Pubmed abstracts for Protein-Protein Interaction search result :

Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , an acute phase protein induced by cytokines . ^^^ Expression of the pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , an exocrine pancreatic protein , increases rapidly and strongly in acinar cells during the acute phase of pancreatitis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
On the basis of kinetic studies , two distinct gene sets could be discerned : signal transducer and activator of transciption 3 ( STAT 3 ) , suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 ( SOCS 3 ) , MT 2 ( metallothionein 2 ) , the serine / threonine kinase fibroblast growth factor inducible kinase ( Fnk ) and modulator recognition factor ( MRF 1 ) , which are immediate early response genes , and pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , squalene epoxidase , uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase and annexin 8 , which are late induced target genes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , also known as HIP , p 23 , or Reg 2 protein , has recently been implicated in the endogenous regulation of inflammation . ^^^ Pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , also known as HIP , p 23 , or Reg 2 protein , has recently been implicated in the endogenous regulation of inflammation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A search for HSV antigen in cervical cells was performed HSV antigen was found in 12 % of Pap 1 2 smears , in 41 % of Pap 3 smears and in all cases of Pap 4 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The specific activity of PAP 1 , which requires Mg2+ , was similar in the livers of lean and corpulent female rats and in male corpulent rats , but these activities were about 1 . 6 fold higher than in lean males . ^^^ There was a correlation between the specific activity of PAP 1 and the concentrations of hepatic and serum triacylglycerols in the males , but not in the females . ^^^ Chronic treatment of the corpulent rats with ethanol did not significantly alter the hepatic activity of PAP 1 , or the concentrations of hepatic or serum triacylglycerols . ^^^ Specific activities of PAP 1 in the heart were higher in the lean compared to the corpulent males . ^^^ Specific activities of PAP 1 were over 5 fold higher in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the corpulent males and females compared to the lean genotypes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) is a secretory protein first described as an acute phase reactant during acute pancreatitis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) is a pancreatic secretory protein expressed in pancreas during acute pancreatitis but not in the healthy pancreas . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) is a pancreatic secretory protein strongly expressed during acute pancreatitis in the rat and human . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND : The pancreatitis associated protein ( PAP ) 1 and 3 , but not PAP 2 , mRNAs are constitutively expressed in the small intestine of rats . ^^^ METHODS : We studied expression of both PAP 1 and PAP 3 mRNAs during development and on nutritional and hormonal manipulations . ^^^ CONCLUSION : Gene expression of PAP 1 and 3 mRNAs is regulated in a coordinate manner in the rat small intestine during development and on nutritional and hormonal manipulations . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We evaluated the interaction of antiphospholipid antibodies ( aPL ) with placental anticoagulant protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , a calcium dependent phospholipid binding protein which may act as a natural anticoagulant . ^^^ Clotting assays showed additive prolongation of clotting times with aPL and PAP 1 . ^^^ ELISA and vesicle phospholipid binding studies showed PAP 1 inhibition of aPL binding to phospholipid but no inhibition of PAP 1 phospholipid binding by aPL . aPL and PAP 1 interact additively in anticoagulant activity in in vitro clotting systems and compete for phospholipid in ELISA system . ^^^ These data support the hypotheses that aPL and PAP 1 may recognize similar phospholipid epitopes and that in vivo interaction may occur . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This report describes the ontogenic development of two liver PAP activities and compares them with that of plasma thyroliberinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ninety eight ( 4 . 4 % ) of the 2237 cytologically normal cervical samples ( Pap 1 and 2 ) were HPV 16 / 18 positive . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Of the 109 smears positive for Chlamydia trachomatis , 90 showed cervical cells with reactive changes ( out of 1 , 490 smears with PAP 2 ) , whereas no cytological changes were found in 15 cases ( out of 884 smears with PAP 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NE PAP 1 had chromatographic properties similar to those of S 100 PAP , and both enzymes displayed higher activities in the presence of Mn2+ than in the presence of Mg2+ , whereas NE PAP 2 was chromatographically distinct and had approximately equal levels of activity in the presence of Mn2+ and Mg2+ . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three of them ( PAP 1 , PAP 03 , and PAP 019 ) were shown to be over 1 10 10 ( 9 ) M 1 . ^^^ From the results of a matrix cross matching procedure , a pair of antibodies ( PAP 03 and PAP 1 ) reacting with discrete antigenic determinants were identified for preparing a solid phase sandwich enzyme immunoassay ( EIA ) kit . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found striking similarities between PAP 3 and PAP 1 and 2 genes , in genomic organization as well as in promoter sequences . ^^^ Moreover , the rat PAP 3 gene was mapped to chromosome 4 using mouse rat hybrid cells , a localization which coincides with that of the PAP 1 and 2 genes . ^^^ In the intestinal tract , where PAP 2 is not expressed , the pattern of PAP 3 expression was comparable with that of PAP 1 ; fasting induced a decrease in its mRNA concentration by more than 80 % , which could be reversed within 6 h upon feeding . ^^^ PAP 3 is therefore a new member of the PAP gene family , more closely related to the PAP 1 gene . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Bacteria with either type of P fimbriae were able to colonize but pap 2+ bacteria showed increased colonizing capacity when strains containing pap 1 or pap 2 genes on low copy plasmids were compared . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : The two phenotypic techniques ( hemagglutination pattern using human , bovine , and sheep erythrocytes , and the PF test ) were compared with colony hybridization with a specific DNA probe ( pap 1 ) in 35 strains of uropathogenic E . coli . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A second poly ( A ) polymerase ( PAP 2 ) has been identified in Escherichia coli using a strain carrying a deletion of pcnB ( the structural gene for PAP 1 ; Cao and Sarkar , 1992b ) and pnp 7 ( a null mutation in the structural gene for polynucleotide phosphorylase ) . ^^^ While PAP 1 has a M ( r ) of 53 , 000 , PAP 2 is a smaller protein with a native M ( r ) 35 , 000 . ^^^ PAP 2 differs from PAP 1 in preferring poly ( A ) over tRNA primers and being more thermolabile . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , mutations in the PAP 1 gene were shown to be synergistically lethal with previously identified mutations in the RNA 14 and RNA 15 genes , which suggests that their encoded proteins participate in 3 ' end processing . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The encoded protein , designated PAP 3 , shows 66 % and 63 % identity with the rat PAP 1 and 2 , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This second PAP , which was called PAP 2 , was the same size as the original PAP ( PAP 1 ) and showed 74 . 3 % amino acid homology . ^^^ Studies on gene expression demonstrated that PAP 2 mRNA concentration increased within 6 h following induction of pancreatitis , reached maximal levels ( > 200 times control values ) at 24 48 h , and decreased thereafter , similar to PAP 1 . ^^^ However , PAP 2 mRNA could not be detected in the intestinal tract or in other tissues . ^^^ We also isolated a PAP 2 genomic DNA fragment which was characterized over 2 . 7 kb of gene sequence and 1 . 9 kb of 5 ' flanking sequence . ^^^ The 5 ' end of the coding sequence was determined by primer extension of the PAP 2 mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The rat genes encoding the pancreatitis associated proteins 1 , 2 and 3 ( Pap 1 , Pap 2 , Pap 3 ) , and the lithostathin / pancreatic stone protein / regeneration protein ( Reg ) colocalize at 4q33 > q 34 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RNase protection and reverse transcription PCR analyses showed that PAP 2 , 5 , and 6 are expressed in all tissues tested but that PAP 1 and / or 4 and 3 are tissue specific . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cervical smears diagnosed as Pap 1 , 2 or IIIA were traced for review . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , pla 1 rescues a S . cerevisiae PAP 1 disruption mutant . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To explore this issue further , we examined the influence of two phospholipid binding proteins , annexin 5 ( placental anticoagulant protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) ) and beta2GP1 , on the activity of immunoglobulin G ( IgG ) fractions from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome ( APS ) , both in the prothrombin thrombin conversion assay and in the anticardiolipin enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) . ^^^ Results showed that each of eight IgG APS ; fractions , as well as PAP 1 and beta2GP1 , individually inhibited the prothrombinase reaction . ^^^ When IgG APS samples were combined with PAP 1 or beta2GP1 , or both PAP 1 and beta2GP1 , inhibition of the prothrombinase reaction was additive . ^^^ In the anticardiolipin ELISA , PAP 1 inhibited IgG APS binding to cardiolipin , but beta2GP1 enhanced IgG APS binding to cardiolipin . ^^^ The `` enhancing ' ' effect of beta2GP1 in the ELISA system was neutralized by PAP 1 , an effect partially overcome by increasing the concentration of beta2GP1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase type 1 ( PAP 1 ) is reported to be a soluble , broad specificity aminopeptidase , capable of removing the pyroglutamic acid ( pGlu ) residue from the amino terminus of pGlu peptides ( e . g . ^^^ Based on a comparison of these findings with those reported for PAP 1 in other mammalian tissues , the soluble PAP activity observed in bovine whole brain can tentatively be classified as a pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase type 1 ( EC 3 . 4 . 19 . 3 ) . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential binding of Lrp to two sets of pap DNA binding sites mediated by Pap 1 regulates Pap phase variation in Escherichia coli . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The phospholipid binding proteins , beta 2 GPI and placental anticoagulant protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , independently inhibited the prothrombinase reaction , and when these proteins were combined with aPL , inhibition of the prothrombinase reaction was additive . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have constructed a strain that overexpresses E coli poly ( A ) polymerase ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^ An antiserum raised against the overexpressed PAP 1 has permitted two types of analysis : the identification of other E coli proteins that may interact with PAP 1 , and the search for PAP 1 like proteins in other bacteria . ^^^ Immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that PAP 1 is associated with a 48 kDa protein . ^^^ Western blotting using the antiserum against E coli PAP 1 revealed related proteins in a variety of Gram negative bacteria and in B subtilis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We had earlier identified the pcnB locus as the gene for the major Escherichia coli poly ( A ) polymerase ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^ In this report , we describe the disruption and identification of a candidate gene for a second poly ( A ) polymerase ( PAP 2 ) by an experimental strategy which was based on the assumption that the viability of E . coli depends on the presence of either PAP 1 or PAP 2 . ^^^ E . coli PAP 2 has no significant sequence homology either to PAP 1 or to the viral and eukaryotic poly ( A ) polymerases , suggesting that the bacterial poly ( A ) polymerases have evolved independently . ^^^ An interesting feature of the PAP 2 sequence is the presence of sets of two paired cysteine and histidine residues that resemble the RNA binding motifs seen in some other proteins . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Herein , we employed Northern blotting and RNase protection assays to measure mouse PAP 1 mRNA levels in the normal pancreas and intestine , and in the pancreas during caerulein induced acute pancreatitis . ^^^ Unexpectedly , we found that mouse PAP 1 mRNA levels are constitutively high in the adult pancreas , as well as in the small intestine . ^^^ Furthermore , mouse pancreatic PAP 1 mRNA levels are rapidly and dramatically down regulated ( 3 h ) after the initiation of caerulein injections , but slowly return to high levels by 72 h . ^^^ Interestingly , we found that pancreatic PAP 1 mRNA levels are also transiently and dramatically down regulated after L buthionine [ S , R ] sulfoximine administration . ^^^ Thus , a correlation between PAP 1 mRNA levels and glutathione levels in the mouse pancreas was demonstrated . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A Mg 2 ( + ) activated activity ( PAP 1 ) which was inhibited by N ethylmaleimide was found mainly in a 105 , 000 10 g soluble fraction . ^^^ Isolation of the membranes in a medium containing KCl increased the proportion of PAP 1 that was associated . ^^^ Translocation of PAP 1 from these membranes occurred on subsequent incubation in a low ionic strength medium from which KCI was omitted . ^^^ A second activity which was insensitive to N ethylmaleimide ( PAP 2 ) was found in the 105 , 000 10 g membrane fraction . ^^^ PAP 2 was inhibited by concentrations of Mg2+ known to occur in ischaemia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using a novel Escherichia coli in vitro decay system in which polysomes are the source of both enzymes and mRNA , we demonstrate a requirement for poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) in mRNA turnover . ^^^ The in vitro decay of two different mRNAs ( trxA and lpp ) is triggered by the addition of ATP only when polysomes are prepared from s strain carrying the wild type gene for PAP 1 ( pcnB+ ) . ^^^ PAP 1 activity is associated exclusively with the polysomes . ^^^ Exogenously added PAP 1 does not restore mRNA decay to PAP 1 polysomes , suggesting that , in vivo , PAP 1 may be part of a multiprotein complex . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Women were included in the study when they had no previous history of cervical dysplasia ; and their initial Pap smear was read as normal ( Pap 1 or 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PA is hydrolysed to diacylglycerol by PA phosphohydrolase ( PAP ) which exists in two forms : PAP 1 and PAP 2 . ^^^ In rat hepatocyte cultures , overnight ( 20h ) incubation with transforming growth factor ( TGF ) beta ( 1 ng / ml ) increased PAP 1 activity two fold . ^^^ The TGFbeta effect on PAP 1 was additive to stimulation induced by dexamethasone but not by glucagon and it reversed the inhibition by insulin . ^^^ Epidermal growth factor had no effect on PAP 1 activity . ^^^ None of the above hormones or growth factors affected the subcellular distribution of PAP 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Characterization of a silencer regulatory element in the rat PAP 1 gene which confers tissue specific expression and is promoter dependent . ^^^ Previous analysis of the rat PAP 1 promoter indicated that the region between nt 180 and 81 possessed silencer activity in cells that did not express PAP 1 . ^^^ Transient transfection assays were conducted in the fibroblast Rat 2 cell line , in which PAP 1 is not expressed , and in the pancreatic cell line AR 42J , expressing PAP 1 , using the CAT gene as reporter . ^^^ Suppressor activity was observed when rep 27 was inserted upstream from the core PAP 1 promoter , in both orientations . ^^^ In pancreatic AR 42J cells , rep 27 act as a positive element but did not alter CAT expression when inserted in front of the core PAP 1 promoter or heterologous promoters . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also show that Sok RNA is polyadenylated by poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , and that the poly ( A ) tailing is prerequisite for the rapid 3 ' exonucleolytic degradation by PNPase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We explored whether PAP 1 expression could be induced by oxidative stress and whether it could affect apoptosis . ^^^ METHODS : AR 4 2J cells were exposed to H2O2 or menadione , and PAP 1 messenger RNA ( mRNA ) expression was analyzed by Northern blotting . ^^^ Pretreatment of the cells with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate completely abolished PAP 1 mRNA induction , suggesting involvement of NFkappaB in the signaling pathway . ^^^ These findings were confirmed in transient transfection assays using a plasmid containing the PAP 1 promoter linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene . ^^^ Then the relationship between PAP 1 induction and protection against cell damage during oxidative stress was considered . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This enzyme exists in at least two isoforms , one of which ( PAP 1 ) is presumed to be cytosolic and membrane associated and the other ( PAP 2 ) to be an integral membrane protein . ^^^ Two isoforms , presumed to be alternative splice variants from a single gene , designated as PAP 2 alpha1 and PAP 2 alpha2 , have been cloned and expressed . ^^^ The PAP 2 alpha1 and PAP 2 alpha2 have a 84 % and a 72 % overall match , respectively , with the published mouse PAP amino acid sequence . ^^^ Ectopic expression of PAP 2 alpha1 and PAP 2 alpha2 cDNAs in ECV 304 endothelial cells led to a 6 to 8 fold and a 2 fold increase in PAP activity , respectively , in cell free extracts using an in vitro assay that measured the conversion of [ 14C ] PA to [ 14C ] DG . ^^^ The increase in PAP activity in PAP 2 alpha transfected cells correlated with a > 50 % decrease in the steady state PA level . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Previous work has implicated poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , encoded by the pcnB gene , in the decay of a number of RNAs from Escherichia coli . ^^^ We show here that PAP 1 does not promote the initiation of decay of the rpsT mRNA encoding ribosomal protein S 20 in vivo ; however , it does facilitate the degradation of highly folded degradative intermediates by polynucleotide phosphorylase . ^^^ Moreover , both ATP and a non hydrolyzable analog , ATPgammaS , support the PAP 1 and PNPase dependent degradation of the 147 residue intermediate implying that ATPase activity , such as that which may reside in RhlB , a putative RNA helicase , is not necessarily required . ^^^ Alternatively , the rpsT mRNA can be degraded in vitro by a second 3 ' decay pathway which is dependent on PAP 1 , PNPase and ATP alone . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The summer leaf isoform of the pokeweed ( Phytolacca americana ) antiviral protein , PAP 2 , was produced in high yields from inclusion bodies in recombinant E . coli . ^^^ On the basis of its sequence similarity with the spring leaf isoform ( PAP 1 ) and with the A chain of ricin , a three dimensional model of the protein was constructed as an aid in the design of active site mutants . ^^^ PAP 2 variants mutated in residues Asp 88 ( D88N ) , Tyr 117 ( Y117S ) , Glu 172 ( E172Q ) , Arg 175 ( R175H ) and a combination of Asp 88 and Arg 175 ( D88N / R175H ) were produced in E . coli and assayed for their ability to inhibit protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate . ^^^ All of these mutations had effects deleterious to the enzymatic activity of PAP 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The obtained results showed that the genes of pokeweed antiviral protein ( PAP 1 ) and human calcitonin ( CT ) were poorly expressed under the conventional SD and were better expressed under the PL sequence . ^^^ PAP 1 and CT genes were rich in nucleotides matching 16S rRNA ( called downstream boxes ) whereas the complementary domains in the other two ( hIFN gamma and CAT ) genes were much shorter . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In bell pepper , a gene encoding a major plastid lipid associated protein is expressed as both partially and totally spliced transcripts ( respectively PAP 2 and PAP 1 ) . ^^^ Although PAP is present as a single copy gene in the bell pepper genome , Southern blots using PAP 2 as a probe revealed multiple homologous copies . ^^^ Analyses of the intronic sequence of PAP 2 showed the existence of a 206bp short interspersed repetitive element ( SINE ) belonging to the Ts family of retrotransposons ( Yoshioka et al . , 1993 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Moreover , polyadenylation of oop RNA is one of very few known examples of specific RNA polyadenylation by PAP 1 in prokaryotic cells and its role in gene expression regulation . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently we demonstrated that oop RNA is specifically polyadenylated at its 3 ' end by poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , the pcnB gene product . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) of Escherichia coli is a member of the nucleotidyltransferase ( Ntr ) family that includes the functionally related tRNA CCA adding enzymes . ^^^ The available evidence indicates that cca is the only gene encoding an Ntr protein , despite previous suggestions that B . subtilis has a PAP similar to E . coli PAP 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) of Escherichia coli is a member of the nucleotidyltransferase ( Ntr ) superfamily that includes the eukaryotic PAPs and all the known tRNA CCA adding enzymes . ^^^ Five highly conserved aspartic acids in the putative catalytic site of PAP 1 were changed to either alanine or proline , demonstrating their importance for polymerase activity . ^^^ Binding sites for RNase E , a component of the RNA degradosome , and RNA were mapped by North western and Far western blotting using truncated forms of PAP 1 . ^^^ Additional protein protein interactions were detected between PAP 1 and CsdA , RhlE and SrmB , suggesting an unexpected connection between PAP 1 and these E . coli DEAD box RNA helicases . ^^^ These results show that the functional organization of PAP 1 is similar to the eukaryotic PAPs with an N terminal catalytic domain , a C terminal RNA binding domain and sites for the interaction with other protein factors . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pokeweed antiviral protein isoforms PAP 1 , PAP 2 , and PAP 3 depurinate RNA of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) 1 . ^^^ Our findings presented herein provide direct evidence that three different PAP isoforms from Phytolacca americana ( PAP 1 from spring leaves , PAP 2 from early summer leaves , and PAP 3 from late summer leaves ) cause concentration dependent depurination of genomic RNA ( 63 to 400 pmols of adenine released per micrograms of RNA ) purified from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) , plant virus ( tobacco mosaic virus ( TMV ) , and bacteriophage ( MS 2 ) . ^^^ PAP 1 , PAP 2 , and PAP 3 ( but not RTA ) inhibited the replication of HIV 1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with IC ( 50 ) values of 17 nM , 25 nM , and 16 nM , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mouse monoclonal antibodies against Phytolacca americana antiviral protein PAP 1 . ^^^ Four hybridoma lines are constructed producing monoclonal antibodies against the pokeweed ( Phytolacca americana ) antiviral protein PAP 1 . ^^^ One of these antibodies ( 5D3 ) is used to study localization of recombinant PAP 1 in Escherichia coli cells by immuno gold electron microscopy . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , a leptin receptor devoid of all Tyr residues in its cytoplasmic tail was still capable of a limited induction of the PAP 1 gene . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To help understand the role of polyadenylation in Escherichia coli RNA metabolism , we constructed an IPTG inducible pcnB [ poly ( A ) polymerase 1 , PAP 1 ] containing plasmid that permitted us to vary poly ( A ) levels without affecting cell growth or viability . ^^^ Long term overproduction of PAP 1 led to slower growth and irreversible cell death . ^^^ Differential display analysis showed that new RNA species were being polyadenylated after PAP 1 induction , including the mature 3 ' terminus of 23S rRNA , a site that was not tailed in wild type cells . ^^^ Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) demonstrated an almost 20 fold variation in the level of polyadenylation among three different transcripts and that PAP 1 accounted for between 94 % and 98 . 6 % of their poly ( A ) tails . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As extracts of poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) deficient strains of Escherichia coli appeared to contain considerable residual polyadenylating activity , efforts were undertaken to identify a second poly ( A ) polymerase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PAP 1 interacts with itself , PAP 2 , PAP 3 , and lithostathine / regIalpha . ^^^ PAP 1 , PAP 2 , PAP 3 , and lithostathine / regIalpha are members of a multigenic family of proteins expressed in several tissues . ^^^ PAP 1 was shown to be antiapoptotic , mitogenic , and anti inflammatory and can promote cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix . ^^^ Because polymerization might regulate activity , we examined the ability of rat PAP 1 to interact with itself ( homodimerization ) , PAP 2 , PAP 3 , and lithostathine / regIalpha ( heterodimerization ) by the yeast two hybrid system , affinity experiments , and crosslinking . ^^^ PAP 1 interacted significantly with all members of the PAP protein family , homodimerization showing the strongest interaction as judged by the beta galactosidase test . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The polyadenylation reaction is performed in Escherichia coli mainly by the enzyme poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^ Unlike the PAP from yeast nucleus , which is specific for ATP , E . coli PAP 1 can use all four nucleotide triphosphates as substrates for addition of long ribohomopolymers to RNA . ^^^ PAP 1 displays a high binding activity to poly ( U ) , poly ( C ) and poly ( A ) ribohomopolymers , but not to poly ( G ) . ^^^ We show here that in vitro PAP 1 activity is inhibited by a stem loop structure . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This method was applied to 40 archival smears from ten cervical cancer patients ( selected from a group of 200 patients ) which had a history of 3 6 smears with the first smear being Pap 1 or 2 taken at least 5 years before cancer was diagnosed . ^^^ The average time period between the first Pap 1 / 2 smear that contained the same HPV type as in the corresponding carcinoma and diagnosis of cervical cancer was 12 . 0 + / 2 . 9 years . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Its expression is induced by TNF alpha , and cells overexpressing PAP 1 show significantly less apoptosis on exposure to TNF alpha . ^^^ We examined whether TNF alpha induction of PAP 1 expression was mediated by NF kappaB or MAP kinases by using specific inhibitors of both pathways . ^^^ However , inhibitors of MEK 1 eliminated PAP 1 induction . ^^^ Antiapoptotic mechanisms are mediated by NF kappaB and MAP kinases , and PAP 1 is one of the effectors of apoptosis inhibition . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It was observed that HPV infections from the high risk group occurred more frequently in pap 3 and pap 4 test results ; HPV infections from the low risk group occurred more frequently in pap 1 and pap 2 results , while mixed infections from both risk groups occurred particularly in pap 4 and pap 5 results . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The selective susceptibility of unstable Escherichia coli RNAs to 3 ' polyadenylation by the pcnB gene product , poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , in vivo is a key factor in their rapid degradation by 3 ' to 5 ' exonucleases . ^^^ Using highly purified His tagged recombinant PAP 1 , we show that differential adenylation of RNA substrates by PAP 1 occurs in vitro and that this capability resides in PAP 1 itself rather than in any ancillary protein ( s ) . ^^^ Surprisingly , the efficiency of 3 ' polyadenylation is affected by substrate structure at both termini ; single strand segments at either the 5 ' or 3 ' end of RNA molecules and monophosphorylation at an unpaired 5 ' terminus dramatically increase the rate and length of 3 ' poly ( A ) tail additions by PAP 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we have investigated the role that such nucleases play in modulating polyadenylation in vivo by measuring total poly ( A ) levels , polyadenylation of specific transcripts , growth rates and cell viabilities in strains containing various amounts of poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , polynucleotide phosphorylase ( PNPase ) , RNase 2 and RNase E . ^^^ In contrast , RNase E appears to affect poly ( A ) levels indirectly through the generation of new 3 ' termini that serve as substrates for PAP 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The crystal structure of the PAP from Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( Pap 1 ) has been solved to 2 . 6 angstroms , both alone and in complex with 3 ' deoxyadenosine triphosphate ( 3 ' dATP ) . ^^^ Like other nucleic acid polymerases , Pap 1 is composed of three domains that encircle the active site . ^^^ In the nucleotide complex , two molecules of 3 ' dATP are bound to Pap 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Trypsin activation of recombinant stress proteins or counterparts contained in rat pancreatic juice ( PSP / reg , PAP 1 and PAP 3 ) resulted in conversion of 16 kDa soluble proteins into 14 kDa soluble isoforms ( pancreatic thread protein and pancreatitis associated thread protein , respectively ) that rapidly polymerize into insoluble sedimenting structures . ^^^ In contrast , PAP 2 , following activation with trypsin or pancreatic juice , does not form insoluble structures and is rapidly digested by pancreatic proteases . ^^^ These findings suggest that PSP / reg and PAP 1 and 3 isoforms consist of a family of highly regulated soluble secretory stress proteins , which , upon trypsin activation , convert into a family of insoluble helical thread proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pap 1 and Pap 2 are more similar to each other ( 84 % amino acid sequence identity ) than to Pap 3 ( 46 % and 44 % , respectively ) in the encoded mature proteins . ^^^ Pap 1 transcript was most abundant in the maturing anthers ( tapetum ) and in lesser amounts in leaves , fruit coats , seeds , and sepals ; Pap 2 transcript was abundant only in the petals ; and Pap 3 transcript had a wide distribution , but at minimal levels in numerous organs . ^^^ Immunoblotting after sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that most organs had several nanograms of PAP 1 or PAP 2 per milligram of total protein , the highest amounts being in the anthers ( 10 . 9 microg 10 mg ( 1 ) PAP 1 ) and petals ( 6 . 6 microg 10 mg ( 1 ) PAP 2 ) , and that they had much less PAP 3 ( < 0 . 02 microg 10 mg ( 1 ) ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These results suggest that there is no enzyme similar to E . coli PAP 1 in spinach chloroplasts and that polyadenylation and exonucleolytic degradation of RNA in spinach chloroplasts are performed by one enzyme , PNPase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two forms of mammalian PAPase can be indentified on the basis of subcellular localization and enzyme properties , one involved predominantly in lipid synthesis ( PAP 1 ) and the other in signal transduction ( PAP 2 ) . ^^^ Our results demonstrate that aging caused PAP 2 to increase in brain microsomal fractions but did not affect PAP 1 , whereas in brain cytosolic fractions , it caused a strong decrease in PAP 1 ( 57 % ) . ^^^ The distribution of enzymes between microsomes and cytosol changed in aged rats with respect to adult rats , showing a translocation of PAP 1 from cytosol to microsomes . ^^^ PAP 2 activity in liver microsomal fractions from aged rats showed no changes with respect to adult rats whereas PAP 1 activity increased 228 % in microsomal fractions and 76 % in cytosolic fractions in this tissue . ^^^ The distribution of PAP 1 activity between microsomal and cytosolic fractions in liver tissue was also affected in aged rats , indicating a translocation of this form of the enzyme from cytosolic to microsomal fractions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Accordingly , it appears paradoxical that FFA have been reported to increase the liver ' s esterification capacity by translocating the rate limiting enzyme phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase ( PAP 1 ) from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum . ^^^ We have therefore investigated the regulation of rat liver PAP 1 . ^^^ Oleic acid inhibited PAP activity in all subcellular fractions , with PAP 1 activity in cytosol being the most sensitive . ^^^ These results demonstrate that PAP 1 is reversibly inhibited by FFA and their CoA esters , which may play a role in directing hepatic FFA to beta oxidation during times of increased energy demand . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We did not find polyadenylation in a pcnB mutant , suggesting that the pcnB encoded polyadenyl polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) is the only enzyme responsible for modification of P 4 immunity transcripts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Coordinate regulation of secretory stress proteins ( PSP / reg , PAP 1 , PAP 2 , and PAP 3 ) in the rat exocrine pancreas during experimental acute pancreatitis . ^^^ RNA was extracted for Northern blot analysis of PAP 1 , 2 , and 3 and PSP / reg mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Twenty two ( 10 . 5 % ) patients showed normal ( Pap 1 ) cytology , 149 ( 71 . 6 % ) patients had inflammation ( Pap 2 ) , and 28 patients ( 13 . 4 % ) had a Pap 3 score . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Among the host factors that affect the copy number of ColE 1 plasmids is the E . coli protein poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , which regulates the intracellular level of RNA 1 , a ColE 1 encoded negative regulator of plasmid replication . ^^^ In strains that lack PAP 1 , RNA 1 levels are elevated , resulting in reduced levels of ColE 1 plasmids in the cell . ^^^ PAP 1 is encoded by the gene pcnB . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The activity of soluble and membrane bound pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase Type 1 ( PAP 1 ) was evaluated in the hypothalamus , hippocampus , thalamus , brain cortex , and pituitary gland of rats after applying certain hydromineral challenges . ^^^ PAP 1 cleaves the pGlu amino acid bond of neuropeptides such as thyroliberin , luliberin , neurotensin , and bombesin . ^^^ The decay of particulate PAP 1 activity may cause an increase of these pyroglutamate peptides in the whole pituitary . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The recombinant PAP S 1 , PAP S 2 , alpha PAP , and PAP 1 ( a form appearing in spring leaves ) exhibit the same level of depurinating activity on rat ribosomes , while their efficiencies on Escherichia coli ribosomes and salmon sperm DNA differ substantially from one another in the order of PAP 1 > alpha PAP > PAP S 1 > PAP S 2 and alpha PAP > PAP 1 > PAP S 1 > PAP S 2 . ^^^ Structural comparisons suggest that the large difference in ribosome recognition between PAP S 1 ( or S 2 ) and PAP 1 is caused by the alteration of residues adjacent to the adenine binding site . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We report here purification and cDNA cloning of serine proteinase homologs ( SPHs ) from the tobacco hornworm , Manduca sexta , which interact with PAP 1 in proPO activation . ^^^ PAP 1 alone can not efficiently activate proPO , but a mixture of SPHs and PAP 1 was much more effective for proPO activation . ^^^ Immulectin 2 , proPO and PAP 1 in hemolymph bound to the immobilized recombinant proteinase like domain of SPH 1 , indicating that a complex containing these proteins may exist in hemolymph . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we demonstrate that two transcripts , which were shown previously to be substrates for poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , Escherichia coli lpp messenger RNA and bacteriophage lambda oop RNA , are polyadenylated more efficiently in slowly growing bacteria than in rapidly growing bacteria . ^^^ Intracellular levels of PAP 1 varied in inverse proportion to bacterial growth rate . ^^^ Moreover , transcription from a promoter for the pcnB gene ( encoding PAP 1 ) was shown to be more efficient under conditions of low bacterial growth rates . ^^^ This may allow regulation of the stability of certain transcripts ( those subjected to PAP 1 dependent polyadenylation ) in response to various growth conditions . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Double immunofluorescence for PSP / reg and PAP 1 or 2 demonstrates that these proteins colocalize to the same cell . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In Escherichia coli , exoribonucleases , mostly RNase 2 and polynucleotide phosphorylase , antagonize the synthesis of poly ( A ) tails by poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^ We also compared the length , frequency and distribution of poly ( A ) tails at the 3 ' end of rpsO transcripts in vivo in the presence and absence of Hfq , a host factor that in vitro stimulates the activity of PAP 1 , and found that Hfq affects all three parameters . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This enzyme , designated prophenoloxidase activating proteinase 2 ( PAP 2 ) , differs from another PAP , previously isolated from integuments of the same insect ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^ PAP 2 contains two clip domains at its amino terminus and a catalytic domain at its carboxyl terminus , whereas PAP 1 has only one clip domain . ^^^ Purified PAP 2 cleaved prophenoloxidase at Arg ( 51 ) but yielded a product that has little phenoloxidase activity . ^^^ PAP 2 mRNA was not detected in naive larval fat body or hemocytes , but it became abundant in these tissues after the insects were injected with bacteria . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PAP 1 is a cytosolic enzyme that is activated through fatty acid induced translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum , where it converts phosphatidic acid ( PA ) to diacylglycerol ( DAG ) for the biosynthesis of phospholipids and neutral lipids . ^^^ PAP 1 is Mg ( 2+ ) dependent and sulfhydryl reagent sensitive . ^^^ PAP 2 is a six transmembrane domain integral protein localized to the plasma membrane . ^^^ Because PAP 2 degrades sphingosine 1 phosphate ( S1P ) and ceramide 1 phosphate in addition to PA and lyso PA , it has been renamed lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase ( LPP ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , in this study , we show that mutations of conserved residues in this domain of yeast PAP , Pap 1 , do not affect interaction with ATP , but instead disrupt the interaction with RNA and affect the enzyme ' s ability to process substrate lacking 2 ' hydroxyls at the 3 ' end . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Purification and characterization of purple acid phosphatase PAP 1 from dry powder of sweet potato . ^^^ Spectrometric and enzymatic analyses , and analysis of the amino terminal sequence indicated that the purified purple acid phosphatase was PAP 1 . ^^^ High activity in neutral and acidic conditions , broad substrate specificity , and good thermal stability of PAP 1 suggest the possibility of practical applications of PAP1 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Leptin receptor activation downregulates many regulatory genes , including STAT 3 and PAP 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Significant differences in HPV infection of the cervix were detected between Pap 1 ( normal smears ) and Pap 4 ( carcinomas ) ( p < 0 . 0001 ) . ^^^ Values of HPV viral load obtained for Pap 1 and SILs were significantly different , with an upward trend ( p < 0 . 0001 ) , suggesting a positive correlation between high viral load values and risk of SIL . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We previously isolated PAP 1 from integument and PAP 2 from hemolymph of the tobacco hornworm , Manduca sexta . ^^^ Similar to M . sexta PAP 2 , PAP 3 consists of two amino terminal clip domains followed by a carboxyl terminal catalytic domain , whereas PAP 1 contains only one clip domain at its amino terminus . ^^^ These data , along with our previous results on PAP 1 and PAP 2 , indicate that proPO activation by PAPs is a tightly regulated process . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The protective mechanism might involve the pancreatitis associated protein ( PAP 1 ) , whose strong induction during pancreatitis is p 8 dependent , because administration of anti PAP 1 antibodies to rats increased pancreatic inflammation during pancreatitis . ^^^ In addition , 100 ng / ml PAP 1 in the culture medium of macrophages prevented their activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha , strongly suggesting that PAP 1 was an anti inflammatory factor . ^^^ Finally , PAP 1 was able to inhibit NFkappaB activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha , in macrophages and in the AR42J pancreatic acinar cell line . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In Escherichia coli , the post transcriptional addition of poly ( A ) tails by poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 , pcnB ) plays a significant role in cellular RNA metabolism . ^^^ Here we show that the inactivation of Hfq ( hfq ) , an abundant RNA binding protein , leads to the reduction in the ability of PAP 1 to add poly ( A ) tails at the 3 ' termini of mRNAs containing Rho independent transcription terminators even though PAP 1 protein levels remain unchanged . ^^^ Surprisingly , both PNPase and Hfq co purified with His tagged PAP 1 under native conditions indicating a potential complex among these proteins . ^^^ Immunoprecipitation experiments using PNPase and Hfq specific antibodies confirmed the protein protein interactions among PAP 1 , PNPase and Hfq . ^^^ Analysis of mRNA half lives in hfq , deltapcnB and hfq deltapcnB mutants suggests that Hfq and PAP 1 function in the same mRNA decay pathway . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PI 4 , 5 bisphosphonate ( PIP 2 ) dependent PLD , PAP 1 , and DGL 1 were distributed in different percentages in all cerebellum subcellular fractions . ^^^ On the other hand , PAP 2 and DGL 2 activities were observed in all subcellular fractions except in the cytosolic fraction . ^^^ In addition , aging decreased nuclear ( 45 % ) , mitochondrial synaptosomal ( 55 % ) , and cytosolic ( 71 % ) PAP 1 activity and increased ( 28 % ) microsomal PAP 1 activity . ^^^ PAP 2 and DGL 2 were increased in the microsomal fraction by 87 and 114 % , respectively , and they were decreased in the nuclear fraction . ^^^ The changes observed in cerebellum PAP 1 and DGL 1 activities from aged rats with respect to adult rats could be related to modifications in lipid metabolism . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Early on , we reported the partial purification of prophenoloxidase activating proteinase 1 ( PAP 1 ) from the tobacco hornworm , Manduca sexta [ Proc . ^^^ PAP 1 requires an auxiliary factor for generating active phenoloxidase ( PO ) [ Insect Biochem . ^^^ To further characterize their roles in the proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase ( proPO ) , we purified PAP 1 to near homogeneity by hydroxylapatite , dextran sulfate , gel filtration , and lectin affinity chromatography . ^^^ With 2 . 4 10 10 ( 3 ) fold purification and 20 % yield , we obtained 63 microg PAP 1 from about 120 M . sexta prepupal cuticles ( approximately 400 g ) . ^^^ The optimal conditions for proPO activation by PAP 1 and SPHs were : pH 8 . 0 8 . 4 , PAP : SPH=1 . 5 : 1 , and 0 10 degrees C for 40 50 min . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Manduca sexta prophenoloxidase activating proteinase 1 ( PAP 1 ) gene : organization , expression , and regulation by immune and hormonal signals . ^^^ Manduca sexta PAP 1 , the final component of a serine proteinase cascade , cleaves proPO to generate active PO . ^^^ In an effort to understand the transcriptional regulation , we isolated a genomic clone of the PAP 1 gene , determined its nucleotide sequence , and elucidated its exon intron organization . ^^^ Southern blot analysis suggested that the M . sexta genome contains a single copy of PAP 1 gene . ^^^ Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that PAP 1 was constitutively expressed in fat body , trachea , and nerve tissue of the fifth instar larvae . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Primary transcripts and nibbled molecules can also be adenylated by poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In Escherichia coli , poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) is the main polyadenylating enzyme , but the addition of 3 ' tails also occurs in the absence of PAP 1 via the synthetic activity of polynucleotide phosphorylase ( PNPase ) . ^^^ The nature of 3 ' tail addition in Bacillus subtilis , which lacks an identifiable PAP 1 homologue , was studied . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
EUS FNA was performed in 24 patients revealing PAP 3 ( n = 1 ) , PAP 2 ( n = 21 ) and PAP 1 ( n = 2 ) scores . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To better understand this process , we further characterized the activation reaction using proPO , PAP 1 and SPHs . ^^^ PAP 1 itself cleaved nearly 1 / 3 of proPO at Arg 51 without generating much phenoloxidase ( PO ) activity . ^^^ Since SPHs and p amidinophenyl methanesulfonyl fluoride ( APMSF ) treated PAP 1 did not generate active PO by interacting with proPO , proteolytic cleavage is critical for proPO activation . ^^^ After 1 / 5 of proPO was processed by PAP 1 alone which was then inactivated by M . sexta serpin 1J or APMSF , further incubation of the reaction mixture with SPHs failed to generate active PO either . ^^^ M . sexta proPO activation requires active PAP 1 and SPHs at the same time one for limited proteolysis and the other as a cofactor , perhaps . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , the pcnB gene product , is the main enzyme responsible for RNA polyadenylation in Escherichia coli . ^^^ Here we demonstrate that apart from its presence in cytosol , PAP 1 is also localized in cellular membrane . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Partially purified proteases , PAP 1 and PAP 2 showed a high molecular mass of about 200 kDa by gelatin zymography . ^^^ PAP 1 and PAP 2 had optimal pH from 7 to 9 and were inhibited by trypsin inhibitors . ^^^ These properties of PAP 1 and PAP 2 suggest that both enzymes belong to the membrane associated trypsin like serine protease family , such as enteropeptidase and corin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In Escherichia coli , RNA polyadenylation is catalyzed mainly by poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^ Here we demonstrate that a PAP 1 variant with a C terminal His tag ( PAP 1 His ) can be phosphorylated both in vivo and in an artificial in vitro system . ^^^ The in vivo phosphorylation of PAP 1 His impairs activity of this enzyme . ^^^ Therefore , our results suggest that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of PAP 1 may be important regulatory processes in the control of activity of this enzyme . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q06141 and Q9UKU6	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NA
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A search for HSV antigen in cervical cells was performed HSV antigen was found in 12 % of Pap 1 2 smears , in 41 % of Pap 3 smears and in all cases of Pap 4 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ninety eight ( 4 . 4 % ) of the 2237 cytologically normal cervical samples ( Pap 1 and 2 ) were HPV 16 / 18 positive . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Of the 109 smears positive for Chlamydia trachomatis , 90 showed cervical cells with reactive changes ( out of 1 , 490 smears with PAP 2 ) , whereas no cytological changes were found in 15 cases ( out of 884 smears with PAP 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NE PAP 1 had chromatographic properties similar to those of S 100 PAP , and both enzymes displayed higher activities in the presence of Mn2+ than in the presence of Mg2+ , whereas NE PAP 2 was chromatographically distinct and had approximately equal levels of activity in the presence of Mn2+ and Mg2+ . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three of them ( PAP 1 , PAP 03 , and PAP 019 ) were shown to be over 1 10 10 ( 9 ) M 1 . ^^^ From the results of a matrix cross matching procedure , a pair of antibodies ( PAP 03 and PAP 1 ) reacting with discrete antigenic determinants were identified for preparing a solid phase sandwich enzyme immunoassay ( EIA ) kit . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The specific activity of PAP 1 , which requires Mg2+ , was similar in the livers of lean and corpulent female rats and in male corpulent rats , but these activities were about 1 . 6 fold higher than in lean males . ^^^ There was a correlation between the specific activity of PAP 1 and the concentrations of hepatic and serum triacylglycerols in the males , but not in the females . ^^^ Chronic treatment of the corpulent rats with ethanol did not significantly alter the hepatic activity of PAP 1 , or the concentrations of hepatic or serum triacylglycerols . ^^^ Specific activities of PAP 1 in the heart were higher in the lean compared to the corpulent males . ^^^ Specific activities of PAP 1 were over 5 fold higher in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the corpulent males and females compared to the lean genotypes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We evaluated the interaction of antiphospholipid antibodies ( aPL ) with placental anticoagulant protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , a calcium dependent phospholipid binding protein which may act as a natural anticoagulant . ^^^ Clotting assays showed additive prolongation of clotting times with aPL and PAP 1 . ^^^ ELISA and vesicle phospholipid binding studies showed PAP 1 inhibition of aPL binding to phospholipid but no inhibition of PAP 1 phospholipid binding by aPL . aPL and PAP 1 interact additively in anticoagulant activity in in vitro clotting systems and compete for phospholipid in ELISA system . ^^^ These data support the hypotheses that aPL and PAP 1 may recognize similar phospholipid epitopes and that in vivo interaction may occur . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Bacteria with either type of P fimbriae were able to colonize but pap 2+ bacteria showed increased colonizing capacity when strains containing pap 1 or pap 2 genes on low copy plasmids were compared . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : The two phenotypic techniques ( hemagglutination pattern using human , bovine , and sheep erythrocytes , and the PF test ) were compared with colony hybridization with a specific DNA probe ( pap 1 ) in 35 strains of uropathogenic E . coli . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A second poly ( A ) polymerase ( PAP 2 ) has been identified in Escherichia coli using a strain carrying a deletion of pcnB ( the structural gene for PAP 1 ; Cao and Sarkar , 1992b ) and pnp 7 ( a null mutation in the structural gene for polynucleotide phosphorylase ) . ^^^ While PAP 1 has a M ( r ) of 53 , 000 , PAP 2 is a smaller protein with a native M ( r ) 35 , 000 . ^^^ PAP 2 differs from PAP 1 in preferring poly ( A ) over tRNA primers and being more thermolabile . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND : The pancreatitis associated protein ( PAP ) 1 and 3 , but not PAP 2 , mRNAs are constitutively expressed in the small intestine of rats . ^^^ METHODS : We studied expression of both PAP 1 and PAP 3 mRNAs during development and on nutritional and hormonal manipulations . ^^^ CONCLUSION : Gene expression of PAP 1 and 3 mRNAs is regulated in a coordinate manner in the rat small intestine during development and on nutritional and hormonal manipulations . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , an acute phase protein induced by cytokines . ^^^ Expression of the pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , an exocrine pancreatic protein , increases rapidly and strongly in acinar cells during the acute phase of pancreatitis . ^^^ Pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , an acute phase protein induced by cytokines . ^^^ Identification of two functional interleukin 6 response elements in the rat PAP 1 promoter region . ^^^ We have previously demonstrated that serum factors from rats with acute pancreatitis , but not from healthy rats , could induce endogenous PAP 1 gene expression in the acinar cell line AR 42J ( Dusetti , N . , Mallo , G . , Dagorn , J . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found striking similarities between PAP 3 and PAP 1 and 2 genes , in genomic organization as well as in promoter sequences . ^^^ Moreover , the rat PAP 3 gene was mapped to chromosome 4 using mouse rat hybrid cells , a localization which coincides with that of the PAP 1 and 2 genes . ^^^ In the intestinal tract , where PAP 2 is not expressed , the pattern of PAP 3 expression was comparable with that of PAP 1 ; fasting induced a decrease in its mRNA concentration by more than 80 % , which could be reversed within 6 h upon feeding . ^^^ PAP 3 is therefore a new member of the PAP gene family , more closely related to the PAP 1 gene . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , mutations in the PAP 1 gene were shown to be synergistically lethal with previously identified mutations in the RNA 14 and RNA 15 genes , which suggests that their encoded proteins participate in 3 ' end processing . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The encoded protein , designated PAP 3 , shows 66 % and 63 % identity with the rat PAP 1 and 2 , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This second PAP , which was called PAP 2 , was the same size as the original PAP ( PAP 1 ) and showed 74 . 3 % amino acid homology . ^^^ Studies on gene expression demonstrated that PAP 2 mRNA concentration increased within 6 h following induction of pancreatitis , reached maximal levels ( > 200 times control values ) at 24 48 h , and decreased thereafter , similar to PAP 1 . ^^^ However , PAP 2 mRNA could not be detected in the intestinal tract or in other tissues . ^^^ We also isolated a PAP 2 genomic DNA fragment which was characterized over 2 . 7 kb of gene sequence and 1 . 9 kb of 5 ' flanking sequence . ^^^ The 5 ' end of the coding sequence was determined by primer extension of the PAP 2 mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The rat genes encoding the pancreatitis associated proteins 1 , 2 and 3 ( Pap 1 , Pap 2 , Pap 3 ) , and the lithostathin / pancreatic stone protein / regeneration protein ( Reg ) colocalize at 4q33 > q 34 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RNase protection and reverse transcription PCR analyses showed that PAP 2 , 5 , and 6 are expressed in all tissues tested but that PAP 1 and / or 4 and 3 are tissue specific . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cervical smears diagnosed as Pap 1 , 2 or IIIA were traced for review . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , pla 1 rescues a S . cerevisiae PAP 1 disruption mutant . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To explore this issue further , we examined the influence of two phospholipid binding proteins , annexin 5 ( placental anticoagulant protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) ) and beta2GP1 , on the activity of immunoglobulin G ( IgG ) fractions from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome ( APS ) , both in the prothrombin thrombin conversion assay and in the anticardiolipin enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) . ^^^ Results showed that each of eight IgG APS ; fractions , as well as PAP 1 and beta2GP1 , individually inhibited the prothrombinase reaction . ^^^ When IgG APS samples were combined with PAP 1 or beta2GP1 , or both PAP 1 and beta2GP1 , inhibition of the prothrombinase reaction was additive . ^^^ In the anticardiolipin ELISA , PAP 1 inhibited IgG APS binding to cardiolipin , but beta2GP1 enhanced IgG APS binding to cardiolipin . ^^^ The `` enhancing ' ' effect of beta2GP1 in the ELISA system was neutralized by PAP 1 , an effect partially overcome by increasing the concentration of beta2GP1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase type 1 ( PAP 1 ) is reported to be a soluble , broad specificity aminopeptidase , capable of removing the pyroglutamic acid ( pGlu ) residue from the amino terminus of pGlu peptides ( e . g . ^^^ Based on a comparison of these findings with those reported for PAP 1 in other mammalian tissues , the soluble PAP activity observed in bovine whole brain can tentatively be classified as a pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase type 1 ( EC 3 . 4 . 19 . 3 ) . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential binding of Lrp to two sets of pap DNA binding sites mediated by Pap 1 regulates Pap phase variation in Escherichia coli . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We had earlier identified the pcnB locus as the gene for the major Escherichia coli poly ( A ) polymerase ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^ In this report , we describe the disruption and identification of a candidate gene for a second poly ( A ) polymerase ( PAP 2 ) by an experimental strategy which was based on the assumption that the viability of E . coli depends on the presence of either PAP 1 or PAP 2 . ^^^ E . coli PAP 2 has no significant sequence homology either to PAP 1 or to the viral and eukaryotic poly ( A ) polymerases , suggesting that the bacterial poly ( A ) polymerases have evolved independently . ^^^ An interesting feature of the PAP 2 sequence is the presence of sets of two paired cysteine and histidine residues that resemble the RNA binding motifs seen in some other proteins . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Herein , we employed Northern blotting and RNase protection assays to measure mouse PAP 1 mRNA levels in the normal pancreas and intestine , and in the pancreas during caerulein induced acute pancreatitis . ^^^ Unexpectedly , we found that mouse PAP 1 mRNA levels are constitutively high in the adult pancreas , as well as in the small intestine . ^^^ Furthermore , mouse pancreatic PAP 1 mRNA levels are rapidly and dramatically down regulated ( 3 h ) after the initiation of caerulein injections , but slowly return to high levels by 72 h . ^^^ Interestingly , we found that pancreatic PAP 1 mRNA levels are also transiently and dramatically down regulated after L buthionine [ S , R ] sulfoximine administration . ^^^ Thus , a correlation between PAP 1 mRNA levels and glutathione levels in the mouse pancreas was demonstrated . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The phospholipid binding proteins , beta 2 GPI and placental anticoagulant protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , independently inhibited the prothrombinase reaction , and when these proteins were combined with aPL , inhibition of the prothrombinase reaction was additive . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) is a secretory protein first described as an acute phase reactant during acute pancreatitis . ^^^ Mechanism of PAP 1 gene induction during hepatocarcinogenesis : clinical implications . ^^^ Pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) is a secretory protein first described as an acute phase reactant during acute pancreatitis . ^^^ Recently , induction of the PAP 1 gene was also described in liver during hepatocarcinogenesis . ^^^ To investigate the molecular mechanisms of this induction , we used constructs carrying progressive deletions of the PAP 1 promoter fused to the CAT gene . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using a novel Escherichia coli in vitro decay system in which polysomes are the source of both enzymes and mRNA , we demonstrate a requirement for poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) in mRNA turnover . ^^^ The in vitro decay of two different mRNAs ( trxA and lpp ) is triggered by the addition of ATP only when polysomes are prepared from s strain carrying the wild type gene for PAP 1 ( pcnB+ ) . ^^^ PAP 1 activity is associated exclusively with the polysomes . ^^^ Exogenously added PAP 1 does not restore mRNA decay to PAP 1 polysomes , suggesting that , in vivo , PAP 1 may be part of a multiprotein complex . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Women were included in the study when they had no previous history of cervical dysplasia ; and their initial Pap smear was read as normal ( Pap 1 or 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PA is hydrolysed to diacylglycerol by PA phosphohydrolase ( PAP ) which exists in two forms : PAP 1 and PAP 2 . ^^^ In rat hepatocyte cultures , overnight ( 20h ) incubation with transforming growth factor ( TGF ) beta ( 1 ng / ml ) increased PAP 1 activity two fold . ^^^ The TGFbeta effect on PAP 1 was additive to stimulation induced by dexamethasone but not by glucagon and it reversed the inhibition by insulin . ^^^ Epidermal growth factor had no effect on PAP 1 activity . ^^^ None of the above hormones or growth factors affected the subcellular distribution of PAP 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have constructed a strain that overexpresses E coli poly ( A ) polymerase ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^ An antiserum raised against the overexpressed PAP 1 has permitted two types of analysis : the identification of other E coli proteins that may interact with PAP 1 , and the search for PAP 1 like proteins in other bacteria . ^^^ Immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that PAP 1 is associated with a 48 kDa protein . ^^^ Western blotting using the antiserum against E coli PAP 1 revealed related proteins in a variety of Gram negative bacteria and in B subtilis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) is a pancreatic secretory protein expressed in pancreas during acute pancreatitis but not in the healthy pancreas . ^^^ The promoter of the PAP 1 gene thus represents a potential candidate to drive expression of therapeutic molecules to the diseased pancreas . ^^^ In this work , we have constructed recombinant adenoviruses harboring the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ( CAT ) gene driven by several fragments of the PAP 1 promoter and have characterized their properties in vitro and in vivo . ^^^ After stimulation with a combination of interleukin 6 and dexamethasone or after induction of oxidative stress , CAT activity was strongly induced , a characteristic of the endogenous PAP 1 gene . ^^^ Stimulation was maximal when constructs comprised 1253 base pairs of the PAP 1 promoter , upstream from initiation of transcription , and decreased with shorter fragments of 317 , 180 , 118 or 61 base pairs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Characterization of a silencer regulatory element in the rat PAP 1 gene which confers tissue specific expression and is promoter dependent . ^^^ Previous analysis of the rat PAP 1 promoter indicated that the region between nt 180 and 81 possessed silencer activity in cells that did not express PAP 1 . ^^^ Transient transfection assays were conducted in the fibroblast Rat 2 cell line , in which PAP 1 is not expressed , and in the pancreatic cell line AR 42J , expressing PAP 1 , using the CAT gene as reporter . ^^^ Suppressor activity was observed when rep 27 was inserted upstream from the core PAP 1 promoter , in both orientations . ^^^ In pancreatic AR 42J cells , rep 27 act as a positive element but did not alter CAT expression when inserted in front of the core PAP 1 promoter or heterologous promoters . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A Mg 2 ( + ) activated activity ( PAP 1 ) which was inhibited by N ethylmaleimide was found mainly in a 105 , 000 10 g soluble fraction . ^^^ Isolation of the membranes in a medium containing KCl increased the proportion of PAP 1 that was associated . ^^^ Translocation of PAP 1 from these membranes occurred on subsequent incubation in a low ionic strength medium from which KCI was omitted . ^^^ A second activity which was insensitive to N ethylmaleimide ( PAP 2 ) was found in the 105 , 000 10 g membrane fraction . ^^^ PAP 2 was inhibited by concentrations of Mg2+ known to occur in ischaemia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also show that Sok RNA is polyadenylated by poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , and that the poly ( A ) tailing is prerequisite for the rapid 3 ' exonucleolytic degradation by PNPase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We explored whether PAP 1 expression could be induced by oxidative stress and whether it could affect apoptosis . ^^^ METHODS : AR 4 2J cells were exposed to H2O2 or menadione , and PAP 1 messenger RNA ( mRNA ) expression was analyzed by Northern blotting . ^^^ Pretreatment of the cells with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate completely abolished PAP 1 mRNA induction , suggesting involvement of NFkappaB in the signaling pathway . ^^^ These findings were confirmed in transient transfection assays using a plasmid containing the PAP 1 promoter linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene . ^^^ Then the relationship between PAP 1 induction and protection against cell damage during oxidative stress was considered . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This enzyme exists in at least two isoforms , one of which ( PAP 1 ) is presumed to be cytosolic and membrane associated and the other ( PAP 2 ) to be an integral membrane protein . ^^^ Two isoforms , presumed to be alternative splice variants from a single gene , designated as PAP 2 alpha1 and PAP 2 alpha2 , have been cloned and expressed . ^^^ The PAP 2 alpha1 and PAP 2 alpha2 have a 84 % and a 72 % overall match , respectively , with the published mouse PAP amino acid sequence . ^^^ Ectopic expression of PAP 2 alpha1 and PAP 2 alpha2 cDNAs in ECV 304 endothelial cells led to a 6 to 8 fold and a 2 fold increase in PAP activity , respectively , in cell free extracts using an in vitro assay that measured the conversion of [ 14C ] PA to [ 14C ] DG . ^^^ The increase in PAP activity in PAP 2 alpha transfected cells correlated with a > 50 % decrease in the steady state PA level . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Previous work has implicated poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , encoded by the pcnB gene , in the decay of a number of RNAs from Escherichia coli . ^^^ We show here that PAP 1 does not promote the initiation of decay of the rpsT mRNA encoding ribosomal protein S 20 in vivo ; however , it does facilitate the degradation of highly folded degradative intermediates by polynucleotide phosphorylase . ^^^ Moreover , both ATP and a non hydrolyzable analog , ATPgammaS , support the PAP 1 and PNPase dependent degradation of the 147 residue intermediate implying that ATPase activity , such as that which may reside in RhlB , a putative RNA helicase , is not necessarily required . ^^^ Alternatively , the rpsT mRNA can be degraded in vitro by a second 3 ' decay pathway which is dependent on PAP 1 , PNPase and ATP alone . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently we demonstrated that oop RNA is specifically polyadenylated at its 3 ' end by poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , the pcnB gene product . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) of Escherichia coli is a member of the nucleotidyltransferase ( Ntr ) family that includes the functionally related tRNA CCA adding enzymes . ^^^ The available evidence indicates that cca is the only gene encoding an Ntr protein , despite previous suggestions that B . subtilis has a PAP similar to E . coli PAP 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The summer leaf isoform of the pokeweed ( Phytolacca americana ) antiviral protein , PAP 2 , was produced in high yields from inclusion bodies in recombinant E . coli . ^^^ On the basis of its sequence similarity with the spring leaf isoform ( PAP 1 ) and with the A chain of ricin , a three dimensional model of the protein was constructed as an aid in the design of active site mutants . ^^^ PAP 2 variants mutated in residues Asp 88 ( D88N ) , Tyr 117 ( Y117S ) , Glu 172 ( E172Q ) , Arg 175 ( R175H ) and a combination of Asp 88 and Arg 175 ( D88N / R175H ) were produced in E . coli and assayed for their ability to inhibit protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate . ^^^ All of these mutations had effects deleterious to the enzymatic activity of PAP 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) is a pancreatic secretory protein strongly expressed during acute pancreatitis in the rat and human . ^^^ Pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) is a pancreatic secretory protein strongly expressed during acute pancreatitis in the rat and human . ^^^ An opposite pattern of PAP 1 mRNA expression has recently been described in the mouse . ^^^ The murine PAP 1 mRNA was described to be highly expressed in normal pancreas and down regulated during pancreatitis . ^^^ The important implications of these unexpected findings led us to investigate the expression of murine PAP 1 in cerulein induced pancreatitis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In bell pepper , a gene encoding a major plastid lipid associated protein is expressed as both partially and totally spliced transcripts ( respectively PAP 2 and PAP 1 ) . ^^^ Although PAP is present as a single copy gene in the bell pepper genome , Southern blots using PAP 2 as a probe revealed multiple homologous copies . ^^^ Analyses of the intronic sequence of PAP 2 showed the existence of a 206bp short interspersed repetitive element ( SINE ) belonging to the Ts family of retrotransposons ( Yoshioka et al . , 1993 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Moreover , polyadenylation of oop RNA is one of very few known examples of specific RNA polyadenylation by PAP 1 in prokaryotic cells and its role in gene expression regulation . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pokeweed antiviral protein isoforms PAP 1 , PAP 2 , and PAP 3 depurinate RNA of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) 1 . ^^^ Our findings presented herein provide direct evidence that three different PAP isoforms from Phytolacca americana ( PAP 1 from spring leaves , PAP 2 from early summer leaves , and PAP 3 from late summer leaves ) cause concentration dependent depurination of genomic RNA ( 63 to 400 pmols of adenine released per micrograms of RNA ) purified from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) , plant virus ( tobacco mosaic virus ( TMV ) , and bacteriophage ( MS 2 ) . ^^^ PAP 1 , PAP 2 , and PAP 3 ( but not RTA ) inhibited the replication of HIV 1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with IC ( 50 ) values of 17 nM , 25 nM , and 16 nM , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mouse monoclonal antibodies against Phytolacca americana antiviral protein PAP 1 . ^^^ Four hybridoma lines are constructed producing monoclonal antibodies against the pokeweed ( Phytolacca americana ) antiviral protein PAP 1 . ^^^ One of these antibodies ( 5D3 ) is used to study localization of recombinant PAP 1 in Escherichia coli cells by immuno gold electron microscopy . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , a leptin receptor devoid of all Tyr residues in its cytoplasmic tail was still capable of a limited induction of the PAP 1 gene . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The obtained results showed that the genes of pokeweed antiviral protein ( PAP 1 ) and human calcitonin ( CT ) were poorly expressed under the conventional SD and were better expressed under the PL sequence . ^^^ PAP 1 and CT genes were rich in nucleotides matching 16S rRNA ( called downstream boxes ) whereas the complementary domains in the other two ( hIFN gamma and CAT ) genes were much shorter . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) of Escherichia coli is a member of the nucleotidyltransferase ( Ntr ) superfamily that includes the eukaryotic PAPs and all the known tRNA CCA adding enzymes . ^^^ Five highly conserved aspartic acids in the putative catalytic site of PAP 1 were changed to either alanine or proline , demonstrating their importance for polymerase activity . ^^^ Binding sites for RNase E , a component of the RNA degradosome , and RNA were mapped by North western and Far western blotting using truncated forms of PAP 1 . ^^^ Additional protein protein interactions were detected between PAP 1 and CsdA , RhlE and SrmB , suggesting an unexpected connection between PAP 1 and these E . coli DEAD box RNA helicases . ^^^ These results show that the functional organization of PAP 1 is similar to the eukaryotic PAPs with an N terminal catalytic domain , a C terminal RNA binding domain and sites for the interaction with other protein factors . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PAP 1 interacts with itself , PAP 2 , PAP 3 , and lithostathine / regIalpha . ^^^ PAP 1 , PAP 2 , PAP 3 , and lithostathine / regIalpha are members of a multigenic family of proteins expressed in several tissues . ^^^ PAP 1 was shown to be antiapoptotic , mitogenic , and anti inflammatory and can promote cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix . ^^^ Because polymerization might regulate activity , we examined the ability of rat PAP 1 to interact with itself ( homodimerization ) , PAP 2 , PAP 3 , and lithostathine / regIalpha ( heterodimerization ) by the yeast two hybrid system , affinity experiments , and crosslinking . ^^^ PAP 1 interacted significantly with all members of the PAP protein family , homodimerization showing the strongest interaction as judged by the beta galactosidase test . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The polyadenylation reaction is performed in Escherichia coli mainly by the enzyme poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^ Unlike the PAP from yeast nucleus , which is specific for ATP , E . coli PAP 1 can use all four nucleotide triphosphates as substrates for addition of long ribohomopolymers to RNA . ^^^ PAP 1 displays a high binding activity to poly ( U ) , poly ( C ) and poly ( A ) ribohomopolymers , but not to poly ( G ) . ^^^ We show here that in vitro PAP 1 activity is inhibited by a stem loop structure . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This method was applied to 40 archival smears from ten cervical cancer patients ( selected from a group of 200 patients ) which had a history of 3 6 smears with the first smear being Pap 1 or 2 taken at least 5 years before cancer was diagnosed . ^^^ The average time period between the first Pap 1 / 2 smear that contained the same HPV type as in the corresponding carcinoma and diagnosis of cervical cancer was 12 . 0 + / 2 . 9 years . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To help understand the role of polyadenylation in Escherichia coli RNA metabolism , we constructed an IPTG inducible pcnB [ poly ( A ) polymerase 1 , PAP 1 ] containing plasmid that permitted us to vary poly ( A ) levels without affecting cell growth or viability . ^^^ Long term overproduction of PAP 1 led to slower growth and irreversible cell death . ^^^ Differential display analysis showed that new RNA species were being polyadenylated after PAP 1 induction , including the mature 3 ' terminus of 23S rRNA , a site that was not tailed in wild type cells . ^^^ Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) demonstrated an almost 20 fold variation in the level of polyadenylation among three different transcripts and that PAP 1 accounted for between 94 % and 98 . 6 % of their poly ( A ) tails . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As extracts of poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) deficient strains of Escherichia coli appeared to contain considerable residual polyadenylating activity , efforts were undertaken to identify a second poly ( A ) polymerase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
On the basis of kinetic studies , two distinct gene sets could be discerned : signal transducer and activator of transciption 3 ( STAT 3 ) , suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 ( SOCS 3 ) , MT 2 ( metallothionein 2 ) , the serine / threonine kinase fibroblast growth factor inducible kinase ( Fnk ) and modulator recognition factor ( MRF 1 ) , which are immediate early response genes , and pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , squalene epoxidase , uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase and annexin 8 , which are late induced target genes . ^^^ To assess the validity of the PC 12 cell model system , we examined the effect of leptin administration on the gene transcription of STAT 3 , MT 2 , Fnk and PAP 1 in vivo . ^^^ Leptin treatment of leptin deficient ob / ob mice increased the STAT 3 , SOCS 3 , MT 2 and Fnk mRNA , and MT 1 protein levels in liver , whereas , in jejunum , expression of PAP 1 mRNA was down regulated . ^^^ Furthermore , administration of leptin to starved wild type mice enhanced the expression of MT 2 and Fnk mRNA in liver , but decreased MT 2 and PAP 1 mRNA expression in jejunum . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It was observed that HPV infections from the high risk group occurred more frequently in pap 3 and pap 4 test results ; HPV infections from the low risk group occurred more frequently in pap 1 and pap 2 results , while mixed infections from both risk groups occurred particularly in pap 4 and pap 5 results . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The selective susceptibility of unstable Escherichia coli RNAs to 3 ' polyadenylation by the pcnB gene product , poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , in vivo is a key factor in their rapid degradation by 3 ' to 5 ' exonucleases . ^^^ Using highly purified His tagged recombinant PAP 1 , we show that differential adenylation of RNA substrates by PAP 1 occurs in vitro and that this capability resides in PAP 1 itself rather than in any ancillary protein ( s ) . ^^^ Surprisingly , the efficiency of 3 ' polyadenylation is affected by substrate structure at both termini ; single strand segments at either the 5 ' or 3 ' end of RNA molecules and monophosphorylation at an unpaired 5 ' terminus dramatically increase the rate and length of 3 ' poly ( A ) tail additions by PAP 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we have investigated the role that such nucleases play in modulating polyadenylation in vivo by measuring total poly ( A ) levels , polyadenylation of specific transcripts , growth rates and cell viabilities in strains containing various amounts of poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , polynucleotide phosphorylase ( PNPase ) , RNase 2 and RNase E . ^^^ In contrast , RNase E appears to affect poly ( A ) levels indirectly through the generation of new 3 ' termini that serve as substrates for PAP 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The crystal structure of the PAP from Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( Pap 1 ) has been solved to 2 . 6 angstroms , both alone and in complex with 3 ' deoxyadenosine triphosphate ( 3 ' dATP ) . ^^^ Like other nucleic acid polymerases , Pap 1 is composed of three domains that encircle the active site . ^^^ In the nucleotide complex , two molecules of 3 ' dATP are bound to Pap 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Its expression is induced by TNF alpha , and cells overexpressing PAP 1 show significantly less apoptosis on exposure to TNF alpha . ^^^ We examined whether TNF alpha induction of PAP 1 expression was mediated by NF kappaB or MAP kinases by using specific inhibitors of both pathways . ^^^ However , inhibitors of MEK 1 eliminated PAP 1 induction . ^^^ Antiapoptotic mechanisms are mediated by NF kappaB and MAP kinases , and PAP 1 is one of the effectors of apoptosis inhibition . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Trypsin activation of recombinant stress proteins or counterparts contained in rat pancreatic juice ( PSP / reg , PAP 1 and PAP 3 ) resulted in conversion of 16 kDa soluble proteins into 14 kDa soluble isoforms ( pancreatic thread protein and pancreatitis associated thread protein , respectively ) that rapidly polymerize into insoluble sedimenting structures . ^^^ In contrast , PAP 2 , following activation with trypsin or pancreatic juice , does not form insoluble structures and is rapidly digested by pancreatic proteases . ^^^ These findings suggest that PSP / reg and PAP 1 and 3 isoforms consist of a family of highly regulated soluble secretory stress proteins , which , upon trypsin activation , convert into a family of insoluble helical thread proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pap 1 and Pap 2 are more similar to each other ( 84 % amino acid sequence identity ) than to Pap 3 ( 46 % and 44 % , respectively ) in the encoded mature proteins . ^^^ Pap 1 transcript was most abundant in the maturing anthers ( tapetum ) and in lesser amounts in leaves , fruit coats , seeds , and sepals ; Pap 2 transcript was abundant only in the petals ; and Pap 3 transcript had a wide distribution , but at minimal levels in numerous organs . ^^^ Immunoblotting after sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that most organs had several nanograms of PAP 1 or PAP 2 per milligram of total protein , the highest amounts being in the anthers ( 10 . 9 microg 10 mg ( 1 ) PAP 1 ) and petals ( 6 . 6 microg 10 mg ( 1 ) PAP 2 ) , and that they had much less PAP 3 ( < 0 . 02 microg 10 mg ( 1 ) ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These results suggest that there is no enzyme similar to E . coli PAP 1 in spinach chloroplasts and that polyadenylation and exonucleolytic degradation of RNA in spinach chloroplasts are performed by one enzyme , PNPase . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Coordinate regulation of secretory stress proteins ( PSP / reg , PAP 1 , PAP 2 , and PAP 3 ) in the rat exocrine pancreas during experimental acute pancreatitis . ^^^ RNA was extracted for Northern blot analysis of PAP 1 , 2 , and 3 and PSP / reg mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two forms of mammalian PAPase can be indentified on the basis of subcellular localization and enzyme properties , one involved predominantly in lipid synthesis ( PAP 1 ) and the other in signal transduction ( PAP 2 ) . ^^^ Our results demonstrate that aging caused PAP 2 to increase in brain microsomal fractions but did not affect PAP 1 , whereas in brain cytosolic fractions , it caused a strong decrease in PAP 1 ( 57 % ) . ^^^ The distribution of enzymes between microsomes and cytosol changed in aged rats with respect to adult rats , showing a translocation of PAP 1 from cytosol to microsomes . ^^^ PAP 2 activity in liver microsomal fractions from aged rats showed no changes with respect to adult rats whereas PAP 1 activity increased 228 % in microsomal fractions and 76 % in cytosolic fractions in this tissue . ^^^ The distribution of PAP 1 activity between microsomal and cytosolic fractions in liver tissue was also affected in aged rats , indicating a translocation of this form of the enzyme from cytosolic to microsomal fractions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The recombinant PAP S 1 , PAP S 2 , alpha PAP , and PAP 1 ( a form appearing in spring leaves ) exhibit the same level of depurinating activity on rat ribosomes , while their efficiencies on Escherichia coli ribosomes and salmon sperm DNA differ substantially from one another in the order of PAP 1 > alpha PAP > PAP S 1 > PAP S 2 and alpha PAP > PAP 1 > PAP S 1 > PAP S 2 . ^^^ Structural comparisons suggest that the large difference in ribosome recognition between PAP S 1 ( or S 2 ) and PAP 1 is caused by the alteration of residues adjacent to the adenine binding site . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Accordingly , it appears paradoxical that FFA have been reported to increase the liver ' s esterification capacity by translocating the rate limiting enzyme phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase ( PAP 1 ) from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum . ^^^ We have therefore investigated the regulation of rat liver PAP 1 . ^^^ Oleic acid inhibited PAP activity in all subcellular fractions , with PAP 1 activity in cytosol being the most sensitive . ^^^ These results demonstrate that PAP 1 is reversibly inhibited by FFA and their CoA esters , which may play a role in directing hepatic FFA to beta oxidation during times of increased energy demand . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We did not find polyadenylation in a pcnB mutant , suggesting that the pcnB encoded polyadenyl polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) is the only enzyme responsible for modification of P 4 immunity transcripts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Twenty two ( 10 . 5 % ) patients showed normal ( Pap 1 ) cytology , 149 ( 71 . 6 % ) patients had inflammation ( Pap 2 ) , and 28 patients ( 13 . 4 % ) had a Pap 3 score . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Among the host factors that affect the copy number of ColE 1 plasmids is the E . coli protein poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , which regulates the intracellular level of RNA 1 , a ColE 1 encoded negative regulator of plasmid replication . ^^^ In strains that lack PAP 1 , RNA 1 levels are elevated , resulting in reduced levels of ColE 1 plasmids in the cell . ^^^ PAP 1 is encoded by the gene pcnB . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The activity of soluble and membrane bound pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase Type 1 ( PAP 1 ) was evaluated in the hypothalamus , hippocampus , thalamus , brain cortex , and pituitary gland of rats after applying certain hydromineral challenges . ^^^ PAP 1 cleaves the pGlu amino acid bond of neuropeptides such as thyroliberin , luliberin , neurotensin , and bombesin . ^^^ The decay of particulate PAP 1 activity may cause an increase of these pyroglutamate peptides in the whole pituitary . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This enzyme , designated prophenoloxidase activating proteinase 2 ( PAP 2 ) , differs from another PAP , previously isolated from integuments of the same insect ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^ PAP 2 contains two clip domains at its amino terminus and a catalytic domain at its carboxyl terminus , whereas PAP 1 has only one clip domain . ^^^ Purified PAP 2 cleaved prophenoloxidase at Arg ( 51 ) but yielded a product that has little phenoloxidase activity . ^^^ PAP 2 mRNA was not detected in naive larval fat body or hemocytes , but it became abundant in these tissues after the insects were injected with bacteria . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PAP 1 is a cytosolic enzyme that is activated through fatty acid induced translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum , where it converts phosphatidic acid ( PA ) to diacylglycerol ( DAG ) for the biosynthesis of phospholipids and neutral lipids . ^^^ PAP 1 is Mg ( 2+ ) dependent and sulfhydryl reagent sensitive . ^^^ PAP 2 is a six transmembrane domain integral protein localized to the plasma membrane . ^^^ Because PAP 2 degrades sphingosine 1 phosphate ( S1P ) and ceramide 1 phosphate in addition to PA and lyso PA , it has been renamed lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase ( LPP ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We report here purification and cDNA cloning of serine proteinase homologs ( SPHs ) from the tobacco hornworm , Manduca sexta , which interact with PAP 1 in proPO activation . ^^^ PAP 1 alone can not efficiently activate proPO , but a mixture of SPHs and PAP 1 was much more effective for proPO activation . ^^^ Immulectin 2 , proPO and PAP 1 in hemolymph bound to the immobilized recombinant proteinase like domain of SPH 1 , indicating that a complex containing these proteins may exist in hemolymph . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Double immunofluorescence for PSP / reg and PAP 1 or 2 demonstrates that these proteins colocalize to the same cell . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In Escherichia coli , exoribonucleases , mostly RNase 2 and polynucleotide phosphorylase , antagonize the synthesis of poly ( A ) tails by poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^ We also compared the length , frequency and distribution of poly ( A ) tails at the 3 ' end of rpsO transcripts in vivo in the presence and absence of Hfq , a host factor that in vitro stimulates the activity of PAP 1 , and found that Hfq affects all three parameters . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Purification and characterization of purple acid phosphatase PAP 1 from dry powder of sweet potato . ^^^ Spectrometric and enzymatic analyses , and analysis of the amino terminal sequence indicated that the purified purple acid phosphatase was PAP 1 . ^^^ High activity in neutral and acidic conditions , broad substrate specificity , and good thermal stability of PAP 1 suggest the possibility of practical applications of PAP1 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Leptin receptor activation downregulates many regulatory genes , including STAT 3 and PAP 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Significant differences in HPV infection of the cervix were detected between Pap 1 ( normal smears ) and Pap 4 ( carcinomas ) ( p < 0 . 0001 ) . ^^^ Values of HPV viral load obtained for Pap 1 and SILs were significantly different , with an upward trend ( p < 0 . 0001 ) , suggesting a positive correlation between high viral load values and risk of SIL . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We previously isolated PAP 1 from integument and PAP 2 from hemolymph of the tobacco hornworm , Manduca sexta . ^^^ Similar to M . sexta PAP 2 , PAP 3 consists of two amino terminal clip domains followed by a carboxyl terminal catalytic domain , whereas PAP 1 contains only one clip domain at its amino terminus . ^^^ These data , along with our previous results on PAP 1 and PAP 2 , indicate that proPO activation by PAPs is a tightly regulated process . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we demonstrate that two transcripts , which were shown previously to be substrates for poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , Escherichia coli lpp messenger RNA and bacteriophage lambda oop RNA , are polyadenylated more efficiently in slowly growing bacteria than in rapidly growing bacteria . ^^^ Intracellular levels of PAP 1 varied in inverse proportion to bacterial growth rate . ^^^ Moreover , transcription from a promoter for the pcnB gene ( encoding PAP 1 ) was shown to be more efficient under conditions of low bacterial growth rates . ^^^ This may allow regulation of the stability of certain transcripts ( those subjected to PAP 1 dependent polyadenylation ) in response to various growth conditions . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , in this study , we show that mutations of conserved residues in this domain of yeast PAP , Pap 1 , do not affect interaction with ATP , but instead disrupt the interaction with RNA and affect the enzyme ' s ability to process substrate lacking 2 ' hydroxyls at the 3 ' end . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In Escherichia coli , the post transcriptional addition of poly ( A ) tails by poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 , pcnB ) plays a significant role in cellular RNA metabolism . ^^^ Here we show that the inactivation of Hfq ( hfq ) , an abundant RNA binding protein , leads to the reduction in the ability of PAP 1 to add poly ( A ) tails at the 3 ' termini of mRNAs containing Rho independent transcription terminators even though PAP 1 protein levels remain unchanged . ^^^ Surprisingly , both PNPase and Hfq co purified with His tagged PAP 1 under native conditions indicating a potential complex among these proteins . ^^^ Immunoprecipitation experiments using PNPase and Hfq specific antibodies confirmed the protein protein interactions among PAP 1 , PNPase and Hfq . ^^^ Analysis of mRNA half lives in hfq , deltapcnB and hfq deltapcnB mutants suggests that Hfq and PAP 1 function in the same mRNA decay pathway . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PI 4 , 5 bisphosphonate ( PIP 2 ) dependent PLD , PAP 1 , and DGL 1 were distributed in different percentages in all cerebellum subcellular fractions . ^^^ On the other hand , PAP 2 and DGL 2 activities were observed in all subcellular fractions except in the cytosolic fraction . ^^^ In addition , aging decreased nuclear ( 45 % ) , mitochondrial synaptosomal ( 55 % ) , and cytosolic ( 71 % ) PAP 1 activity and increased ( 28 % ) microsomal PAP 1 activity . ^^^ PAP 2 and DGL 2 were increased in the microsomal fraction by 87 and 114 % , respectively , and they were decreased in the nuclear fraction . ^^^ The changes observed in cerebellum PAP 1 and DGL 1 activities from aged rats with respect to adult rats could be related to modifications in lipid metabolism . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The protective mechanism might involve the pancreatitis associated protein ( PAP 1 ) , whose strong induction during pancreatitis is p 8 dependent , because administration of anti PAP 1 antibodies to rats increased pancreatic inflammation during pancreatitis . ^^^ In addition , 100 ng / ml PAP 1 in the culture medium of macrophages prevented their activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha , strongly suggesting that PAP 1 was an anti inflammatory factor . ^^^ Finally , PAP 1 was able to inhibit NFkappaB activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha , in macrophages and in the AR42J pancreatic acinar cell line . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) , the pcnB gene product , is the main enzyme responsible for RNA polyadenylation in Escherichia coli . ^^^ Here we demonstrate that apart from its presence in cytosol , PAP 1 is also localized in cellular membrane . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Partially purified proteases , PAP 1 and PAP 2 showed a high molecular mass of about 200 kDa by gelatin zymography . ^^^ PAP 1 and PAP 2 had optimal pH from 7 to 9 and were inhibited by trypsin inhibitors . ^^^ These properties of PAP 1 and PAP 2 suggest that both enzymes belong to the membrane associated trypsin like serine protease family , such as enteropeptidase and corin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Manduca sexta prophenoloxidase activating proteinase 1 ( PAP 1 ) gene : organization , expression , and regulation by immune and hormonal signals . ^^^ Manduca sexta PAP 1 , the final component of a serine proteinase cascade , cleaves proPO to generate active PO . ^^^ In an effort to understand the transcriptional regulation , we isolated a genomic clone of the PAP 1 gene , determined its nucleotide sequence , and elucidated its exon intron organization . ^^^ Southern blot analysis suggested that the M . sexta genome contains a single copy of PAP 1 gene . ^^^ Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that PAP 1 was constitutively expressed in fat body , trachea , and nerve tissue of the fifth instar larvae . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Early on , we reported the partial purification of prophenoloxidase activating proteinase 1 ( PAP 1 ) from the tobacco hornworm , Manduca sexta [ Proc . ^^^ PAP 1 requires an auxiliary factor for generating active phenoloxidase ( PO ) [ Insect Biochem . ^^^ To further characterize their roles in the proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase ( proPO ) , we purified PAP 1 to near homogeneity by hydroxylapatite , dextran sulfate , gel filtration , and lectin affinity chromatography . ^^^ With 2 . 4 10 10 ( 3 ) fold purification and 20 % yield , we obtained 63 microg PAP 1 from about 120 M . sexta prepupal cuticles ( approximately 400 g ) . ^^^ The optimal conditions for proPO activation by PAP 1 and SPHs were : pH 8 . 0 8 . 4 , PAP : SPH=1 . 5 : 1 , and 0 10 degrees C for 40 50 min . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To better understand this process , we further characterized the activation reaction using proPO , PAP 1 and SPHs . ^^^ PAP 1 itself cleaved nearly 1 / 3 of proPO at Arg 51 without generating much phenoloxidase ( PO ) activity . ^^^ Since SPHs and p amidinophenyl methanesulfonyl fluoride ( APMSF ) treated PAP 1 did not generate active PO by interacting with proPO , proteolytic cleavage is critical for proPO activation . ^^^ After 1 / 5 of proPO was processed by PAP 1 alone which was then inactivated by M . sexta serpin 1J or APMSF , further incubation of the reaction mixture with SPHs failed to generate active PO either . ^^^ M . sexta proPO activation requires active PAP 1 and SPHs at the same time one for limited proteolysis and the other as a cofactor , perhaps . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This report describes the ontogenic development of two liver PAP activities and compares them with that of plasma thyroliberinase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Primary transcripts and nibbled molecules can also be adenylated by poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In Escherichia coli , poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) is the main polyadenylating enzyme , but the addition of 3 ' tails also occurs in the absence of PAP 1 via the synthetic activity of polynucleotide phosphorylase ( PNPase ) . ^^^ The nature of 3 ' tail addition in Bacillus subtilis , which lacks an identifiable PAP 1 homologue , was studied . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
EUS FNA was performed in 24 patients revealing PAP 3 ( n = 1 ) , PAP 2 ( n = 21 ) and PAP 1 ( n = 2 ) scores . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , also known as HIP , p 23 , or Reg 2 protein , has recently been implicated in the endogenous regulation of inflammation . ^^^ Pancreatitis associated protein 1 ( PAP 1 ) , also known as HIP , p 23 , or Reg 2 protein , has recently been implicated in the endogenous regulation of inflammation . ^^^ Although it was initially characterized as a protein that is overexpressed in acute pancreatitis , PAP 1 has also been associated with a number of inflammatory diseases , such as Crohn ' s disease . ^^^ Knowing that PAP 1 and IL 10 responses share several features , we have used a pancreatic acinar cell line ( AR42J ) to assess the extent to which their expression is reciprocally regulated , and whether the JAK / STAT and NF kappaB signaling pathways are involved in the suppression of inflammation mediated by PAP 1 . ^^^ We observed that PAP 1 is induced in epithelial cells by IL 10 and by PAP 1 itself . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In Escherichia coli , RNA polyadenylation is catalyzed mainly by poly ( A ) polymerase 1 ( PAP 1 ) . ^^^ Here we demonstrate that a PAP 1 variant with a C terminal His tag ( PAP 1 His ) can be phosphorylated both in vivo and in an artificial in vitro system . ^^^ The in vivo phosphorylation of PAP 1 His impairs activity of this enzyme . ^^^ Therefore , our results suggest that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of PAP 1 may be important regulatory processes in the control of activity of this enzyme . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: Q9UKU6 and Q06141	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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