Pubmed abstracts for Protein-Protein Interaction search result :

Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.57894138
The DSH locus has recently been mapped to chromosome 1q21 and pathogenic mutations were identified in the DSRAD gene encoding double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase in Japanese patients with DSH . 0.57894138^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Editing of glutamate receptor subunit B pre mRNA by splice site variants of interferon inducible double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ADAR 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( ADAR 1 ) is inducible by interferon ( IFN ) and is implicated in the editing of viral RNAs during lytic and persistent infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Serotonin 2C receptor pre mRNA editing in rat brain and in vitro by splice site variants of the interferon inducible double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ADAR 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
ADAR , a Drosophila double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase is highly developmentally regulated and is itself a target for RNA editing . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chimeric double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ADAR 1 proteins reveal functional selectivity of double stranded RNA binding domains from ADAR 1 and protein kinase PKR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The mutations involved in causing DSH have been identified in the gene that encodes double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( DSRAD ) as the disease gene . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
ADAR 2 is a double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase involved in the editing of mammalian RNAs by the site specific conversion of adenosine to inosine . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The interferon inducible , double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase gene ( DSRAD ) maps to human chromosome 1q21 . 1 21 . 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The 1 , 226 amino acid sequence of the interferon inducible double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( dsRAD ) contains three copies ( RI , RII , and RIII ) of the highly conserved subdomain R motif commonly found in double stranded RNA binding proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( ADAR ) is an interferon inducible RNA editing enzyme implicated in the site selective deamination of adenosine to inosine in viral RNAs and cellular pre mRNAs . ^^^ The wild type ADAR a , b , and c proteins all possessed comparable double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : To report and analyze the mutations of the double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( DSRAD ) gene in 2 Chinese pedigrees with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria ( DSH ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have clarified for the first time four pathological mutations of the double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase gene ( ADAR 1 or DSRAD ) in four DSH pedigrees . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Genetic studies have identified mutations in the ADAR gene , encoding double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase , to be responsible for this disorder . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND : Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria ( DSH , MIM 127400 ) is a dominantly inherited skin disease associated with mutations in ADAR , the gene that encodes a double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The mammalian RNA specific adenosine deaminases DRADA / dsRAD ( alias ADAR ) and RED 1 ( alias ADARB 1 ) have been implicated in the site selective editing of brain expressed pre mRNAs for glutamate receptor subunits and of antigenomic RNA of hepatitis delta virus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Double stranded RNA adenosine deaminase ( ADAR 1 , dsRAD , DRADA ) converts adenosines to inosines in double stranded RNAs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( ADAR 1 , herein referred to as ADAR ) is an interferon inducible RNA editing enzyme . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The recently cloned RNA dependent adenosine deaminases ADAR 1 , ADAR 2 and ADAR 3 form a small family of sequence related candidate editases which are expressed in brain and other tissues at distinct levels and patterns . ^^^ We found ADAR 2 expressed in all cells analyzed ; approximately 50 % of the cells co expressed ADAR 1 or ADAR 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It does not modify adenosines residing in double stranded RNA or in pre mRNAs that serve as substrates for ADAR 1 or ADAR 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The importance of internal loops within RNA substrates of ADAR 1 . ^^^ Thus , internal loops delineate helix ends for ADAR 1 . ^^^ Since ADAR 1 deaminates short RNAs at fewer adenosines than long RNAs , loops decrease the number of deaminations within an RNA by dividing a long RNA into shorter substrates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Its genomic organization is compared to the structures of the sequence related , pre mRNA specific adenosine deaminases ADAR 1 and ADAR2 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In mammals , most of the characterized substrates encode receptors involved in neurotransmission , and these substrates are thought to be targeted by the mammalian enzymes ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The presence of this ssRNA binding domain as well as its expression in restricted brain regions and