , contrasting with prior studies . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Overexpression of EXO 1 or TLC 1 increased the resistance of rad 50 , mre 11 , and xrs 2 mutants to ionizing radiation and MMS , but did not increase resistance in strains defective in recombination ( rad 51 , rad 52 , rad 54 , rad 59 ) or NHEJ only ( yku 70 , sir 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the presence of ssDNA , Xrcc2 * Rad51D formed a filamentous structure , which is commonly observed among the human homologous pairing proteins , Rad 51 , Rad 52 , and Xrcc3 * Rad51C . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Homologous recombination requires the RAD 52 group proteins , including Rad 51 , Rad 52 and Rad 54 . ^^^ We show that these foci are dynamic structures of which Rad 51 is a stably associated core component , whereas Rad 52 and Rad 54 rapidly and reversibly interact with the structure . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have identified a new mechanism by which Rad 52 protein stimulates Rad 51 protein promoted DNA strand exchange . ^^^ We propose that Rad 52 protein acts by stabilizing the Rad 51 presynaptic filament . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We performed genetic association studies in a population based breast cancer case control study analysing polymorphisms in genes involved in homologous recombination ( NBS 1 , RAD 52 , RAD 51 , XRCC 2 and XRCC 3 ) and non homologous end joining ( KU70 / 80 and LIG 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
No effect on survival was seen for polymorphisms in ATM , BRCA1 / 2 , CHK 2 , KU 70 , NBS 1 , RAD 51 , RAD 52 , XRCC 3 , AR , COMT , NQO 1 , VDR , ADH 3 , CYP1A1 , GSTP 1 , TGF beta , or CDH 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In eukaryotes , Rad 51 and Rad 52 are two key components of homologous recombination and recombinational repair . ^^^ Here we investigated the role of interaction between Rhp 51 and Rad 22 , the fission yeast homologs of Rad 51 and Rad 52 , respectively , on the function of each protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Yeast Rad 51 promotes homologous pairing and strand exchange in vitro , but this activity is inefficient in the absence of the accessory proteins , RPA , Rad 52 , Rad 54 and the Rad 55 Rad57 heterodimer . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In vitro studies strongly suggest that several proteins of this pathway Rad 51 , Rad 52 , Rad 54 , Rad 55 , Rad 57 , and replication protein A ( RPA ) play a role in the strand exchange reaction . ^^^ However , the 5 ' ends of the broken fragments undergo extensive resection , similar to what is observed in rad 51 , rad 52 , rad 55 , and rad 57 mutants , indicating that these RPA mutants are defective in the repair of the Spo 11 dependent DSBs that initiate homologous recombination during meiosis . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rad 52 protein associates with replication protein A ( RPA ) single stranded DNA to accelerate Rad 51 mediated displacement of RPA and presynaptic complex formation . ^^^ In contrast , RPA inhibits Rad 51 nucleoprotein complex formation by prior binding to single stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) , but Rad 52 protein alleviates this inhibition . ^^^ Rad 52 protein accelerates RPA displacement by Rad 51 protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rad 54 plays key roles in homologous recombination ( HR ) and double strand break ( DSB ) repair in yeast , along with Rad 51 , Rad 52 , Rad 55 and Rad 57 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Genetic analyses reveal that expression levels of the recombination / repair genes RAD 51 , RAD 52 and RAD 54 can affect the frequency of gene repair . ^^^ Consistent with this notion , the highest level of targeted repair occurs when the RAD 51 gene is overexpressed in a strain of yeast deficient in RAD 52 gene function . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