postmitotic neurons make ADAR 3 distinct from the other two ADAR gene family members , editing competent ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Double stranded RNA adenosine deaminases ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 have overlapping specificities . ^^^ Most of what is known about the intrinsic deamination specificity of ADARs derives from analyses of Xenopus ADAR 1 . ^^^ In addition to ADAR 1 , mammalian cells have a second ADAR , named ADAR 2 ; the deamination specificity of this enzyme has not been rigorously studied . ^^^ Here we directly compare the specificity of human ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^ We find that , like ADAR 1 , ADAR 2 has a 5 ' neighbor preference ( A approximately U > C = G ) , but , unlike ADAR 1 , also has a 3 ' neighbor preference ( U = G > C = A ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 were found associated with the spliceosomal components Sm and SR proteins within the lnRNP particles . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Substrate recognition by ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^ RNA editing catalyzed by ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 involves the site specific conversion of adenosine to inosine within imperfectly duplexed RNA . ^^^ ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 mediated editing occurs within transcripts of glutamate receptors ( GluR ) in the brain and in hepatitis delta virus ( HDV ) RNA in the liver . ^^^ Although the Q / R site within the GluR B premessage is edited more efficiently by ADAR 2 than it is by ADAR 1 , the converse is true for the +60 site within this same transcript . ^^^ ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 are homologs having two common functional regions , an N terminal double stranded RNA binding domain and a C terminal deaminase domain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Hepatitis delta virus minimal substrates competent for editing by ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^ In cultured cells , we observed that both human ADAR 1 ( hADAR 1 ) and hADAR 2 were capable of editing the amber / W site with comparable efficiencies . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The first crystal structure of a protein , the Z alpha high affinity binding domain of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR 1 , bound to left handed Z DNA was recently described . ^^^ Comparison of Z DNA binding by DLM 1 and ADAR 1 reveals a common structure specific recognition core within the binding domain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Double stranded RNA plays a central role in modulating protein phosphorylation and RNA degradation catalyzed by the IFN inducible PKR kinase and the 2 ' 5 ' oligoadenylate dependent RNase L , respectively , and also in RNA editing by the IFN inducible RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( ADAR 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The role of binding domains for dsRNA and Z DNA in the in vivo editing of minimal substrates by ADAR 1 . ^^^ ADAR 1 so far has been found only in vertebrates and is characterized by two Z DNA binding motifs , the biological function of which remains unknown . ^^^ Here the role of the various functional domains of ADAR 1 in determining the editing efficiency and specificity of ADAR 1 is examined in cell based assays . ^^^ However , mutation of the Z DNA binding domains of ADAR 1 decreased the efficiency with which such a substrate was edited . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Requirement of the RNA editing deaminase ADAR 1 gene for embryonic erythropoiesis . ^^^ Analysis of staged chimeric mouse embryos with a high contribution from embryonic stem cells with a functional null allele for ADAR 1 revealed a heterozygous embryonic lethal phenotype . ^^^ Our results suggest the importance of regulated levels of ADAR 1 expression , which is critical for embryonic erythropoiesis in the liver . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because transcript editing is regulated by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA ( ADAR ) , we quantified expression of ADAR 1 transcripts in SLE and control T cells by competitive PCR . ^^^ ADAR 1 mRNA content was 3 . 5 times higher in SLE cells than in control T cells ( p=0 . 001 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The IFN inducible RNA specific adenosine deaminase ADAR 1 promoter possesses a KCS like ( KCS l ) element . ^^^ The sequences of the KCS and KCS l elements and their positions relative to the cognate ISRE element are similar between the PKR and ADAR 1 promoters . ^^^ However , substitution of the ADAR 1 KCS l element for the KCS element of the PKR promoter resulted in significantly reduced basal and IFN inducible promoter activities comparable to either point mutation or entire deletion of the PKR KCS element . ^^^ The PKR KCS element selectively bound nuclear proteins more efficiently than did the ADAR 1 KCS l element . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CRM 1 mediates the export of ADAR 1 through a nuclear export signal within the Z DNA binding domain . ^^^ Different promoters in the ADAR 1 gene give rise to two forms of the protein : a constitutive promoter expresses a transcript encoding ( c ) ADAR 1 , and an interferon induced promoter expresses a transcript encoding an N terminally extended form , ( 1 ) ADAR 1 . ^^^ Here we show that ( c ) ADAR 1 is primarily nuclear whereas ( 1 ) ADAR 1 encompasses a functional nuclear export signal in the N terminal part and is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein . ^^^ Mutation of the nuclear export signal or treatment with the CRM 1 specific drug leptomycin B induces nuclear accumulation of ( 1 ) ADAR 1 fused to the green fluorescent protein and increases the nuclear editing activity . ^^^ In concurrence , CRM 1 and RanGTP interact specifically with the ( 1 ) ADAR 1 nuclear export signal to form a tripartite export complex in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Increased RNA editing and inhibition of hepatitis delta virus replication by high level expression of ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^ We examined the effects of increased ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 expression on HDV RNA editing and replication in transfected Huh 7 cells . ^^^ High level expression of both ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 led to extensive hyperediting at non amber / W sites and subsequent production of HDAg variants that acted as trans dominant inhibitors of HDV RNA replication . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We examined the expression of IFN responsive genes in several mouse tissues following infection with Dam ( + ) or Dam ( ) SALMONELLA : Infection of mice with Dam ( + ) Salmonella resulted in the induction of host genes known to be indicators of IFN bioactivity and regulated by either IFN alpha / beta ( Mx 1 ) or IFN gamma ( class 2 transactivator protein [ CIITA ] and inducible nitric oxide synthase [ iNOS ] ) or by both IFN alpha / beta and IFN gamma ( RNA specific adenosine deaminase [ ADAR 1 ] and RNA dependent protein kinase [ PKR ] ) in a tissue specific manner compared to uninfected animals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Replicating hepatitis delta virus RNA is edited in the nucleus by the small form of ADAR 1 . ^^^ Mammalian cells express two forms of ADAR 1 , a large form ( ADAR 1 L ) that mainly localizes to the cytoplasm and a small form ( ADAR 1 S ) that resides in the nucleus . ^^^ Recently , we found that the specific activity of ADAR 1 L within cells is much higher than that of ADAR 1 S but only when the substrate can be edited in the cytoplasm . ^^^ Here we observed that although both ADAR 1 S and ADAR 1 L were expressed throughout HDV replication , no ADAR 2 could be observed at any time . ^^^ Using expression vectors that individually overexpress either form of ADAR 1 , we found that ADAR 1 S could stimulate editing during replication more efficiently . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three vertebrate ADAR gene family members , ADAR 1 , ADAR 2 , and ADAR 3 , have been identified . ^^^ Both ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 form a stable enzymatically active homodimer complex , whereas ADAR 3 remains as a monomeric , enzymatically inactive form . ^^^ Analysis of HeLa and mouse brain nuclear extracts suggested that endogenous ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 both form a homodimer complex . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Widespread inosine containing mRNA in lymphocytes regulated by ADAR 1 in response to inflammation . ^^^ Induction was the result of up regulation of A to 1 RNA editing as both dsRNA editing activity and ADAR 1 expression were increased in the spleen , thymus and peripheral lymphocytes from endotoxin treated mice . ^^^ Up regulation of ADAR 1 was confirmed in vitro in T lymphocytes and macrophages stimulated with a variety of inflammatory mediators including tumour necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma . ^^^ Taken together , these data suggest that a large number of inosine containing mRNAs are produced during acute inflammation via up regulation of ADAR 1 mediated RNA editing . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we provide the first quantitative measurements of both mRNAs of the GluR subunits and mRNAs of the RNA editing enzymes ADAR 1 ADAR3 in a comparison of the efficiency of editing at the Q / R site with the expression levels of ADAR mRNA in human brain . ^^^ In addition , by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction methods , we demonstrate that the relative abundance of ADAR 2 mRNA to GluR 2 mRNA is significantly lower in white matter than in grey matter and that the GluR 2 Q / R site editing decreased only when the ratio of ADAR 2 mRNA ( not that of ADAR 1 mRNA ) to GluR 2 mRNA dropped below a threshold ( 20 10 10 ( 3 ) ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A comparison of editing by ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 revealed differences in the specificity of editing . ^^^ Our results show that ADAR 2 selectively edits the R / G site , while ADAR 1 edits more promiscuously at several other adenosines in the double stranded stem . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Seven novel mutations of the ADAR gene in Chinese families and sporadic patients with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria ( DSH ) . ^^^ Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria ( DSH ) is an autosomal dominant pigmentary genodermatosis characterized by hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules of on the extremities and caused by the mutations in the ADAR gene ( also called DSRAD ) encoding for RNA specific adenosine deaminase . ^^^ Our data add new variants to the repertoire of ADAR mutations in DSH . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , nuclear Vigilin is found in complexes containing not only the editing enzyme ADAR 1 but also RNA helicase A and Ku86 / 70 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
New antiviral pathway that mediates hepatitis C virus replicon interferon sensitivity through ADAR 1 . ^^^ IFN alpha treatment of replicon containing cells results in a rapid loss of viral RNA via translation inhibition through double stranded RNA activated protein kinase ( PKR ) and also through a new pathway involving RNA editing by an adenosine deaminase that acts on double stranded RNA ( ADAR 1 ) . ^^^ We show that inhibition of both PKR and ADAR 1 by the addition of adenovirus associated RNA stimulates replicon expression and reduces the amount of inosine recovered from RNA in replicon cells . ^^^ Small inhibitory RNA , specific for ADAR 1 , stimulated the replicon 40 fold , indicating that ADAR 1 has a role in limiting replication of the viral RNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Through the subcellular targeting of minigenes that contain natural editing sites , we show that ADAR 2 but not ADAR 1 mediated RNA editing occurs in the nucleolus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we show that specific adenosine residues of certain microRNA ( miRNA ) precursors are edited by ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^ Consequently , mature miRNA 142 expression levels increased substantially in ADAR 1 null or ADAR 2 null mice . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Stress induced apoptosis associated with null mutation of ADAR 1 RNA editing deaminase gene . ^^^ Three mammalian ADAR gene family members ( ADAR 1 3 ) have been identified . ^^^ Here we investigated phenotypes of mice homozygous for ADAR 1 null mutation . ^^^ Although live ADAR 1 / embryos with normal gross appearance could be recovered up to E11 . 5 , widespread apoptosis was detected in many tissues . ^^^ Fibroblasts derived from ADAR 1 / embryos were also prone to apoptosis induced by serum deprivation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
ADAR 1 expression and the pattern of the 5 HT ( 2C ) R mRNA editing rapidly changed in response to IFN alpha , leading to the dominant expression of the 5 HT ( 2C ) R VSI isoform predicted to have reduced G protein coupling functions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The DSH locus has recently been mapped to chromosome 1q21 and then pathogenic mutations have been identified in the DSRAD gene . ^^^ In the study reported here we examined the DSRAD gene mutations of a three generation Chinese pedigree with DSH by direct sequencing . ^^^ Our study expands the database on the DSRAD gene mutations in DSH and enriches the knowledge about the function of the DSRAD gene . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVES : To identify gene mutations of DSRAD in Chinese patients with DSH . ^^^ METHODS : Three unrelated Chinese patients with DSH were subjected to mutation detection in DSRAD . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , we report and identify the mutations of the DSRAD gene in two Chinese pedigrees with DSH . ^^^ Our data suggests that these two novel mutations in the DSRAD gene could cause DSH and add new variants to the repertoire of DSRAD mutations in DSH . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The large form of ADAR 1 is responsible for enhanced hepatitis delta virus RNA editing in interferon alpha stimulated host cells . ^^^ Editing is thought to be catalysed by the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 ( ADAR 1 ) of which two different forms exist , interferon ( IFN ) alpha inducible ADAR 1 L and constitutively expressed ADAR 1 S . ^^^ ADAR 1 L is hypothesized to be a part of the innate cellular immune system , responsible for deaminating adenosines in viral dsRNAs . ^^^ For gene silencing , an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide against a common sequence of both forms of ADAR 1 and another one specific for ADAR 1 L alone were used . ^^^ If ADAR 1 L expression was inhibited , this substantial increase in editing could no longer be observed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have performed fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments in mammalian cells transfected with fluorophore bearing ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 fusion proteins to investigate the relationship between these proteins . ^^^ These studies conclusively demonstrate the homodimerization of ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 and also show that ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 form heterodimers in human cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To date , only three articles testified that DSH is caused by the mutations of DSRAD gene ( also called ADAR 1 ) encoding for RNA specific adenosine deaminase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P55265 and Q59EC0	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We report the identification of a Chinese family with a three generation pedigree of DSH , in whom a novel tyrosine substitution mutation in DSRAD was demonstrated : a heterozygous nucleotide A > G transition at position 2879 in exon 10 of the DSRAD gene was detected . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.57894138
The DSH locus has recently been mapped to chromosome 1q21 and pathogenic mutations were identified in the DSRAD gene encoding double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase in Japanese patients with DSH . 0.57894138^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In mammals , most of the characterized substrates encode receptors involved in neurotransmission , and these substrates are thought to be targeted by the mammalian enzymes ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The presence of this ssRNA binding domain as well as its expression in restricted brain regions and postmitotic neurons make ADAR 3 distinct from the other two ADAR gene family members , editing competent ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The mammalian RNA specific adenosine deaminases DRADA / dsRAD ( alias ADAR ) and RED 1 ( alias ADARB 1 ) have been implicated in the site selective editing of brain expressed pre mRNAs for glutamate receptor subunits and of antigenomic RNA of hepatitis delta virus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( ADAR ) is an interferon inducible RNA editing enzyme implicated in the site selective deamination of adenosine to inosine in viral RNAs and cellular pre mRNAs . ^^^ The wild type ADAR a , b , and c proteins all possessed comparable double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( ADAR 1 , herein referred to as ADAR ) is an interferon inducible RNA editing enzyme . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The recently cloned RNA dependent adenosine deaminases ADAR 1 , ADAR 2 and ADAR 3 form a small family of sequence related candidate editases which are expressed in brain and other tissues at distinct levels and patterns . ^^^ We found ADAR 2 expressed in all cells analyzed ; approximately 50 % of the cells co expressed ADAR 1 or ADAR 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It does not modify adenosines residing in double stranded RNA or in pre mRNAs that serve as substrates for ADAR 1 or ADAR 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The importance of internal loops within RNA substrates of ADAR 1 . ^^^ Thus , internal loops delineate helix ends for ADAR 1 . ^^^ Since ADAR 1 deaminates short RNAs at fewer adenosines than long RNAs , loops decrease the number of deaminations within an RNA by dividing a long RNA into shorter substrates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Its genomic organization is compared to the structures of the sequence related , pre mRNA specific adenosine deaminases ADAR 1 and ADAR2 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
ADAR , a Drosophila double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase is highly developmentally regulated and is itself a target for RNA editing . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Double stranded RNA adenosine deaminases ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 have overlapping specificities . ^^^ Most of what is known about the intrinsic deamination specificity of ADARs derives from analyses of Xenopus ADAR 1 . ^^^ In addition to ADAR 1 , mammalian cells have a second ADAR , named ADAR 2 ; the deamination specificity of this enzyme has not been rigorously studied . ^^^ Here we directly compare the specificity of human ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^ We find that , like ADAR 1 , ADAR 2 has a 5 ' neighbor preference ( A approximately U > C = G ) , but , unlike ADAR 1 , also has a 3 ' neighbor preference ( U = G > C = A ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Requirement of the RNA editing deaminase ADAR 1 gene for embryonic erythropoiesis . ^^^ Analysis of staged chimeric mouse embryos with a high contribution from embryonic stem cells with a functional null allele for ADAR 1 revealed a heterozygous embryonic lethal phenotype . ^^^ Our results suggest the importance of regulated levels of ADAR 1 expression , which is critical for embryonic erythropoiesis in the liver . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 were found associated with the spliceosomal components Sm and SR proteins within the lnRNP particles . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Substrate recognition by ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^ RNA editing catalyzed by ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 involves the site specific conversion of adenosine to inosine within imperfectly duplexed RNA . ^^^ ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 mediated editing occurs within transcripts of glutamate receptors ( GluR ) in the brain and in hepatitis delta virus ( HDV ) RNA in the liver . ^^^ Although the Q / R site within the GluR B premessage is edited more efficiently by ADAR 2 than it is by ADAR 1 , the converse is true for the +60 site within this same transcript . ^^^ ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 are homologs having two common functional regions , an N terminal double stranded RNA binding domain and a C terminal deaminase domain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Hepatitis delta virus minimal substrates competent for editing by ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^ In cultured cells , we observed that both human ADAR 1 ( hADAR 1 ) and hADAR 2 were capable of editing the amber / W site with comparable efficiencies . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The first crystal structure of a protein , the Z alpha high affinity binding domain of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR 1 , bound to left handed Z DNA was recently described . ^^^ Comparison of Z DNA binding by DLM 1 and ADAR 1 reveals a common structure specific recognition core within the binding domain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Double stranded RNA plays a central role in modulating protein phosphorylation and RNA degradation catalyzed by the IFN inducible PKR kinase and the 2 ' 5 ' oligoadenylate dependent RNase L , respectively , and also in RNA editing by the IFN inducible RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( ADAR 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We examined the expression of IFN responsive genes in several mouse tissues following infection with Dam ( + ) or Dam ( ) SALMONELLA : Infection of mice with Dam ( + ) Salmonella resulted in the induction of host genes known to be indicators of IFN bioactivity and regulated by either IFN alpha / beta ( Mx 1 ) or IFN gamma ( class 2 transactivator protein [ CIITA ] and inducible nitric oxide synthase [ iNOS ] ) or by both IFN alpha / beta and IFN gamma ( RNA specific adenosine deaminase [ ADAR 1 ] and RNA dependent protein kinase [ PKR ] ) in a tissue specific manner compared to uninfected animals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because transcript editing is regulated by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA ( ADAR ) , we quantified expression of ADAR 1 transcripts in SLE and control T cells by competitive PCR . ^^^ ADAR 1 mRNA content was 3 . 5 times higher in SLE cells than in control T cells ( p=0 . 001 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The role of binding domains for dsRNA and Z DNA in the in vivo editing of minimal substrates by ADAR 1 . ^^^ ADAR 1 so far has been found only in vertebrates and is characterized by two Z DNA binding motifs , the biological function of which remains unknown . ^^^ Here the role of the various functional domains of ADAR 1 in determining the editing efficiency and specificity of ADAR 1 is examined in cell based assays . ^^^ However , mutation of the Z DNA binding domains of ADAR 1 decreased the efficiency with which such a substrate was edited . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CRM 1 mediates the export of ADAR 1 through a nuclear export signal within the Z DNA binding domain . ^^^ Different promoters in the ADAR 1 gene give rise to two forms of the protein : a constitutive promoter expresses a transcript encoding ( c ) ADAR 1 , and an interferon induced promoter expresses a transcript encoding an N terminally extended form , ( 1 ) ADAR 1 . ^^^ Here we show that ( c ) ADAR 1 is primarily nuclear whereas ( 1 ) ADAR 1 encompasses a functional nuclear export signal in the N terminal part and is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein . ^^^ Mutation of the nuclear export signal or treatment with the CRM 1 specific drug leptomycin B induces nuclear accumulation of ( 1 ) ADAR 1 fused to the green fluorescent protein and increases the nuclear editing activity . ^^^ In concurrence , CRM 1 and RanGTP interact specifically with the ( 1 ) ADAR 1 nuclear export signal to form a tripartite export complex in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Increased RNA editing and inhibition of hepatitis delta virus replication by high level expression of ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^ We examined the effects of increased ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 expression on HDV RNA editing and replication in transfected Huh 7 cells . ^^^ High level expression of both ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 led to extensive hyperediting at non amber / W sites and subsequent production of HDAg variants that acted as trans dominant inhibitors of HDV RNA replication . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The IFN inducible RNA specific adenosine deaminase ADAR 1 promoter possesses a KCS like ( KCS l ) element . ^^^ The sequences of the KCS and KCS l elements and their positions relative to the cognate ISRE element are similar between the PKR and ADAR 1 promoters . ^^^ However , substitution of the ADAR 1 KCS l element for the KCS element of the PKR promoter resulted in significantly reduced basal and IFN inducible promoter activities comparable to either point mutation or entire deletion of the PKR KCS element . ^^^ The PKR KCS element selectively bound nuclear proteins more efficiently than did the ADAR 1 KCS l element . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Replicating hepatitis delta virus RNA is edited in the nucleus by the small form of ADAR 1 . ^^^ Mammalian cells express two forms of ADAR 1 , a large form ( ADAR 1 L ) that mainly localizes to the cytoplasm and a small form ( ADAR 1 S ) that resides in the nucleus . ^^^ Recently , we found that the specific activity of ADAR 1 L within cells is much higher than that of ADAR 1 S but only when the substrate can be edited in the cytoplasm . ^^^ Here we observed that although both ADAR 1 S and ADAR 1 L were expressed throughout HDV replication , no ADAR 2 could be observed at any time . ^^^ Using expression vectors that individually overexpress either form of ADAR 1 , we found that ADAR 1 S could stimulate editing during replication more efficiently . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three vertebrate ADAR gene family members , ADAR 1 , ADAR 2 , and ADAR 3 , have been identified . ^^^ Both ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 form a stable enzymatically active homodimer complex , whereas ADAR 3 remains as a monomeric , enzymatically inactive form . ^^^ Analysis of HeLa and mouse brain nuclear extracts suggested that endogenous ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 both form a homodimer complex . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Widespread inosine containing mRNA in lymphocytes regulated by ADAR 1 in response to inflammation . ^^^ Induction was the result of up regulation of A to 1 RNA editing as both dsRNA editing activity and ADAR 1 expression were increased in the spleen , thymus and peripheral lymphocytes from endotoxin treated mice . ^^^ Up regulation of ADAR 1 was confirmed in vitro in T lymphocytes and macrophages stimulated with a variety of inflammatory mediators including tumour necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma . ^^^ Taken together , these data suggest that a large number of inosine containing mRNAs are produced during acute inflammation via up regulation of ADAR 1 mediated RNA editing . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Seven novel mutations of the ADAR gene in Chinese families and sporadic patients with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria ( DSH ) . ^^^ Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria ( DSH ) is an autosomal dominant pigmentary genodermatosis characterized by hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules of on the extremities and caused by the mutations in the ADAR gene ( also called DSRAD ) encoding for RNA specific adenosine deaminase . ^^^ Our data add new variants to the repertoire of ADAR mutations in DSH . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , nuclear Vigilin is found in complexes containing not only the editing enzyme ADAR 1 but also RNA helicase A and Ku86 / 70 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we provide the first quantitative measurements of both mRNAs of the GluR subunits and mRNAs of the RNA editing enzymes ADAR 1 ADAR3 in a comparison of the efficiency of editing at the Q / R site with the expression levels of ADAR mRNA in human brain . ^^^ In addition , by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction methods , we demonstrate that the relative abundance of ADAR 2 mRNA to GluR 2 mRNA is significantly lower in white matter than in grey matter and that the GluR 2 Q / R site editing decreased only when the ratio of ADAR 2 mRNA ( not that of ADAR 1 mRNA ) to GluR 2 mRNA dropped below a threshold ( 20 10 10 ( 3 ) ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A comparison of editing by ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 revealed differences in the specificity of editing . ^^^ Our results show that ADAR 2 selectively edits the R / G site , while ADAR 1 edits more promiscuously at several other adenosines in the double stranded stem . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Stress induced apoptosis associated with null mutation of ADAR 1 RNA editing deaminase gene . ^^^ Three mammalian ADAR gene family members ( ADAR 1 3 ) have been identified . ^^^ Here we investigated phenotypes of mice homozygous for ADAR 1 null mutation . ^^^ Although live ADAR 1 / embryos with normal gross appearance could be recovered up to E11 . 5 , widespread apoptosis was detected in many tissues . ^^^ Fibroblasts derived from ADAR 1 / embryos were also prone to apoptosis induced by serum deprivation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Characterization of ADAR 2 pre mRNA transcripts isolated from adult rat brain identified 16 editing sites within this duplex region , and sites preferentially modified by ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 have been defined using both tissue culture and in vitro editing systems . ^^^ ADAR 2 is a double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase involved in the editing of mammalian RNAs by the site specific conversion of adenosine to inosine . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
ADAR 1 expression and the pattern of the 5 HT ( 2C ) R mRNA editing rapidly changed in response to IFN alpha , leading to the dominant expression of the 5 HT ( 2C ) R VSI isoform predicted to have reduced G protein coupling functions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
New antiviral pathway that mediates hepatitis C virus replicon interferon sensitivity through ADAR 1 . ^^^ IFN alpha treatment of replicon containing cells results in a rapid loss of viral RNA via translation inhibition through double stranded RNA activated protein kinase ( PKR ) and also through a new pathway involving RNA editing by an adenosine deaminase that acts on double stranded RNA ( ADAR 1 ) . ^^^ We show that inhibition of both PKR and ADAR 1 by the addition of adenovirus associated RNA stimulates replicon expression and reduces the amount of inosine recovered from RNA in replicon cells . ^^^ Small inhibitory RNA , specific for ADAR 1 , stimulated the replicon 40 fold , indicating that ADAR 1 has a role in limiting replication of the viral RNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Through the subcellular targeting of minigenes that contain natural editing sites , we show that ADAR 2 but not ADAR 1 mediated RNA editing occurs in the nucleolus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Genetic studies have identified mutations in the ADAR gene , encoding double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase , to be responsible for this disorder . ^^^ Identification of a novel ADAR mutation in a Chinese family with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria ( DSH ) . ^^^ Here , we found a novel deletion mutation in the ADAR gene , 2929delA , in a Chinese family with DSH . ^^^ This study should be useful for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for affected families and in expanding the database on ADAR gene mutations in DSH . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we show that specific adenosine residues of certain microRNA ( miRNA ) precursors are edited by ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 . ^^^ Consequently , mature miRNA 142 expression levels increased substantially in ADAR 1 null or ADAR 2 null mice . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The large form of ADAR 1 is responsible for enhanced hepatitis delta virus RNA editing in interferon alpha stimulated host cells . ^^^ Editing is thought to be catalysed by the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 ( ADAR 1 ) of which two different forms exist , interferon ( IFN ) alpha inducible ADAR 1 L and constitutively expressed ADAR 1 S . ^^^ ADAR 1 L is hypothesized to be a part of the innate cellular immune system , responsible for deaminating adenosines in viral dsRNAs . ^^^ For gene silencing , an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide against a common sequence of both forms of ADAR 1 and another one specific for ADAR 1 L alone were used . ^^^ If ADAR 1 L expression was inhibited , this substantial increase in editing could no longer be observed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Double stranded RNA adenosine deaminase ( ADAR 1 , dsRAD , DRADA ) converts adenosines to inosines in double stranded RNAs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( ADAR 1 ) is inducible by interferon ( IFN ) and is implicated in the editing of viral RNAs during lytic and persistent infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Serotonin 2C receptor pre mRNA editing in rat brain and in vitro by splice site variants of the interferon inducible double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ADAR 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chimeric double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ADAR 1 proteins reveal functional selectivity of double stranded RNA binding domains from ADAR 1 and protein kinase PKR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To date , only three articles testified that DSH is caused by the mutations of DSRAD gene ( also called ADAR 1 ) encoding for RNA specific adenosine deaminase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have clarified for the first time four pathological mutations of the double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase gene ( ADAR 1 or DSRAD ) in four DSH pedigrees . ^^^ Furthermore , we did not identify any mutations in the ADAR 1 gene of three patients with dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria or three patients with acropigmentatio reticularis , indicating that the two diseases are completely different from DSH , although they have sometimes been suggested to be phenotypical variations of DSH . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The mutations involved in causing DSH have been identified in the gene that encodes double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( DSRAD ) as the disease gene . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND : Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria ( DSH , MIM 127400 ) is a dominantly inherited skin disease associated with mutations in ADAR , the gene that encodes a double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase . ^^^ R916W ) and confirmed the role of ADAR in Chinese patients with DSH . ^^^ Both haploinsufficiency and a dominant negative effect have been suggested as the potential mechanism by which ADAR mutations cause DSH . ^^^ OBJECTIVES : To identify ADAR mutations in two additional Chinese DSH families and to obtain insight into the pathogenic mechanism of heterozygous ADAR mutations . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : Two novel ADAR mutations were found in Chinese patients with DSH . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have performed fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments in mammalian cells transfected with fluorophore bearing ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 fusion proteins to investigate the relationship between these proteins . ^^^ These studies conclusively demonstrate the homodimerization of ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 and also show that ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 form heterodimers in human cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Editing of glutamate receptor subunit B pre mRNA by splice site variants of interferon inducible double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ADAR 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVES : To identify gene mutations of DSRAD in Chinese patients with DSH . ^^^ METHODS : Three unrelated Chinese patients with DSH were subjected to mutation detection in DSRAD . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , we report and identify the mutations of the DSRAD gene in two Chinese pedigrees with DSH . ^^^ Our data suggests that these two novel mutations in the DSRAD gene could cause DSH and add new variants to the repertoire of DSRAD mutations in DSH . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The interferon inducible , double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase gene ( DSRAD ) maps to human chromosome 1q21 . 1 21 . 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The 1 , 226 amino acid sequence of the interferon inducible double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( dsRAD ) contains three copies ( RI , RII , and RIII ) of the highly conserved subdomain R motif commonly found in double stranded RNA binding proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We report the identification of a Chinese family with a three generation pedigree of DSH , in whom a novel tyrosine substitution mutation in DSRAD was demonstrated : a heterozygous nucleotide A > G transition at position 2879 in exon 10 of the DSRAD gene was detected . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : To report and analyze the mutations of the double stranded RNA specific adenosine deaminase ( DSRAD ) gene in 2 Chinese pedigrees with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria ( DSH ) . ^^^ INTERVENTIONS : We directly performed mutation detection of the DSRAD gene in 2 Chinese families with DSH by sequencing . ^^^ CONCLUSION : Our data suggest that these 2 novel frameshift mutations in the DSRAD gene could cause DSH in the Chinese Han population and add new variants to the repertoire of DSRAD mutations in DSH . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: Q59EC0 and P55265	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The DSH locus has recently been mapped to chromosome 1q21 and then pathogenic mutations have been identified in the DSRAD gene . ^^^ In the study reported here we examined the DSRAD gene mutations of a three generation Chinese pedigree with DSH by direct sequencing . ^^^ Our study expands the database on the DSRAD gene mutations in DSH and enriches the knowledge about the function of the DSRAD gene . . ^^^