G overhang length was increased by Rad 51 disruption but unchanged by disruption of DNA PKcs , Mre 11 , Rad 52 , Rad 54 , XRCC 2 or XRCC 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have found that a deletion of the RAD 52 gene significantly reduces palindrome formation by intermolecular recombination and that deletions of two other genes in the RAD 52 epistasis group ( RAD 51 and MRE 11 ) have little or no effect on palindrome formation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Completion of RAD 51 independent plasmid repair events requires RAD 52 , RAD 50 , RAD 59 , TID 1 ( RDH 54 ) , and SRS 2 and appears to involve break induced replication coupled to single strand annealing . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human Rad 51 ( hRad 51 ) and Rad 54 proteins are key members of the RAD 52 group required for homologous recombination . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transcription of the donor allele stimulated gene conversions in rad 50 , rad 51 , rad 54 , and rad 59 mutants , but not in rad 52 , rad 55 , and rad 57 mutants . ^^^ In contrast , transcription of the recipient allele stimulated gene conversions in rad 50 , rad 51 , rad 54 , rad 55 , rad 57 , and rad 59 mutants , but not in rad 52 mutants . ^^^ Finally , transcription stimulated crossovers in rad 50 , rad 54 , and rad 59 mutants , but not in rad 51 , rad 52 , rad 55 , and rad 57 mutants . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Extensive genetic analysis revealed that both Tdp 1 and Rad 1 Rad10 repair proceed through recombination that equally depends on RAD 52 , RAD 51 , and RAD 50 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In eukaryotic cells , RAD 52 protein plays a central role in genetic recombination and DNA repair by ( 1 ) promoting the annealing of complementary single stranded DNA and ( 2 ) stimulation of the RAD 51 recombinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The RAD 52 epistasis group of proteins , including Rad 51 , Rad 52 , and Rad 54 , plays an important role in the homologous recombination repair of double strand breaks . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Gene conversions and inversions were differently affected by rad 1 , rad 51 , rad 52 , and rad 59 single and double mutations , consistent with the actual view that such events occur by different recombination mechanisms . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rad 52 protein has two unique activities : facilitation of replication protein A ( RPA ) displacement by Rad 51 protein and annealing of RPA single stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) complexes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Central to the process of homologous recombination are the RAD 52 group genes ( RAD 50 , RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , RDH54 / TID1 , RAD 55 , RAD 57 , RAD 59 , MRE 11 , and XRS 2 ) , most of which were identified by their requirement for the repair of ionizing radiation induced DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . ^^^ The Rad 52 group proteins are highly conserved among eukaryotes , and Rad 51 , Mre 11 , and Rad 50 are also conserved in prokaryotes and archaea . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we show that T DNA integration by HR in yeast requires the recombination / repair proteins Rad 51 and Rad 52 , but not Rad 50 , Mre 11 , Xrs 2 , Yku 70 and Lig 4 . ^^^ Residual integration in the rad 51 mutant occurred predominantly by HR , whereas in the rad 52 mutant integration occurred exclusively by NHR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the Rad 54 protein participates in the recombinational repair of double strand DNA breaks together with the Rad 51 , Rad 52 , Rad 55 and Rad 57 proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
On the other hand , Rad 51 protein , a homolog of bacterial RecA and a member of the Rad 52 epistasis group , plays a crucial role exclusively in the recombinational repair pathway . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The Escherichia coli RecA protein complements recombination defective phenotype of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad 52 mutant cells . ^^^ Similarly to the S . cerevisiae Rad 52 protein , RecA is the main HR protein in Escherichia coli . ^^^ To address the question of whether the E . coli RecA protein can rescue HR defective phenotype of the rad 52 mutants of S . cerevisiae , the recA gene was introduced into the wild type and rad 52 mutant cells . ^^^ Cell survival and DSBs induction and repair were studied in the RecA expressing wild type and rad 52 mutant cells after exposure to ionizing radiation ( IR ) and methyl methanesulphonate ( MMS ) . ^^^ Here , we show that expression of the E . coli RecA protein partially complemented sensitivity and fully complemented DSB repair defect of the rad 52 mutant cells after exposure to IR and MMS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rad 52 protein can stimulate displacement of RPA ( rfa 1 t11 ) from ssDNA by Rad 51 protein , but the rate of displacement remains slow compared with wild type RPA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To investigate the role of homologous recombination more precisely , we examined LOH events in rad 50 Delta , rad 51 Delta , rad 52 Delta , rad 50 Delta rad 52 Delta , and rad 51 Delta rad 52 Delta mutants . ^^^ Both the rad 52 and rad 51 mutations increased the frequency of intragenic point mutations approximately 25 fold , suggesting that alternative mutagenic pathways partially substitute for homologous recombination . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mutations in the genes Rad 51 or Rad 52 result in severe defects in genetic recombination and the repair of double strand DNA breaks . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In vivo roles of Rad 52 , Rad 54 , and Rad 55 proteins in Rad 51 mediated recombination . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These results show that BRCA 2 repeats mimic the RAD 51 PM and imply analogous RAD 51 interactions with RAD 52 and RAD 54 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The Rad 52 Rad59 complex interacts with Rad 51 and replication protein A . ^^^ Rad 52 forms complexes with Rad 51 , replication protein A ( RPA ) or Rad 59 and its presence is essential for the formation of Rad 51 Rad52 Rad 59 and RPA Rad 52 Rad59 complexes . ^^^ In wild type cells , we propose the Rad 51 Rad52 Rad 59 complex is involved in conservative recombination events , including gene conversion and reciprocal recombination , whereas the Rad 52 Rad59 complex participates in single strand annealing . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Yeast Rad 52 and Rad 51 recombination proteins define a second pathway of DNA damage assessment in response to a single double strand break . ^^^ We have found that both Rad 51 and Rad 52 recombination proteins play key roles in adaptation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human Rad 52 protein , by analogy with the genetics of yeast Rad 52 , is believed to mediate a pathway of homologous recombination even independent of Rad 51 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The N terminal DNA binding domain of Rad 52 promotes RAD 51 independent recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . ^^^ In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the Rad 52 protein plays a role in both RAD 51 dependent and RAD 51 independent recombination pathways . ^^^ We characterized a rad 52 mutant , rad 52 329 , which lacks the C terminal Rad 51 interacting domain , and studied its role in RAD 51 independent recombination . ^^^ The rad 52 329 mutant is deficient in RAD 51 dependent telomere recombination , but is proficient in RAD 51 independent telomere recombination . ^^^ The RAD 51 independent recombination in the rad 52 329 mutant is promoted by a paralogue of Rad 52 , Rad 59 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In vivo assembly and disassembly of Rad 51 and Rad 52 complexes during double strand break repair . ^^^ Assembly and disassembly of Rad 51 and Rad 52 complexes were monitored by immunofluorescence during homologous recombination initiated by an HO endonuclease induced double strand break ( DSB ) at the MAT locus . ^^^ DSB induced Rad 51 and Rad 52 foci colocalize with a TetR GFP focus at tetO sequences adjacent to MAT . ^^^ We present evidence for three distinct roles for Rad 52 in recombination : a presynaptic role necessary for Rad 51 assembly , a synaptic role with Rad 51 filaments , and a postsynaptic role after Rad 51 dissociates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
FANCD 2 did not interact with RAD 51 , the five RAD 51 paralogs , RAD 52 , RAD 54 or DMC 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Studies of rad 52 mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have revealed a critical role of Rad 52 protein in double strand break repair and meiosis , and roles in both RAD 51 dependent and independent pathways of recombination . ^^^ In vitro , both yeast and human Rad 52 proteins play auxiliary roles with RPA in the action of Rad 51 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Deletion of the HR genes RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , RAD 55 , and RAD 57 also decreased induced recombination and increased mutation frequencies above those of NER deficient yeast . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rhp 51 , Swi 5 , and Rad 22 + Rti 1 were required for full levels of DNA repair in S . pombe , as are the related S . cerevisiae proteins Rad 51 , Sae 3 , and Rad 52 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Srs 2 is known to suppress inappropriate genetic recombination ; however , the TNR expansion phenotype of srs 2 mutants was largely independent of RAD 51 and RAD 52 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Intra and inter pathway interactions were quantified by co localisation , FRET imaging and by co immunoprecipitation ( Co IP ) of XRCC 4 , DNA PK and Ku 70 as representatives of NHEJ , Rad 51 and Rad 52 for HRR and gamma H2AX , Mre 11 and Rad 50 as representatives of both pathways . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this review , we discuss primarily those proteins involved in the initial stages of homologous recombination , including SPO 11 , MRE 11 , RAD 50 , NBS 1 , DMC 1 , RAD 51 , RAD 51 paralogs , RAD 52 , RPA , RAD 54 , and RAD54B . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chromosome structure following LOH and the requirement for Rad 51 and Rad 52 proteins indicated the involvement of gene conversion , allelic crossover and break induced replication . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our results also show that TNR mediated SCE events are independent of RAD 50 , MRE 11 and RAD 51 , whereas IR stimulated SCEs are dependent on the RAD 52 epistasis group genes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Central to the process of homologous recombination are the RAD 52 group genes ( RAD 50 , RAD 51 , RAD 52 , RAD 54 , RDH54 / TID1 , RAD 55 , RAD 57 , RAD 59 , MRE 11 , and XRS 2 ) , most of which were identified by their requirement for the repair of ionizing radiation induced DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human Rad 52 ( HsRad 52 ) is a DNA binding protein ( 418 residues ) that promotes the catalysis of DNA double strand break repair by the Rad 51 recombinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the malignant prostate cell lines , mRNA and protein levels of the Rad 51 , Xrcc 3 , Rad 52 , and Rad 54 genes involved in homologous recombination were elevated approximately 2 to 5 fold in comparison to normal PrEC cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human Rad 51 and Rad 52 are implicated in DNA repair during replication . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A knockout mutant of N . crassa , mus 50 , is sensitive to several DNA damaging agents and genetic analyses indicate that it is epistatic with mei 3 ( RAD 51 homolog ) , mus 11 ( RAD 52 homolog ) , mus 48 ( RAD 55 homolog ) and mus 49 ( RAD 57 homolog ) , suggesting a role for mus 50 in homologous recombination repair . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We demonstrate an almost mutually exclusive subcompartmentalization with Rad 52 , while p53pSer15 was colocalizing with 40 60 % of the Rad 51 and Mre 11 foci . ^^^ Therefore , possible sites of p53pSer15 dependent regulation seem to be sites of Rad 51 rather than Rad 52 dependent HR processes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Excess Rad 52 had no effect on DSB induced HR efficiency or outcome , nor did it mitigate the dominant negative effects of excess Rad 51 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ionizing radiation induced foci formation of mammalian Rad 51 and Rad 54 depends on the Rad 51 paralogs , but not on Rad 52 . ^^^ Biochemical experiments have revealed that during the process of homologous recombination the RAD 52 group proteins , including Rad 51 , Rad 52 and Rad 54 , are involved in an essential step : formation of a joint molecule between the broken DNA and the intact repair template . ^^^ The significance of homologous recombination for the cell is underscored by the evolutionary conservation of the Rad 51 , Rad 52 and Rad 54 proteins from yeast to humans . ^^^ For the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , foci formation of Rad 51 and Rad 54 is abrogated in the absence of Rad 52 , while Rad 51 foci formation does occur in the absence of the Rad 51 paralog Rad 55 . ^^^ By contrast , we show here that in mammalian cells , Rad 52 is not required for foci formation of Rad 51 and Rad 54 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Up to 1 , 600 cases and 4 , 241 controls from 4 separate genetic association studies from 3 countries were genotyped for 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNP ) in 6 genes ( BRCA 1 , NBS 1 , RAD 51 , RAD 52 , XRCC 2 and XRCC 3 ) involved in homologous recombination of DNA double strand breaks . ^^^ No association was detected between EOC risk and BRCA 1 Q356R , BRCA 1 P871L , RAD 51 g135c , RAD 51 g172t , RAD 52 c2259t , NBS 1 L34L , NBS 1 E185Q , NBS 1 A399A , NBS 1 P672P , XRCC 2 g4324c , XRCC 2 c41657t and XRCC 3 T241M . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using co immunoprecipitation assays , we showed that cellular interaction of RPA with two DSB repair factors , Rad 51 and Rad 52 , was predominantly mediated by the hyperphosphorylated species of RPA in cells after UV and camptothecin treatment . ^^^ Moreover , Rad 51 and Rad 52 displayed higher affinity for the hyperphosphorylated RPA than native RPA in an in vitro binding assay . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rad 51 paralogs belong to the Rad 52 epistasis group of proteins and are involved in homologous recombination ( HR ) , especially the assembly and stabilization of Rad 51 , which is a homolog of RecA in eukaryotes . ^^^ Rad 51 paralogs belong to the Rad 52 epistasis group of proteins and are involved in homologous recombination ( HR ) , especially the assembly and stabilization of Rad 51 , which is a homolog of RecA in eukaryotes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Twelve loci of selected DNA repair genes were genotyped by matrix assisted laser desorption / ionization time of flight mass spectrometry ( XRCC 2 Arg188His , XRCC 4 921G > T , XRCC 6 1796G > T , LIG 4 1977T / C , RAD 51 135G > C , 172G > T , RAD 52 2259C > T , LIG 1 551A > C , ERCC 1 8092A > C , 354C > T , hMLH 1 93G > A , and Ile219Val ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rad 51 , Rad 52 , Rad 54 , BRCA 1 , BRCA 2 ) in both normal and malignant cultures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Consistent with this observation , the key components for repair of DNA double strand breaks , including Rad 51 , Rad 52 , and Ku70 / Ku80 , were down regulated in cofilin over expressing cells after IR exposure . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Senescence was also coupled with decreased expression of RAD 51 , but increased RAD 52 expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Put together , these studies hint at DNA induced disassembly of higher order forms of Rad 51 and Rad 52 proteins as steps that precede protein assembly during hRad 51 presynapsis on DNA , in vitro . . ^^^ Purified human Rad 51 and Rad 52 proteins exhibit multiple oligomeric states , in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we present evidence that fission yeast Slx 1 Slx4 initiates homologous recombination events in the rDNA repeats that are processed by a mechanism that requires Rad 22 ( Rad 52 homologue ) but not Rhp 51 ( Rad 51 homologue ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the RAD 52 gene is essential for all homologous recombination events and its homologue , the RAD 59 gene , is important for those that occur independently of RAD 51 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , repair factors ( Rad 51 , Rad 52 , BRCA 2 , and FANCD 2 ) , ATM and Rad 3 related ( ATR ) cascade ( ATR , ATR interacting protein , and replication protein A ) , and the DNA clamp ( Rad 17 and 9 ) accumulate in subchromatin microcompartments delineated by single stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We analyzed 49 SNPs in BRCA 1 , BRCA 2 , ESR 1 , XRCC 1 , XRCC 2 , XRCC 3 , NBN , RAD 51 , RAD 52 , LIG 4 , ATM , BCL 2 , TGFB 1 , MSH 6 , ERCC 2 , XPF , NR3C1 , CYP1A1 , CYP2C9 , CYP2C19 , CYP3A5 , CYP2D6 , CYP11B2 , and CYP17A1 genes using the Pyrosequencing technique . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By catalyzing the replacement of replication protein A with Rad 51 on single stranded DNA , Rad 52 likely promotes strand invasion of a double stranded DNA molecule by single stranded DNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , phosphorylation is dependent on the presence of the Rad 52 C terminus , but not dependent on its interaction with Rad 51 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Phenotypic comparison of Cebrc 2 and rad 51 mutants also revealed a role for CeBRC 2 in an error prone DSB repair pathway independent of rad 51 and non homologous end joining , raising the possibility that CeBRC 2 may have replaced the role of vertebrate Rad 52 in DNA single strand annealing ( SSA ) , which is missing from C . elegans . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Complex minisatellite rearrangements generated in the total or partial absence of Rad27 / hFEN1 activity occur in a single generation and are Rad 51 and Rad 52 dependent . ^^^ Finally , the rearrangement frequency was found to increase with array size , and partial complementation of the rad27Delta mutation by hFEN 1 demonstrated that the production of novel CEB 1 alleles is Rad 52 and Rad 51 dependent . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: P43351 and Q06609	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA