Pubmed abstracts for Protein-Protein Interaction search result :

Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.60162995
Conversely , overexpression of CXCR 4 compared with CCR 5 inhibited CCR 5 dependent HIV dependent fusion in 3T3 . 0.60162995^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :1.0137964
These included derivatives of a CCR 5 ligand , RANTES , with modified N termini as well as Kaposi ' s sarcoma associated herpesvirus encoded chemokines that bind a wide range of co receptors , including CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , CCR 3 and CCR 8 , as well as the orphan 7TM receptors GPR 1 and STRL 33 . 1.0137964^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.54464253
Interestingly , engagement of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 receptors by specific Abs as well as treatment with CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ligands induced beta chemokine secretion . 0.54464253^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.5900921
Several strains replicated in Delta32 / Delta32 CCR 5 PBMCs with CXCR 4 blocked by AMD 3100 . 0.5900921^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.7946329
In CD 4 expressing CCR 5 and CXCR 4 double positive NIH 3T3 cells , immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot analysis revealed that CCR 5 was associated with CXCR 4 and CD 4 . 0.7946329^^^ Confocal laser microscopy revealed that CCR 5 was colocalized with CXCR 4 on the cell surface . 0.55246787^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
SDF 1 inhibited infection by T tropic HIV 1 of HeLa CD 4 cells , CXCR 4 transfectants , and peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) , but did not affect CCR 5 mediated infection by macrophage tropic ( M tropic ) and dual tropic primary HIV 1 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
For efficient entry into target cells , primary macrophage tropic and laboratory adapted human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 ( HIV 1 ) require particular chemokine receptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , respectively , as well as the primary receptor CD 4 ( refs 1 6 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RANTES interacts with CCR 5 and SDF 1 with CXCR 4 receptors . ^^^ DCs express more CCR 5 and CXCR 4 mRNA than T cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 dependencies for infections by primary patient and laboratory adapted isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 . ^^^ We have used a focal infectivity method to quantitatively analyze the CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 dependencies for infections by diverse primary patient ( PR ) and laboratory adapted ( LA ) isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These chemokine receptors include CXCR 2 , CXCR 4 , CCR 1 and CCR 5 . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : These data support recent findings that members of the chemokine family , including CCR 5 and LESTR / Fusin ( CXCR 4 ) , function as coreceptors in combination with CD 4 for HIV 1 invasion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
T cell line tropic ( T tropic ) HIV 1 viruses use the chemokine receptor CXCR 4 as a co receptor , whereas macrophage tropic ( M tropic ) primary viruses use CCR 5 ( refs 2 6 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
One of these receptors , CCR 5 , serves as a coreceptor for nonsyncytium inducing ( NSI ) , macrophage tropic strains of HIV 1 , while another , fusin or CXCR 4 , functions as a coreceptor for T cell line adapted , syncytium inducing ( SI ) strains . ^^^ However , in patients with disease progression , the virus expanded its coreceptor use to include CCR 5 , CCR 3 , CCR2b , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The discovery of distinct chemokine receptors that support entry of T cell tropic ( CXCR 4 ) and macrophage tropic HIV 1 strains ( CCR 5 ) explains the differences in cell tropism between viral strains , the inability of HIV 1 to infect most nonprimate cells , and the resistance of a small percentage of the population to HIV 1 infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The HIV coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are differentially expressed and regulated on human T lymphocytes . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 function as coreceptors for HIV 1 entry into CD4+ cells . ^^^ During the early stages of HIV infection , viral isolates tend to use CCR 5 for viral entry , while later isolates tend to use CXCR 4 . ^^^ Furthermore , the largely reciprocal expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 among peripheral blood T cells implies distinct susceptibility of T cell subsets to viral entry by T cell line tropic versus macrophage tropic strains during the course of HIV infection . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Macrophage tropic HIV 1 isolates are generally specific for CCR 5 , a receptor for the CC chemokines RANTES , MIP 1alpha , and MIP 1beta , while T cell line tropic viruses tend to use CXCR 4 ( also known as fusin , LESTR , or HUMSTR ) . ^^^ In addition , HIV 1 was able to use the rhesus homologs of the human coreceptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The alpha chemokine receptor fusin ( CXCR 4 ) and beta chemokine receptor CCR 5 serve as entry cofactors for T cell ( T ) tropic and macrophage ( M ) tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) strains , respectively , when expressed with CD 4 in otherwise nonpermissive cells . ^^^ Primary CD 4 T cells from delta ccr 5 homozygous individuals were highly resistant to infection with prototype M tropic HIV 1 strains , including an isolate ( YU 2 ) that uses CCR 5 and CCR 3 , but were permissive for both a T tropic strain ( 3B ) and a dual tropic variant ( 89 . 6 ) that uses CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , CCR 3 , or CCR2b . ^^^ Primary macrophages from delta ccr 5 homozygous individuals were also resistant to infection with M tropic strains , including YU 2 , but the dual tropic strain 89 . 6 was able to replicate in them even though macrophages are highly resistant to CXCR 4 dependent T tropic isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 have recently been shown to act as coreceptors , in concert with CD 4 , for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both blocks in HIV 1 replication can be relieved by either expression of the appropriate human coreceptor ( CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ) or expression of SIV gene products in cis with the HIV 1 envelope as a chimera between SIV and HIV 1 ( SHIV ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Consistent with this discrepancy , two distinct chemokine receptors , namely , CXCR 4 ( ref . 7 ) and CCR 5 ( ref . 8 ) , were recently identified as potential co receptors for T cell line adapted and macrophage tropic HIV 1 isolates , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Macrophage tropic ( M tropic ) HIV 1 isolates use CCR 5 , and T cell tropic ( T tropic ) strains use CXCR 4 . ^^^ Unlike HIV 1 , both M and T tropic SIV envs used CCR 5 but not CXCR 4 or the other chemokine receptors tested . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have assayed a variety of 7tm chemokine receptors ( CCR 2b , CCR 3 , CCR 4 , CCR 5 , CXCR 1 , CXCR 4 ) and two orphan 7tm receptors ( V 28 and EBI . 1 ) for their ability to allow infection of CD 4 negative feline kidney CCC cells by the HIV 2 strains ROD / A and ROD / B . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The CXCR 4 chemokine receptor and CD 4 behave as coreceptors for cell line adapted human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 ( HIV 1 and HIV 2 ) and for dual tropic HIV strains , which also use the CCR 5 coreceptor . ^^^ They also suggest differences in the interaction of dual tropic HIV with CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells were assessed for mRNA expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) coreceptors CXCR 4 , also termed fusin or LESTR , and CKR 5 , also called CC CKR 5 or CCR 5 . ^^^ Expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptors CXCR 4 ( fusin , LESTR ) and CKR 5 in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells . ^^^ Assessing 9 CD34+ cell samples by polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription ( RT PCR ) , CXCR 4 mRNA was found in all samples , whereas CKR 5 mRNA was only present in 3 samples , even though a nested PCR was used . ^^^ CXCR 4 mRNA was found in 5 of 8 CD34+ / CD4+ samples and in 7 of 8 CD34+ / CD4 samples , whereas CKR 5 mRNA was detected in 2 CD34+ / CD4+ samples and in 1 CD34+ / CD4 cell sample . ^^^ Looking at the total number of CD34+ cell samples examined , the proportion of specimens containing CXCR 4 mRNA was 84 % in comparison with 24 % of specimens positive for CKR 5 mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 , CCR2B , CCR 3 , and CCR 5 have recently been shown to serve along with CD 4 as coreceptors for HIV 1 . ^^^ Of greatest interest , STRL 33 , in contrast with CXCR 4 or CCR 5 , was able to function as a cofactor for fusion mediated by Envs from both T cell line tropic and macrophage tropic HIV 1 strains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have shown that HIV89 . 6 can utilize both the M tropic and T tropic cofactors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , respectively , in conjunction with CD 4 for fusion and entry into otherwise nonpermissive nonhuman cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Evolution of HIV 1 coreceptor usage through interactions with distinct CCR 5 and CXCR 4 domains . ^^^ Finally , a hybrid receptor in which the amino terminus of CXCR 4 was replaced by that of CCR 5 was active as a coreceptor for M tropic , T tropic , and dual tropic env proteins . ^^^ We propose that dual tropism may evolve in CCR 5 restricted HIV 1 strains through acquisition of the ability to utilize the first and second extracellular loops of CXCR 4 while retaining the ability to interact with the CCR 5 amino terminal domain . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , using a panel of primary nonsyncytium inducing and syncytium inducing isolates that use CCR 5 or both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 as coreceptors , we show that the latter dual tropic isolates are less tolerant to changes in CCR 5 than strains with a more restricted coreceptor use . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are the two major coreceptors that have been identified for human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) entry . ^^^ We have modified several beta galactosidase based HIV indicator cell lines to express CCR 5 and / or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The human cytomegalovirus encodes a beta chemokine receptor ( US 28 ) that is distantly related to the human chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , which also serve as cofactors for the entry into cells of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ligation of CCR 5 by the CC chemokines RANTES , MIP 1alpha or MIP 1beta , and of CXCR 4 by the CXC chemokine SDF 1alpha , profoundly inhibits the replication of HIV strains that use these coreceptors for entry into CD 4 ( + ) T lymphocytes . ^^^ We found a rapid and extensive downregulation of CXCR 4 by SDF 1alpha and of CCR 5 by RANTES or the antagonist RANTES ( 9 68 ) . ^^^ Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , after binding to their ligands , are internalized into vesicles that qualify as early endosomes as indicated by colocalization with transferrin receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The principal receptor for entry of macrophage tropic ( M tropic ) HIV 1 strains is CCR 5 , whereas that for T cell line tropic ( T tropic ) strains is CXCR 4 . ^^^ Unlike HIV 1 , infection with either M tropic or T tropic strains of simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ) can be mediated by CCR 5 , but not CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two CC chemokine receptors , CCR 3 and CCR 5 , as well as the CXCR 4 chemokine receptor , have been shown necessary for infection by several HIV 1 virus isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The critical role of chemokine receptors ( CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) infection and pathogenesis prompted a search for polymorphisms in other chemokine receptor genes that mediate HIV 1 disease progression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , and CCR 5 are cell entry coreceptors for HIV 1 . ^^^ Using an HIV 1 envelope ( Env ) dependent cell cell fusion model of entry , we show that CCR 3 can interact with Envs from certain macrophage ( M ) tropic strains ( which also use CCR 5 ) , T cell line ( TCL ) tropic laboratory adapted strains ( which also use CXCR 4 ) , and a dual tropic primary isolate ( which also uses CCR2b , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
DC expressed appreciable levels of the CCR 1 , CCR 2 , and CCR 5 receptors for the CC chemokines and the chemokine receptors CXCR 1 , CXCR 2 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Envelope glycoproteins from HIV 2 use CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , while those from several strains of SIV use CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptor CCR 5 acts as an essential cofactor for cell entry by macrophage tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) strains , whereas CXCR 4 acts as an essential cofactor for T cell line adapted strains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Purified blood DC contained CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 3 , and CCR 5 as well as the CXCR 4 chemokine receptor RNA transcripts and high levels of fusin on the cell surface . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NSI strains of HIV 1 predominantly use the CCR 5 chemokine receptor as a fusion cofactor , whereas fusion of T cell line adapted SI isolates is mediated by another chemokine receptor , CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently , some chemokine receptors , notably CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , have been shown to be essential fusion factors on target cells for infection by human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) ; the chemokines bound by these receptors have also been shown to act as potent inhibitors of HIV infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
During 1996 , the necessary entry co factors ( co receptors or second receptors ) were identified as being members of the seven transmembrane spanning receptor family fusin : CXCR 4 for T tropic strains and CCR 5 , principally , for M tropic strains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because vMIP 2 could inhibit cell entry of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) mediated through CCR 3 and CCR 5 as well as CXCR 4 , this protein may serve as a lead for development of broad spectrum anti HIV agents . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent studies have identified the C 10 C chemokine receptor CXCR 4 ( also named fusin or Lestr ) and the C C chemokine receptor CCR 5 as the principal entry cofactors for T cell line tropic and non T cell line tropic HIV 1 , respectively . ^^^ CD4 glioma cell lines , stably expressing the chemokine receptor CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , or CXCR 4 , we have tested chemokine receptor specificity for a panel of genetically diverse envelope glycoprotein genes cloned from primary HIV 1 isolates and have found that receptor usage was closely associated with the biological phenotype of the virus isolate but not the genetic subtype . ^^^ In addition to the regular use of CXCR 4 , many rapid / high viruses used CCR 5 and some also used CCR 3 and CCR2b . ^^^ Two primary isolates with multiple coreceptor usage were shown to consist of mixed populations , one with a narrow host range using CCR 5 only and the other with a broad host range using CCR 3 , CCR 5 , or CXCR 4 , similar to the original population . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptor CXCR 4 is the major coreceptor used for cellular entry by T cell tropic human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) 1 strains , whereas CCR 5 is used by macrophage ( M ) tropic strains . ^^^ ALX 40 4C inhibited HIV 1 use of the coreceptor CXCR 4 by T and dual tropic HIV 1 strains , whereas use of CCR 5 by M and dual tropic strains was not inhibited . ^^^ Dual tropic viruses capable of using both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 were inhibited by ALX 40 4C only when cells expressed CXCR 4 alone . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Usage of the coreceptors CCR 5 , CCR 3 , and CXCR 4 by primary and cell line adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 2 . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , and possibly CCR 3 , are the principal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) coreceptors , apparently interacting with HIV 1 envelope , in association with CD 4 . ^^^ The CCR 5 , CCR 3 , and CXCR 4 coreceptors could all be used by HIV 2 . ^^^ As observed for HIV 1 , the usage of CCR 5 or CCR 3 was observed principally for HIV 2 strains derived from asymptomatic individuals , while HIV 2 strains derived from AIDS patients used CXCR 4 . ^^^ The two T tropic HIV 2 strains tested used CXCR 4 and not CCR 5 , while T tropic HIV 1 can generally use both . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The CC chemokine receptors CCR 5 , CCR 2 , and CCR 3 and the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR 4 have been implicated as CD 4 associated cofactors in the entry of primary and cell line adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) strains . ^^^ These include CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 3 , CCR 4 , CCR 5 , CXCR 2 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Isolates of HIV that differ in cellular tropism use different subsets of chemokine receptors as entry cofactors : macrophage tropic HIVs primarily use CCR 5 , whereas T cell tropic and dual tropic isolates use CXCR 4 receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Members of the chemokine receptor family CCR 5 and CXCR 4 have recently been shown to be involved in the entry of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) into target cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Identification of the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 as the major coreceptors for HIV 1 entry has greatly assisted our understanding of HIV 1 pathogenesis , transmission , and tropism . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The two most widely used co receptors thus far recognized , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , are expressed by both activated T lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes . ^^^ CCR 5 , a specific RANTES , MIP 1alpha and MIP 1 receptor , is used preferentially by non MT 2 tropic HIV 1 and HIV 2 strains and by simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ) , whereas CXCR 4 , a receptor for the C 10 C chemokine SDF 1 , is used by MT 2 tropic HIV 1 and HIV 2 , but not by SIV . ^^^ By contrast , the majority of the isolates derived after the progression of the disease were resistant to C C chemokines , having acquired the ability to use CXCR 4 and , in some cases , CCR 3 , while gradually losing CCR 5 usage . ^^^ In children who progressed to AIDS without a shift to CXCR 4 usage , all the sequential isolates were CCR 5 dependent but showed a reduced sensitivity to C C chemokines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Signal transduction due to HIV 1 envelope interactions with chemokine receptors CXCR 4 or CCR 5 . ^^^ Infection with HIV 1 requires expression of CD 4 and the chemokine receptors CXCR 4 or CCR 5 at the target cell surface . ^^^ The response requires CXCR 4 and CCR 5 to be accessible on the cell surface . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Macrophage tropic ( M tropic ) HIV 1 strains utilize the chemokine receptor CCR 5 in conjunction with CD 4 to infect cells , while T cell tropic ( T tropic ) strains generally utilize CXCR 4 as a coreceptor . ^^^ Some viruses can use both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 for virus entry ( i . e . , are dual tropic ) , while other chemokine receptors can be used by a subset of virus strains . ^^^ Due to the genetic diversity of HIV 1 , HIV 2 , and simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ) and the potential for chemokine receptors other than CCR 5 or CXCR 4 to influence viral pathogenesis , we tested a panel of 28 HIV 1 , HIV 2 , and SIV envelope ( Env ) proteins for the ability to utilize chemokine receptors , orphan receptors , and herpesvirus encoded chemokine receptor homologs by membrane fusion and virus infection assays . ^^^ While all Env proteins used either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 or both , several also used CCR 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently , the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were identified as cofactors for fusion / entry of macrophage and T tropic strains of HIV 1 , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression and function of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on human Langerhans cells and macrophages : implications for HIV primary infection . ^^^ Using polyclonal rabbit IgGs specific for the HIV co receptors cytokines CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , we found that freshly isolated epidermal LCs ( resembling resident mucosal LCs ) expressed CCR 5 , but not CXCR , on their surfaces . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that rhesus macaque BCECs express chemokine receptors involved in HIV and SIV entry including CCR 5 , CCR 3 , CXCR 4 , and STRL 33 , but not CCR2b , GPR 1 , or GPR 15 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This article reviews what is currently known about the selective utilization of particular coreceptors by primate lentiviruses and the nature of the envelope / coreceptor interaction , with particular reference to two important HIV 1 coreceptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Down regulation of the CCR 5 and CXCR 4 receptors occurred in cells treated with the cognate chemokines and probably contributes to anti HIV 1 activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The conformational changes induced by this interaction likely favor a second step interaction between gp 120 and a coreceptor such as CXCR 4 or CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 is expressed by primary macrophages and supports CCR 5 independent infection by dual tropic but not T tropic isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 . ^^^ Primary macrophages are infected by macrophage ( M ) tropic but not T cell line ( T ) tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) strains , and CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are the principal cofactors utilized for CD 4 mediated entry by M tropic and T tropic isolates , respectively . ^^^ Macrophages from individuals homozygous for an inactivating mutation of CCR 5 are resistant to prototype M tropic strains that depend on CCR 5 but are permissive for a dual tropic isolate , 89 . 6 , that can use both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , as well as CCR2b , CCR 3 , and CCR 8 . ^^^ Here we show that 89 . 6 entry into CCR 5 deficient macrophages is blocked by an anti CXCR 4 antibody and by the CXCR 4 specific chemokine SDF but not by the ligands to CCR2b or CCR 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Therefore , we examined the expression of the chemokine receptors CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 as RNAs or as membrane expressed antigens in monocytes maturing into macrophages and correlated these results with the susceptibility of macrophages to HIV 1 infection , as measured by their concentrations of extracellular p 24 antigen and levels of intracellular HIV DNA by quantitative PCR . ^^^ The concordance of levels of HIV DNA and p 24 antigen suggested that the changes in susceptibility with monocyte maturation were at or immediately after entry and correlated well with CCR 5 expression and inversely with CXCR 4 expression . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Localization of HIV 1 co receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in the brain of children with AIDS . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are co receptors together with CD 4 for human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) 1 entry into target cells . ^^^ Macrophage tropic HIV 1 viruses use CCR 5 as a co receptor , whereas T cell line tropic viruses use CXCR 4 . ^^^ We examined expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in brain tissue from 20 pediatric acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) patients in relation to neuropathological consequences of HIV 1 infection . ^^^ The overall frequency of CCR 5 positive perivascular mononuclear cells and macrophages was increased in the brains of children with severe HIV 1 encephalitis ( HIVE ) compared with children with mild HIVE or non AIDS controls , whereas the frequency of CXCR 4 positive perivascular cells did not correlate with disease severity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The bicyclam AMD 3100 ( formula weight 830 ) blocks HIV 1 entry and membrane fusion via the CXCR 4 co receptor , but not via CCR 5 . ^^^ AMD 3100 prevents monoclonal antibody 12G5 from binding to CXCR 4 , but has no effect on binding of monoclonal antibody 2D7 to CCR 5 . ^^^ It also inhibits binding of the CXC chemokine , SDF 1alpha , to CXCR 4 and subsequent signal transduction , but does not itself cause signaling and has no effect on RANTES signaling via CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chimpanzee CXCR 4 and CCR 5 act as coreceptors for HIV type 1 . ^^^ As chimpanzees are the animal model for infection by HIV 1 , we cloned and sequenced chimpanzee CXCR 4 and CCR 5 from PBMCs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NSI strains used the CCR 5 coreceptor to enter CD4+ cells , while an SI strain from one of the vaccinees also used CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Besides CD 4 , they express the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , the common coreceptors of HIV . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The cellular tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) is dependent on utilization of specific chemokine co receptor : macrophage tropic / non syncytium inducing ( NSI ) viruses use CCR 5 , whereas T cell tropic / syncytium inducing ( SI ) viruses preferentially use CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It is replication competent in vitro after transfection into Molt4 / 8 cells , replicates in a variety of established human T lymphoblastic ( Molt 3 , Molt4 / 8 , SupT 1 , H 9 , C 8166 ) and myelomonocytic ( U 937 ) cell lines , and displays prominent cytopathic effects on infection of Molt4 / 8 cells , reflecting usage of both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By comparison with other chemokine receptors , such as CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , the primary sequences of human CCR 3 and its rhesus macaque homolog were markedly different in their extracellular domains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Monocyte macrophages can be productively infected by CCR 5 specific , but not CXCR 4 specific , HIV 1 . ^^^ To investigate the basis of macrophage tropism , we studied the expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , as well as several of the other CC chemokine receptors , on monocyte macrophages at different stages of differentiation . ^^^ Some donor macrophages appeared to express CXCR 4 at levels comparable to CCR 5 . ^^^ GM CSF , a cytokine that induces macrophage differentiation , caused a rapid decrease in CXCR 4 and CCR 5 mRNA and was correlated with decreased ability to support HIV entry . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus , type 1 ( HIV 1 ) cell type tropism is dictated by chemokine receptor usage : T cell line tropic viruses use CXCR 4 , whereas monocyte tropic viruses primarily use CCR 5 as fusion coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have investigated whether the identity of the coreceptor ( CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , or both ) used by primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) isolates to enter CD4+ cells influences the sensitivity of these isolates to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies and CD 4 based agents . ^^^ We also studied whether dualtropic primary isolates ( able to use both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ) were differentially sensitive to neutralization by the same antibodies when entering U87MG CD 4 cells stably expressing either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ Similar results were obtained for CCR 5 or CXCR 4 expressing HOS cell lines engineered to express green fluorescent protein as a reporter of HIV 1 entry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In particular , laboratory adapted variants of the virus that use CXCR 4 as a coreceptor are highly sensitive to neutralization by sera from HIV 1 infected individuals , whereas primary isolates that use CCR 5 instead of , or in addition to , CXCR 4 are neutralized poorly . ^^^ To determine whether this dichotomy in neutralization sensitivity could be explained by differential coreceptor usage , virus neutralization by serum samples from HIV 1 infected individuals was assessed in MT 2 cells , which express CXCR 4 but not CCR 5 , and in mitogen stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) , where multiple coreceptors including CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are available for use . ^^^ Our results showed that three of four primary isolates with a syncytium inducing ( SI ) phenotype and that use CXCR 4 and CCR 5 were neutralized poorly in both MT 2 cells and PBMC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In experiments wherein infection by 168P is directed via either the CCR 5 or the CXCR 4 pathway , we demonstrate that the virus , as well as pseudotyped virions bearing a molecularly cloned 168P envelope protein , remains refractory to neutralization by MAbs 257 D , 268 D , and 50 . 1 regardless of the coreceptor utilized . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , in combination with CD 4 , mediate cellular entry of macrophage tropic ( M tropic ) and T cell tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) , respectively , while dualtropic viruses can use either receptor . ^^^ As expected , the dualtropic HIV 1 ( DH 12 ) gp 120 utilized either CCR 3 , CCR 5 , or CXCR 4 , whereas HIV 1 ( AD 8 ) gp 120 was able to use only CCR 3 or CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 is the major coreceptor for T cell line adapted isolates and CCR 5 for non T cell line adapted isolates . ^^^ CD4 glioma cells stably expressing chemokine receptor CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , or CXCR 4 . ^^^ Furthermore , dual tropism for CXCR 4 and CCR 5 was not found among subtype D isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , we demonstrate that the corresponding chemokine receptors CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 3 , and CXCR 4 are expressed in perivascular infiltrates in these same tissues . ^^^ In addition , we detected CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 on subpopulations of large hippocampal and neocortical pyramidal neurons and on glial cells in both normal and encephalitic brain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The large majority of anti CD3 / B7 . 1 activated cord blood CD8+ T cells coexpress CD 4 , the primary HIV receptor , as well as CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , the coreceptors used by M and T tropic HIV 1 strains , respectively , to enter target cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) infection requires binding of the envelope protein gp 120 to host CD 4 receptors and the action of the chemokine receptors CXCR 4 or CCR 5 , which define cell tropism . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cellular infection by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) requires interaction of the viral envelope protein with CD 4 and at least one additional cell surface molecule , termed a `` cofactor ' ' or `` coreceptor . ' ' Recent discoveries have determined that macrophage tropic strains of HIV 1 which are largely responsible for sexual transmission require the beta chemokine receptor CCR 5 in addition to CD 4 , while the T cell tropic viruses that emerge later after infection use the alpha chemokine receptor CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD4 cells expressing CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 but also in HOS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we show that primary HIV 2 isolates can use a broad range of coreceptor molecules , including CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The results demonstrate the predominant use of CCR 5 , at least among the major coreceptors , with minor use of CCR 3 and CXCR 4 by some of the isolates or their envelope clones . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain 89 . 6 is a dualtropic isolate that replicates in macrophages and transformed T cells , and its envelope mediates CD 4 dependent fusion and entry with CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 3 . ^^^ These chimeras showed that regions of 89 . 6 env outside V 3 through V 5 determine CXCR 4 utilization and T cell line tropism as well as CCR 5 utilization and macrophage tropism . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Patterns of CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 3 usage by envelope glycoproteins from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates . ^^^ Usage of recombinant CCR 5 and CXCR 4 correlated closely with fusogenicity toward macrophages and T cell lines expressing endogenous coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Other chemokine receptors ( CCR 1 , CCR 3 , CCR 4 , and CCR 5 ) were not substantially affected , and CXCR 4 was reduced . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immature DCs express mRNA for CXCR 4 , CCR 3 and CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In vivo distribution of the human immunodeficiency virus / simian immunodeficiency virus coreceptors : CXCR 4 , CCR 3 , and CCR 5 . ^^^ We have evaluated the in vivo distribution of the major human immunodeficiency virus / simian immunodeficiency virus ( HIV / SIV ) coreceptors , CXCR 4 , CCR 3 , and CCR 5 , in both rhesus macaques and humans . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Viruses predominantly use one , or occasionally both , of the major co receptors CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , although other receptors , including CCR2B and CCR 3 , function as minor co receptors . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are used by R 5 and X 4 viruses , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression patterns of the HIV type 1 coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on CD4+ T cells and monocytes from cord and adult blood . ^^^ We have measured the surface expression of the HIV 1 coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on CD4+ T cells and monocytes from cord and adult blood . ^^^ The expression of CCR 5 was largely restricted to the memory ( CD45RAlow ) subset , whereas CXCR 4 was expressed on both memory and naive ( CD45RAhigh ) T cells . ^^^ IL 2 activation of CD4+ T cells from both cord and adult bloods caused a substantial increase in CCR 5 expression , but moderately decreased CXCR 4 expression . ^^^ Monocytes expressed both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 at levels that differed little between cord and adult blood . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mutational analysis of the CCR 5 and CXCR 4 genes ( HIV 1 co receptors ) in resistance to HIV 1 infection and AIDS development among intravenous drug users . ^^^ We analysed a group of Spanish intravenous drug users and controls to determine the role of mutations at the chemokine receptor 5 / HIV 1 cofactor ( CCR 5 ) , previously implicated in resistance to HIV 1 infection , and CXCR 4 genes in susceptibility to HIV 1 infection . ^^^ No mutation in CXCR 4 was found , and delta ccr 5 was the only mutation identified at the CCR 5 gene . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show here that 10 % of fresh circulating B cells from HIV 1 seronegative donors ( 1 ) express the CD 4 receptor and CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , two recently described coreceptors for HIV 1 and ( 2 ) are permissive to HIV 1 with de novo proviral DNA integration following ex vivo infection by either SI ( syncytium inducing ) or NSI ( non syncytium inducing ) isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interferon gamma increases expression of chemokine receptors CCR 1 , CCR 3 , and CCR 5 , but not CXCR 4 in monocytoid U 937 cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Analysis of GHOST 4 cell lines expressing various chemokine receptors ( CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 4 , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , BONZO , and BOB ) further defined specific coreceptor usage of primary HIV 2 isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Exclusive and persistent use of the entry coreceptor CXCR 4 by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from a subject homozygous for CCR 5 delta32 . ^^^ We now report that the viral quasispecies from one such individual throughout disease is homogenous , T cell line tropic , and phenotypically syncytium inducing ( SI ) ; exclusively uses CXCR 4 ; and replicates well in CCR 5 / primary T cells . ^^^ The lack of evolution toward the available minor coreceptors in this subject underscores the dominant biological roles of the major coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ Since viruses which use CXCR 4 exclusively can not infect macrophages , these data have implications for the relative infection of the T cell compartment versus the macrophage compartment in vivo and for the development of CCR 5 based therapeutics . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Viruses use the chemokine receptor CCR 5 as a coreceptor in the early , asymptomatic stages of HIV 1 infection but can adapt to the use of other receptors such as CXCR 4 and CCR 3 as the infection proceeds . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 and CCR 5 genetic polymorphisms in long term nonprogressive human immunodeficiency virus infection : lack of association with mutations other than CCR 5 Delta32 . ^^^ Polymorphisms in the coding sequences of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were studied in a group of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infected long term nonprogressors . ^^^ Polymorphisms in the CXCR 4 and CCR 5 coding sequences other than CCR 5 Delta32 do not appear to play a dominant mechanistic role in nonprogression among HIV infected individuals . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we show that primary HIV 2 isolates and biological clones , in contrast to those of HIV 1 , may use a broad range of coreceptors , including CCR 1 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Non syncytium inducing ( NSI ) HIV variants ( monocytotropic ) use the beta chemokine receptor CCR 5 , syncytium inducing ( SI ) variants ( lymphocytotropic ) the alpha chemokine receptor CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this report we describe a distamycin analogue , 2 , 2 ' [ 4 , 4 ' [ [ aminocarbonyl ] amino ] bis [ N , 4 ' di [ pryrrole 2 carboxamide 1 , 1 ' dimethyl ] ] 6 , 8 naphthalenedisulfonic acid ] hexasodium salt ( NSC 651016 ) , that selectively inhibited chemokine binding to CCR 5 , CCR 3 , CCR 1 , and CXCR 4 , but not to CXCR 2 or CCR2b , and blocked chemokine induced calcium flux . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although substitution of the V1 / V2 region of a CCR 3 tropic envelope into the context of a CCR 5 tropic envelope is both necessary and sufficient to confer CCR 3 tropism , this same substitution has no phenotypic effect when inserted into a CXCR 4 tropic HIV 1 envelope context . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have investigated the role of the recently described mutation in CCR2b named 64I in relation to HIV resistance , CD 4 T cell counts , and disease progression in Danish individuals by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) based methods as well as sequenced full length CXCR 4 and CCR 5 genes from HIV infected long term nonprogressors for possible mutations . ^^^ Long term nonprogression could not be explained by CXCR 4 polymorphism or other polymorphisms in the CCR 5 gene than the CCR5delta32 allele . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The major co factors for HIV infection , CCR 5 , CCR 3 , and CXCR 4 have been detected in the human brain in a variety of cell types including microglia , astrocytes , neurons , and vascular endothelial cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
SIV isolates also use CCR 5 but are only rarely specific for CXCR 4 . ^^^ Strains of HIV 2 , which are closely related to the SIVs , also often utilise CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , BOB and / or Bonzo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ Signal transductions by the dual function CXCR 4 and CCR 5 chemokine receptors / HIV type 1 ( HIV 1 ) coreceptors were electrophysiologically monitored in Xenopus laevis oocytes that also coexpressed the viral receptor CD 4 and a G protein coupled inward rectifying K+ channel ( Kir 3 . 1 ) . ^^^ Large Kir 3 . 1 dependent currents generated in response to the corresponding chemokines ( SDF 1alpha for CXCR 4 and MIP 1alpha ; MIP 1beta and RANTES for CCR 5 ) were blocked by pertussis toxin , suggesting involvement of inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding proteins . ^^^ CXCR 4 and CCR 5 exhibited heterologous desensitization in this oocyte system , suggesting possible inhibition of a common downstream step in their signaling pathways . ^^^ In contrast to chemokines , perfusion with monomeric or oligomeric preparations of the glycoprotein of Mr 120 , 000 ( gp 120 ) derived from several isolates of HIV 1 did not activate signaling by CXCR 4 or CCR 5 regardless of CD 4 coexpression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To begin to address the role of chemokine receptors in CNS physiology , we identified , by molecular cloning techniques , the rat orthologs of the chemokine receptors , CCR 2 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^ Primary cultures of rat microglia expressed CCR 5 mRNA that was regulated by IFN gamma , while both cultured astrocytes and microglia were found to contain mRNA for CXCR 4 and CX3CR1 . ^^^ Induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis ( EAE ) in the rat was accompanied by increased levels of CCR 2 , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CX3CR1 mRNAs in the lumbar spinal cords of animals displaying clinical signs of the disease . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Genetically divergent strains of simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ) from macaques ( mac ) , chimpanzees , and sooty mangabeys ( SM ) efficiently used rhesus and human CCR 5 ( R 5 ) , but not CXCR 4 ( xR 4 ) , for cell entry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It was recently demonstrated that the compound inhibited HIV entry through CXCR 4 but not through CCR 5 . ^^^ Selectivity of AMD 3100 for CXCR 4 was further indicated by its lack of effect on HIV 1 and HIV 2 infection mediated by the CCR 5 , CCR 3 , Bonzo , BOB , and US 28 , coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Such properties were initially reported for the cellular chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , which behave as CD 4 associated HIV 1 coreceptors . ^^^ We found that coexpression of US 28 and either CXCR 4 or CCR 5 in CD 4 ( + ) cells resulted in enhanced synctium formation with HIV 1 Env+ cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In vitro studies examining the presence of CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 on human brain cell cultures demonstrated abundant neuronal and microglial expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Allelic variants for the HIV 1 co receptors chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) and CCR 2 , as well as the ligand for the co receptor CXCR 4 , stromal derived factor ( SDF 1 ) , have been associated with a delay in disease progression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Additional mechanistic studies demonstrated that NSC 651016 inhibited chemokine binding to specific chemokine receptors , induced CXCR 4 and CCR 5 receptor internalization , and inhibited chemokine induced chemotaxis by macrophage inflammatory protein ( MIP ) 1alpha , MIP 1beta , RANTES , and stromal derived factor 1alpha but not monocyte chemotactic protein 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It differentially regulates the two major HIV 1 coreceptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells , increasing CXCR 4 and decreasing CCR 5 expression in primary CD 4 ( + ) T lymphocytes . ^^^ The combination of these effects results in increased propagation of CXCR 4 using and inhibition of CCR 5 using HIV 1 strains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The discovery of two novel structures ( CXCR 4 , CCR 5 ) that act as HIV 1 coreceptors in target cells has allowed a better understanding of the virus cell interaction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Today it is known that the presence of the CD 4 molecule on the cells does not suffice for them to be able to be infected , being necessary the presence of co receptors such as CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of two chemokine receptors , namely CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , together with the regulated production of their respective ligands , appears to be extremely important in determining sensitivity of T cells to HIV 1 infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , two HIV 1 coreceptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , were sequenced from chimpanzee and baboon PBMCs to determine if any sequence variations or mutations in these genes could be responsible for resistance to HIV infection . ^^^ Primers were designed from the human coreceptor sequences and were able to amplify the CCR 5 and CXCR 4 genes from these non human primate cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein ( MCP ) 3 , MCP 4 , and eotaxin acted like RANTES , whereas macrophage inflammatory protein ( MIP ) 1alpha , MIP 1beta , MCP 1 , and stromal cell derived factor 1 were inactive , suggesting a role for the eotaxin receptor , CCR 3 , and ruling out the involvement of CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The efficiency of the entry was compared with the entry taking place in CD 4 positive cells expressing either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ Three of the ten isolates did not use CMKRL 1 ; instead , entry was mediated by both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interestingly , freshly isolated LC express the HIV coreceptor CCR 5 , but not CXCR 4 , on their cell surfaces . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We studied the expression and possible functional role of chemokine receptors CXCR 3 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 in normal human B lymphocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Ten of these primary isolates , three that were CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) tropic , three that were CCR 5 ( R 5 ) tropic , and four that were dual or polytropic were chosen for study of their sensitivity to neutralization by human monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Influence of the CCR 2 V64I polymorphism on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptor activity and on chemokine receptor function of CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) in conjunction with CD 4 to infect cells . ^^^ CCR2b and CCR2b V64I were expressed at similar levels , and neither molecule affected the expression or coreceptor activity of CCR 3 , CCR 5 , or CXCR 4 in cotransfected cell lines . ^^^ Peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) from CCR 2 V64I heterozygotes had normal levels of CCR2b and CCR 5 but slightly reduced levels of CXCR 4 . ^^^ The MCP 1 induced calcium mobilization mediated by CCR2b signaling was unaffected by the polymorphism , but MCP 1 signaling mediated by either CCR2b or CCR 2 V64I encoded receptors resulted in heterologous desensitization ( i . e . , limiting the signal response of other receptors ) of both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The differential use of CC chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) may be intimately involved in the transmission and progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection . ^^^ All of the T cell line adapted ( TCLA ) viruses studied to date utilize CXCR 4 but not CCR 5 . ^^^ Here we describe a newly isolated TCLA virus that is sensitive to neutralization but continues to utilize both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 for infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HAART reduced , by 40 % , the expression of HIV co receptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , which initially were elevated four to six times over the control values . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Quantitative kinetic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was developed to determine the in vivo expression levels of CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , CCR 3 , CCR2b , and the cytomegalovirus encoded US 28 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cervical biopsies from 12 women with and without sexually transmitted diseases , genital ulcer disease , and progesterone predominant conditions . ^^^ Our data indicate that CCR 5 is the major HIV co receptor expressed in the female genital tract , and CXCR 4 is the predominantly expressed HIV co receptor in peripheral blood . ^^^ CCR 5 mRNA expression in the ectocervix was 10 fold greater than CXCR 4 , 20 fold greater than CCR2b , and 100 fold greater than CCR 3 . ^^^ In peripheral blood , CXCR 4 expression was 1 . 5 fold greater than CCR 5 , 10 fold greater than CCR2b , and 15 fold greater than CCR 3 . ^^^ In vitro studies demonstrate that progesterone increases CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 3 expression and decreases CCR2b expression in lymphocytes and monocytes / macrophages . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Most importantly , anti CD3 / B7 activated neonatal CD 8 T cells coexpress CD 4 as well as CCR 5 and CXCR 4 and are susceptible to HIV 1 infection in vitro . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differential regulation of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 endocytosis . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are major co receptors / receptors for the CD 4 dependent and CD 4 independent entry of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses . ^^^ CCR 5 lacks the Ser / IleLeu sequence required for phorbol ester induced uptake of CXCR 4 . ^^^ Together these results indicate that distinct mechanisms can regulate CXCR 4 and CCR 5 endocytosis and trafficking . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Exchanges of the amino terminal segment of CCR 5 with the equivalent domains of CCR 1 , CCR 2 , and CXCR 4 did not significantly affect infection with virus pseudotyped with envelope glycoproteins ( Envs ) from HIV 2 and SIV , but substitution with the CXCR 4 sequence abrogated entry mediated by Env from HIV 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Taken together , these results demonstrate that the interactions between sgp 120 and CXCR 4 are globally similar to those previously observed between sgp 120 and CCR 5 , with some apparent differences in the strength of the sgp 120 CXCR4 interactions and their dependence on CD4 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are the major HIV 1 coreceptors , although some virus strains can also utilize alternative coreceptors such as CCR 3 to infect cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
SI strains using only CXCR 4 replicated equally well in macrophages with or without CCR 5 and were inhibited by several different ligands for CXCR 4 including SDF 1 and bicyclam derivative AMD 3100 . ^^^ SI strains that used a broad range of coreceptors including CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CCR 8 , CXCR 4 , and BONZO infected CCR 5 deficient macrophages about 10 fold less efficiently than CCR 5 ( + ) macrophages . ^^^ Our results therefore demonstrate that CXCR 4 , as well as CCR 5 , is used for infection of primary macrophages but provide no evidence for the use of alternative coreceptors . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
One Env ( Pnb 5 ) , obtained from a macrophage tropic virus isolated from the cerebral spinal fluid , did not use CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In vivo , HIV 1 infection is transmitted by viruses that recognize chemokine receptor CCR 5 , while viruses isolated at later stages of HIV disease often recognize another chemokine receptor , CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on human thymocytes : biological function and role in HIV 1 infection . ^^^ To define mechanisms of thymocyte infection , we examined human thymocytes for expression and function of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , the major cell entry coreceptors for T cell line tropic ( T tropic ) and macrophage tropic ( M tropic ) strains of HIV 1 , respectively . ^^^ In contrast to CXCR 4 , CCR 5 was detected at low levels on thymocytes , and CCR 5 agonists did not induce calcium flux or chemotaxis in thymocytes . ^^^ Our data provide strong evidence that CXCR 4 and CCR 5 function as coreceptors for HIV 1 infection of human thymocytes . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 in HIV 1 infected and uninfected individuals . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 have been identified as major coreceptors for HIV 1 entry into CD4+ T cells . ^^^ The majority of primary HIV 1 isolates in early disease use CCR 5 as a coreceptor , whereas during disease progression with the emergence of syncytium inducing viruses , CXCR 4 is also used . ^^^ We performed a cross sectional study in which we evaluated the expression of two HIV 1 coreceptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , in whole blood samples taken from HIV 1 infected and uninfected individuals . ^^^ We demonstrate that CXCR 4 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells , and CD14+ monocytes is significantly down regulated , and CCR 5 expression on CD4+ T cells is up regulated in HIV infected individuals compared with uninfected controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The simian immunodeficiency virus mnd ( GB 1 ) strain uses CXCR 4 , not CCR 5 , as coreceptor for entry in human cells . ^^^ This is , to our knowledge , the first SIV strain found to use CXCR 4 and not CCR 5 as a main coreceptor for entering human cells . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Maturation also resulted in up regulation of CXCR 4 and down regulation of CXCR 1 mRNA , while CCR 1 and CCR 5 mRNA were only marginally affected for up to 40 h . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of cell surface CXCR 4 on cLC was up regulated by IL 4 and TGF beta 1 and inhibited by IFN alpha , IFN beta , and IFN gamma , whereas cytokines did not appreciably regulate CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression delineates targets for HIV 1 disruption of T cell differentiation . ^^^ To define the stages of T cell differentiation that might be susceptible to HIV 1 , we performed flow cytometric analysis of the surface expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on T cells and their progenitors from fetal tissue , cord blood , SCID hu Thy / Liv mice , and adult peripheral blood . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition to the commonly used coreceptors CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CCR 3 , some of the viruses isolated from patients in the terminal stage of infection also used CCR 1 , CCR 2b , CCR 4 , and BOB as coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are the primary fusion coreceptors utilized for CD 4 mediated entry by macrophage ( M ) and T cell line ( T ) tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) strains , respectively . ^^^ Here we demonstrate that HIV 1 Tat protein , a potent viral transactivator shown to be released as a soluble protein by infected cells , differentially induced CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells . ^^^ CXCR 4 was induced on both lymphocytes and monocytes / macrophages , whereas CCR 5 and CCR 3 were induced on monocytes / macrophages but not on lymphocytes . ^^^ Moreover , Tat induced CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression was dose dependent . ^^^ Monocytes / macrophages were more susceptible to Tat mediated induction of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 than lymphocytes , and CCR 5 was more readily induced than CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We tested chemokine receptor subset usage by diverse , well characterized primary viruses isolated from peripheral blood by monitoring viral replication with CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 U87MG . ^^^ Conversely , broadening chemokine receptor usage from CCR 5 to both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 was associated with infection by a virus having a syncytium inducing phenotype and correlated with a faster rate of CD 4 T cell decline and progression of disease . ^^^ Thus , despite the number of chemokine receptors implicated in viral entry , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are likely to be the physiologically relevant chemokine receptors used as entry cofactors in vivo by diverse strains of primary viruses isolated from blood . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have tested a panel of pediatric and adult human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) primary isolates for the ability to employ the following proteins as coreceptors during viral entry : CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 4 , CCR 5 , CCR 8 , CXCR 4 , Bonzo , BOB , GPR 1 , V 28 , US 28 , and APJ . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Up regulation of CCR 5 by MAC was not paralleled by an increase in the T cell tropic coreceptor , CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study demonstrates cell surface expression of both CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) and CC chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) , major coreceptors for T cell tropic and macrophage tropic strains of HIV , respectively , on CD34+ progenitor cells derived from the peripheral blood . ^^^ HIV entry into CD34+ progenitor cells could be modulated by soluble CD 4 , HIV gp 120 third variable loop neutralizing mAb and the cognate ligands for the CXCR 4 and CCR 5 HIV coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated whether these orphan receptors could function as efficient coreceptors for a diverse group of HIV and SIV envelopes ( Envs ) in comparison with the principal coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ We found that a limited number of HIV 1 isolates could mediate inefficient cell cell fusion with the orphan receptors relative to CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ; however , none of the orphan receptors tested could support pseudotype virus infection despite robust infection via CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 was expressed at high levels on most thymocytes , whereas CCR 5 expression was restricted to only 0 . 1 to 2 % of thymocytes . ^^^ The difference in the amount of proviral DNA detected after infection of fresh thymocytes with NL 4 3 or JR CSF correlated with the levels of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 surface expression . ^^^ Interleukin 2 ( IL 2 ) , IL 4 , and IL 7 , cytokines normally present in the thymus , influenced the expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on thymocytes and thus increased the infectivity and spread of both NL 4 3 and JR CSF in culture . ^^^ Although CXCR 4 and CCR 5 distribution readily explained viral entry in mature CD 69 ( + ) and immature CD 69 ( ) cells , and correlated with proviral DNA distribution , we found that viral production was favored in CD 69 ( + ) cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 utilizing strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 exhibit differential tropism and pathogenesis in vivo . ^^^ CCR 5 utilizing ( R 5 ) and CXCR 4 utilizing ( X 4 ) strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) have been studied intensively in vitro , but the pathologic correlates of such differential tropism in vivo remain incompletely defined . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Genetic co inactivation of macrophage and T tropic HIV 1 chemokine coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 by intrakines . ^^^ In this study , we utilized a novel intracellular chemokine ( intrakine ) strategy to co inactivate genetically both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in human lymphocytes . ^^^ The principle of co inactivation of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 was illustrated by targeting the CC intrakine and CXC intrakine to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) for intracellular blockade of the transport of newly synthesized chemokine coreceptors to the cell surface . ^^^ The lymphocytes with the phenotypic knock out of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were found broadly to resist the infection of M tropic , T tropic and dual tropic HIV 1 viruses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
There exist at least two major coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) 1 entry into target cells , the CXCR 4 and CCR 5 chemokine receptors for T lymphocyte tropic and macrophage tropic strains of HIV 1 , respectively . ^^^ Highly purified human CD 34 cells derived from umbilical cord blood were shown not to express CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 on their cell membranes , as analyzed by immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometric analyses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Reverse transcription PCR demonstrated the expression of CCR 1 , CCR 4 , CCR 5 , CCR9 / 10 , CXCR 2 , CXCR 4 , and CX3CR1 , as well as the chemokine fractalkine in these neurons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Th 1 related molecules include CD 26 , membrane IFN gamma , LAG 3 , CCR 5 and CXCR 3 , whereas CD62L , CD 30 , CCR 3 , CCR 4 , CCR 8 , and in a certain way even CXCR 4 , preferentially associate with human Th 2 cells during certain phases of their differentiation / activation process . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression levels of CCR 5 among the resistant women were shown to be equivalent to that found in low risk seronegative ( negative ) controls , while CXCR 4 expression was greater among some of the resistant women . ^^^ In contrast to studies in Caucasian cohorts , these data indicate that CCR 5 polymorphisms , altered CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression levels , cellular resistance to in vitro HIV 1 infection , and increased levels of beta chemokine production do not account for the resistance to HIV 1 infection observed among the women of the Pumwani Sex Workers Cohort . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Microglia express CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 3 , but of these , CCR 5 is the principal coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dementia isolates . ^^^ To characterize human adult microglial chemokine receptors , we analyzed the expression and calcium signaling of CCR 5 , CCR 3 , and CXCR 4 and their roles in HIV entry . ^^^ Microglia expressed higher levels of CCR 5 than of either CCR 3 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ Of these three chemokine receptors , only CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were able to transduce a signal in microglia in response to their respective ligands , MIP 1beta and SDF 1alpha , as recorded by single cell calcium flux experiments . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Flow cytometric analysis showed that the level of CCR 5 expression was higher on IL 12 induced Th 1 type culture cells , whereas CXCR 4 was highly expressed on IL 4 induced Th 2 type culture cells , although a low level of CXCR 4 expression was observed on IL 12 induced Th 1 type culture cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , we demonstrated mRNA and cell surface expression of HIV 1 receptors CD 4 and the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in fractionated cells representing multiple stages of hematopoietic development . ^^^ Productive infection by HIV 1 via these receptors was observed with the notable exception of stem cells , in which case the presence of CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 , as documented by single cell analysis for expression and function , was insufficient for infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This correlated with changes in chemokine receptor expression : CCR 5 expression was reduced while CXCR 4 expression was enhanced . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Treatment with a monoclonal antibody ( MoAb ) to either CCR 1 or CCR 3 but not MoAbs to CCR 5 and CXCR 4 abolished chemotactic migration of monocyte derived DCs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The natural ligands for the chemokine receptors CCR 5 ( RANTES , MIP 1alpha , and MIP 1beta ) and CXCR 4 ( SDF 1 ) can act as potent inhibitors of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) at the level of viral entry . ^^^ Inhibition of HIV 1 by RANTES IgG 3 was specific for CCR 5 dependent but not CXCR 4 dependent HIV 1 isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression as well as that of other cell surface molecules , including adhesion molecules , was not affected by the cytokines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Together , this study provides the evidence that viruses using CXCR 4 or CCR 5 receptors for entry may differentially use signaling properties of their specific coreceptors to stimulate MAP kinase cascades . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This isolate was demonstrated to utilize CCR 4 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptors and could be inhibited by beta chemokines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The SG 3 Env used CXCR 4 and CCR 3 as coreceptors for virus entry , whereas YU 2 used CCR 5 and CCR 3 . ^^^ The V 3 regions of SG 3 and YU 2 conferred the ability to use CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The data demonstrate that the infecting macrophage tropic SIVMne clone as well as the envelope variants that are selected during the course of disease progression all recognize both CCR 5 and Bob ( GPR 15 ) but not Bonzo ( STRL 33 ) , CXCR 4 , or CCR 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
T 134 prevents the anti CXCR 4 monoclonal antibody from binding to peripheral blood mononuclear cells but has no effect on the binding of anti CCR 5 monoclonal antibodies . ^^^ The bicyclam AMD 3100 has also been shown to block HIV 1 entry via CXCR 4 but not via CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The human chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 have emerged as the predominant cofactors , along with CD 4 , for cellular entry of HIV 1 in vivo whereas the contribution of other chemokine receptors to HIV disease has not been yet determined . ^^^ CCR 5 specific ( R 5 ) viruses predominate during primary HIV 1 infection whereas viruses with specificity for CXCR 4 ( R5 / X4 or X 4 viruses ) often emerge in late stages of HIV disease . ^^^ To rigorously test this relationship , we assessed CD4+ T cell depletion in suspensions of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in explants of human lymphoid tissue on exposure to paired viruses that are genetically identical ( isogenic ) except for select envelope determinants specifying reciprocal tropism for CXCR 4 or CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These MDM expressed CD 4 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , the major coreceptors for HIV macrophage and T cell tropic isolates , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To this end , we sought to ( 1 ) phenotype human hematopoietic cells for CD 4 and the HIV 1 coreceptors CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , CCR 3 , and CCR2b ; ( 2 ) correlate CD 4 and chemokine receptor expression with their susceptibility to HIV 1 infection ; and ( 3 ) examine any potential interplay between inflammatory cytokines released during HIV 1 infection and regulation of chemokine receptor expression . ^^^ Infection studies with HIV 1 Env pseudotyped luciferase reporter viruses indicated that X 4 Env ( CXCR 4 using ) pseudotypes infected megakaryocytic cells , whereas R 5 Env ( CCR 5 using ) pseudotypes did not . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are the major coreceptors that , together with CD 4 , govern HIV 1 entry into cells . ^^^ We tested 11 primary HIV 2 isolates for coreceptor usage in human cell lines : U 87 glioma cells , stably expressing CD 4 and the chemokine receptor CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , or CXCR 4 , and GHOST ( 3 ) osteosarcoma cells , coexpressing CD 4 and CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , or the orphan receptor Bonzo or BOB . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
All V 3 recombinants utilized the chemokine receptor CCR 5 uniformly and efficiently as a coreceptor but not CXCR 4 , BOB / GPR15 , or Bonzo / STRL33 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Antibodies binding the CCR 3 chemokine receptor maximally inhibited infection of human PBMC by both FIV strains compared to antibodies to CXCR 4 or CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distribution of the human immunodeficiency virus coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 in fetal lymphoid organs : implications for pathogenesis in utero . ^^^ Here we have examined the expression of the two most widely utilized HIV coreceptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , on various lymphoid tissues derived from the fetus . ^^^ CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are differentially expressed on lymphocytes in different lymphoid organs , which may reflect the maturational and functional status of cells within the organ . ^^^ The different levels of coreceptor expression on CD4+ cells in the various organs may directly affect the targeting of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 tropic strains of HIV toward different fetal lymphoid tissues during in utero infection . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
All of the patients ' viruses used CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , or both , and coreceptor usage did not predict survival ( P= . 27 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are the principal CD 4 associated coreceptors used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Similarly , maternal isolate M 6 could use CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , Bonzo , and other coreceptors in transfected cells but was completely sensitive to inhibitors of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 mediated entry when grown in PBMC . ^^^ The ability of these viruses to use coreceptors in addition to CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in vitro was , therefore , irrelevant to their drug sensitivity in primary cells . ^^^ We argue that CCR 5 and CXCR 4 should remain the primary targets for antiviral drug development , pending strong evidence to the contrary . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The human immunodeficiency virus 1 ( HIV 1 ) utilises CD 4 and certain beta chemokine receptors , mainly CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , for attachment and virus entry into T lymphocytes and monocytes / macrophages . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BLT receptors share significant sequence homology with chemokine receptors ( CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ) that act as human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Fusion of monocytes and macrophages with HIV 1 correlates with biochemical properties of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ Human macrophages can be infected more efficiently by M tropic than by T tropic HIV 1 strains , despite surface expression of both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 co receptors . ^^^ However , CD 4 co precipitated with CCR 5 and CXCR 4 monomers , but not with the high molecular weight forms of CXCR 4 , indicating that the high molecular weight CXCR 4 species in macrophages are not available for association with CD 4 , which may contribute to the inefficient entry of T tropic strains into mature macrophages . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Macrophages are permissive for macrophage tropic ( M tropic ) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) isolates that use CCR 5 for entry but are resistant to CXCR 4 dependent T cell tropic prototype strains . ^^^ It is shown that CCR 5 deficient macrophages are permissive for a dual tropic isolate , 89 . 6 , that uses CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and other cofactors . ^^^ Entry by 89 . 6 into CCR 5 deficient macrophages was blocked by the CXCR 4 ligand SDF and by an anti CXCR 4 antibody . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The co receptor CCR 5 is associated with primary infection by macrophage tropic virus isolates , whereas CXCR 4 is commonly associated with T cell and dual tropic viruses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
So far , immunoreactivity for a number of chemokines ( including IL 8 , IP 10 , MIP 1beta , MIPalpha and MCP 1 ) and chemokine receptors ( including CXCR 2 , CXCR 3 , CXCR 4 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 and Duffy antigen ) have been demonstrated in resident cells of the CNS , and upregulation of some of the chemokines and receptors are found associated with AD pathological changes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To clarify the inhibitory mode of T 22 and its analogs , we used a single round replication assay ( luciferase assay ) , in which different envelope bearing pseudotypes were used to infect CXCR 4 or CCR 5 bearing U 87 cells via CD 4 . ^^^ All of the analogs inhibited T cell line tropic strain HXB 2 ( X 4 ) and dual tropic strain 89 . 6 ( R5X4 ) HIV infections mediated by CXCR 4 , but had no effect on macrophage tropic strain ADA ( R 5 ) or 89 . 6 HIV infections mediated by CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Highly potent RANTES analogues either prevent CCR 5 using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in vivo or rapidly select for CXCR 4 using variants . ^^^ Mice were infected with a CCR 5 using HIV 1 isolate that requires only one or two amino acid substitutions to use CXCR 4 as a coreceptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This HHV 6 mediated anti HIV effect was DC specific , occurred when HHV 6 was added either before or after HIV , and was not due to decreased surface expression or function of CD 4 , CXCR 4 , or CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To address the issues of redundancy and specificity of chemokines and their receptors in lymphocyte biology , we investigated the expression of CC chemokine receptors CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 3 , and CXCR 4 and responses to their ligands on memory and naive , CD 4 and CD 8 human T cells , both freshly isolated and after short term activation in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , CCR 5 , CCR 2b and CXCR 4 presented no consistent differences between rhesus and mangabey sequences . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PCR analysis indicated that mRNAs specific for CD 4 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 proteins were absent , too . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effect of immunization on chemokines and CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptor functions in SIV binding and chemotaxis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Flow cytometry analysis of the nonhuman primate PBMC demonstrated that they do express CD 4 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 on their cell surface . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Quantification of CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 levels on lymphocyte subsets , dendritic cells , and differentially conditioned monocyte derived macrophages . ^^^ CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are the major HIV 1 coreceptors for R 5 and X 4 HIV 1 strains , respectively , and a threshold number of CD 4 and chemokine receptor molecules is required to support virus infection . ^^^ Therefore , we used a quantitative fluorescence activated cell sorting assay to determine the number of CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 antibody binding sites ( ABS ) on various T cell lines , T cell subsets , peripheral blood dendritic cells ( PBDC ) , and monocyte derived macrophages by using four color fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis on fresh whole blood . ^^^ Fresh PBDC had the highest number of CCR 5 ABS among the leukocyte subsets examined but had few CXCR 4 ABS , affording a strategy for sort purifying PBDC . ^^^ In vitro maturation of PBDC resulted in median 3 and 41 fold increases in CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ABS , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two clones from each time point had identical V 3 region nucleotide sequences , utilized CCR 5 but not CXCR 4 for cell entry , and had similar reactivities with reference sera . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distinct pathogenic sequela in rhesus macaques infected with CCR 5 or CXCR 4 utilizing SHIVs . ^^^ Infection with a pathogenic CCR 5 ( R 5 ) specific enveloped virus , SHIVSF162P , was compared with infection with the CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) specific SHIVSF33A . 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
All syncytium inducing strains , mostly from AIDS patients , used both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD 4 receptor dependent entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env pseudotypes into CCR 5 , CCR 3 , and CXCR 4 expressing human alveolar macrophages is preferentially mediated by the CCR 5 coreceptor . ^^^ We observed that , in addition to CD 4 receptors , AM from healthy adults expressed low levels of CCR 5 , CCR 3 , and CXCR 4 chemokine receptors by flow cytometry , and specific messenger RNA was detected for all three receptors by reverse transcriptase / polymerase chain reaction . ^^^ Entry of the M tropic ( YU 2 ) HIV 1 pseudotype was shown to be mediated by either CCR 3 or CCR 5 , the T tropic ( HXB 2 ) HIV 1 pseudotype by CXCR 4 , and the dual tropic ( 89 . 6 ) HIV 1 or the SIVpbj 1 . 9 pseudotype by CCR 5 , CCR 3 , or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study was undertaken to clarify whether coreceptors for HIV 1 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , are necessary for HHV 6 and HHV 7 infection . ^^^ Although CXCR 4 and CCR 5 appeared not to be the coreceptors for these viruses , marked down regulation of CXCR 4 , but not CCR 5 , was detected in HHV 6 variant A ( HHV 6A ) , HHV 6 variant B ( HHV 6B ) , and HHV 7 infected cells . ^^^ These data demonstrate that unlike HIV 1 , HHV 6 and HHV 7 infections do not require expression of CXCR 4 or CCR 5 , whereas marked down regulation of CXCR 4 is induced by these viruses , suggesting that HHV 6 and HHV 7 infections may render CD4+ T lymphocytes resistant to T lymphocyte tropic HIV 1 infection . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
T cell tropic viruses bind CXCR 4 , whereas macrophage tropic viruses use CCR 5 and other CCRs . ^^^ Infection with CXCR 4 and CCR 5 tropic HIV requires initial binding to CD 4 , and chemotaxis induced by the CCR 5 tropic envelope has been reported to be strictly dependent on CD 4 binding . ^^^ We demonstrate that , in contrast to CD 4 dependent gp 120 signaling via CCR 5 , envelope signaling through CXCR 4 is CD 4 independent , inducing chemotaxis of both CD 4 and CD 8 T cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Phenotypic analysis showed that HVS T cells are CD4+ activated memory cells expressing both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 co receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Consistently , the SI V 3 recombinants used CXCR 4 , while the NSI V 3 recombinants used CCR 5 for infection of HOS CD 4 ( + ) cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
All isolates could use CCR 5 as coreceptor , whereas no isolates could use CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , Bonzo / STRL33 , or BOB / GPR15 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , the expression of CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 3 , and CXCR 4 were analyzed by flow cytometry in three distinct in vitro models of Th1 / Th2 polarization , activated naive and memory T cells , and T cell clones , in which the intracellular synthesis of interferon gamma ( IFN gamma ) and interleukin 4 ( IL 4 ) and the surface expression of CD 30 and LAG 3 were also assessed . ^^^ Moreover , by using immunohistochemistry the in vivo expression of CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 3 , and CXCR 4 was examined in the gut of patients suffering from Crohn ' s disease , a Th 1 dominated disorder , and in the skin of patients suffering from systemic sclerosis , a Th 2 dominated disorder . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
For HIV 1 , the major coreceptors are CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , while the role of other coreceptors for replication and cell tropism in vivo is currently unclear . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The search for the second receptors or co receptors started over 10 years ago , and it was not until 1996 that G protein coupled 7 transmembrane receptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 were finally identified as the co receptors for HIV 1 entry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chemokine receptors , particularly CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , act as essential coreceptors in concert with CD 4 for cellular entry by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ; reviewed in [ 1 ] ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Exposing immature CCR 5 ( + ) CXCR 4 ( lo / ) DC to CCR 5 dependent human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) 1Ba L led to productive and cytopathic infection , whereas only low virus production occurred in CXCR 4 dependent HIV 1LAI exposed DC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These isolates used CXCR 4 as a coreceptor for entry , whereas the remaining isolates used only CCR 5 efficiently . ^^^ All group O isolates tested were efficiently inhibited by SDF 1 or RANTES , the natural ligands of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , respectively . ^^^ These results indicate that CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are the principal coreceptors for HIV 1 O type viruses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Macrophage ( M ) tropic HIV 1 isolates use the beta chemokine receptor CCR 5 as a coreceptor for entry , while T cell line adapted ( TCLA ) strains use CXCR 4 and dual tropic strains can use either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ Moreover , they provide evidence that linear V 3 loop peptides can compete with intact cell surface expressed gp120 / gp41 for CCR 5 or CXCR 4 interaction . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chemokines are involved in leukocyte recruitment to peripheral sites ; in addition , the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are HIV 1 coreceptors , and their ligands can block HIV 1 infection . ^^^ Progesterone treatment had no effect on constitutive expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 by nonactivated T cells and macrophages , but significantly inhibited IL 2 induced up regulation of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on activated T cells ( p < 0 . 05 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , members of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily , have been identified as the principal coreceptors for T cell line tropic and macrophage tropic HIV 1 isolates , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These chimeric viruses were employed in virus infectivity assays using HOS CD 4 cells expressing either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , peripheral blood mononuclear cells , T cell lines , or macrophages . ^^^ However , the ability to infect HOS CD 4 cells through either CXCR 4 or CCR 5 is not necessarily correlated with T cell or macrophage tropism , suggesting that cellular tropism is not dictated solely by viral coreceptor utilization . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast to earlier findings in mucosal models such as human skin , we demonstrate that the majority of T cells and macrophages but none or few dendritic cells ( DC ) express the HIV 1 coreceptor CCR 5 in normal human cervicovaginal mucosa , whereas all three cell types express the coreceptor CXCR 4 . ^^^ To understand the role of coreceptor expression on infectivity , mucosal mononuclear cells were infected with various HIV 1 isolates , using either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Levels of surface expression of CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CD 4 were low compared to those of blood monocytes , but CCR 3 was not detectable . mRNA for CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , CCR 2 , and CCR 3 were all detectable , but to varying degrees and with variability among donors . ^^^ Expression of CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 2 mRNA was downregulated following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Regulation of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression by type 1 and type 2 cytokines : CCR 5 expression is downregulated by IL 10 in CD 4 positive lymphocytes . ^^^ Proinflammatory , type 1 , and type 2 cytokines significantly increased CXCR 4 mRNA expression in wt / wt , wt / del , and del / del CCR 5 genotypes ( P < 0 . 02 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The amount of CD 4 coimmunoprecipitated with CCR 5 was significantly higher than that with the other major HIV coreceptor , CXCR 4 , and in contrast to CXCR 4 the CD 4 CCR5 coimmunoprecipitation was not significantly increased by gp 120 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
When naive T lymphocytes are activated and differentiate into memory / effector cells , they down regulate receptors for constitutive chemokines such as CXCR 4 and CCR 7 and acquire receptors for inflammatory chemokines such as CCR 3 , CCR 5 and CXCR 3 , depending on the Th1 / Th2 polarization . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CCR 8 , or CXCR 4 gene was introduced into a CD 4 positive glioma cell line , NP 2 / CD4 , which demonstrated complete resistance to various HIV 1 strains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also found evidence for expression of HIV 1 coreceptors CXCR 4 and CKR 5 message and protein in CD34+ bone marrow cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Five TM GPCR mutants of chemokine receptor CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , the N terminal segment of which connected directly to TM 3 as a result of a deletion of TM 1 2 and the first intracellular and extracellular loops , have been obtained in this study . ^^^ The five TM CCR 5 and CXCR 4 functioned as normal chemokine receptors in mediating chemokine stimulated chemotaxis , Ca2+ influx , and activation of pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins . ^^^ Our study indicates that five TM domains , at least in the case of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , appear to meet the minimum structural requirements for a functional GPCR and suggests possible existence of functional five TM GPCRs in nature during evolution . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition to CD 4 , different gp 120 isolates bind to the alpha or beta chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This was investigated by coculturing CD 4 , chemokine receptor CCR 5 and CXCR 4 human fetal fibroblasts with apoptotic HIV 1 infected HuT 78 cells or apoptotic PBMC isolated from HIV 1 infected patients . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Viruses were isolated from a subset of the subjects ; all isolates used CCR 5 and not CXCR 4 as a coreceptor , and none was able to grow in MT 2 cells , a hallmark of the syncytium inducing phenotype that is correlated with CXCR 4 usage . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have also identified substitutions which greatly enhance or convert CXCR 4 ' s coreceptor activity to support R 5 Env mediated fusion ( N11A , R30A , D187A , and D193A ) , and together our data suggest the presence of conserved extracellular elements , common to both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , involved in their coreceptor activities . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are the principal HIV 1 coreceptors , and a number of other molecules support entry in vitro but their roles in vivo are uncertain . ^^^ All Env proteins from lung viruses used CCR 5 but not CXCR 4 , while those from blood viruses used CCR 5 or CXCR 4 or both . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Infection with HIV 1 requires expression of CD 4 antigen and the chemokine receptor CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) or CCR 5 ( R 5 ) on the surface of target cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Exclusion of HIV coreceptors CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CCR 3 from the HIV envelope . ^^^ In this study , we have looked at the incorporation of HIV coreceptors CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CCR 3 into the HIV envelope . ^^^ While the virus particle gained several molecules when passed through the different cell lines ( e . g . , ICAM 3 , LFA 1 , ICAM 1 , or MHC class 2 ) , BZ 167 never incorporated significant levels of CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , or CCR 3 into its envelope even though some or all of the cell lines in which it was grown expressed them . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 are found on subpopulations of neurons in the cortex of human and macaque brain . ^^^ Here we report the presence of functional HIV / SIV coreceptors CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 on fetal human and macaque neurons and CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on astrocytes immediately ex vivo and after several weeks in culture . ^^^ Pretreatment of neural cells with pertussis toxin abolished responses to stromal derived factor 1alpha , macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta , and RANTES , indicating coupling of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 to a Gialpha protein , as in leukocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Consistent with this finding , CD40LT down regulated CCR 5 and up regulated CXCR 4 expression on DC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently the chemokine receptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , have been identified as co receptors together with CD 4 for HIV 1 entry into the target cells , suggesting a possible role for these receptors in the pathogenesis of the HIV 1 infection in the brain . ^^^ Here we report the expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in many different rat brain areas . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Culturing of monocytes for 7 days resulted in a progressive decrease of the mRNA that encodes for CCR 2 and CCR 3 , whereas the expression of mRNA for other chemokine receptors ( CCR 1 , CCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 ) was not substantially affected . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Further studies focused on CXCR 4 and CCR 5 because mRNA for those chemokine receptors was abundantly expressed by each of the colon epithelial cell lines , and these receptors were present on the cell surface . ^^^ Analogous to their localization on polarized cell lines , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 had a predominant apical and , to a lesser extent , basolateral distribution on human enterocytes , as demonstrated by immunostaining of human colon . ^^^ Human colon epithelial cells stimulated with stromal cell derived factor 1alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein ( MIP ) 1alpha or MIP 1beta , which are the chemokine ligands for CXCR 4 or CCR 5 , up regulated production of the CXC chemokines IL 8 and GROalpha . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TCS also significantly augmented chemokine stimulated activation of chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 as well as CCR 1 , CCR2B , CCR 3 , and CCR 4 transiently expressed in HEK 293 cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The 4 wk old hPrMCs expressed four chemokine receptors ( CXCR 2 , CCR 3 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
R 5 isolates of HIV 1 use CCR 5 as a coreceptor , whereas X 4 isolates use CXCR 4 . ^^^ In these conditions , the kinetics and affinities of ( 125 ) 1 gp 120 adsorptions and their subsequent metabolisms were strongly dependent on CD 4 but were not significantly influenced by CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A synthetic peptide derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp 120 downregulates the expression and function of chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in monocytes by activating the 7 transmembrane G protein coupled receptor FPRL1 / LXA4R . ^^^ A synthetic peptide domain , designated F peptide , corresponding to amino acid residues 414 434 in the V 4 C4 region of gp 120 of the HIV 1 Bru strain , potently reduced monocyte binding and chemotaxis response to macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta ( MIP 1beta ) and stromal cell derived factor 1alpha ( SDF 1alpha ) , chemokines that use the receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , respectively . ^^^ The activation of monocytes by F peptide resulted in downregulation of the cell surface expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in a protein kinase C dependent manner . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Prototype T cell line tropic ( T tropic ) strains use CXCR 4 as their principal entry coreceptor ( X 4 strains ) , while macrophagetropic ( M tropic ) strains use CCR 5 ( R 5 strains ) . ^^^ The CXCR 4 specific inhibitor AMD 3100 blocked DH 12 fusion and infection in macrophages that lacked CCR 5 but not in wild type macrophages . ^^^ This finding indicates two independent entry pathways in macrophages for DH 12 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ Three primary isolates that use CXCR 4 but not CCR 5 ( tybe , UG 021 , and UG 024 ) replicated efficiently in macrophages regardless of whether CCR 5 was present , and AMD 3100 blocking of CXCR 4 prevented infection in both CCR 5 negative and wild type macrophages . ^^^ Thus , dual tropism can result from two distinct mechanisms : utilization of both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on macrophages and T cell lines , respectively ( dual tropic R5X4 ) , or the ability to efficiently utilize CXCR 4 on both macrophages and T cell lines ( dual tropic X 4 ) . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although the CD 4 CXCR4 hybrids yielded enhanced SU interactions with the chemokine receptor moiety , this did not overcome the specific coreceptor requirement of different HIV 1 strains : the X 4 virus HIV 1 ( LAI ) and the X4R5 virus HIV 1 ( 89 . 6 ) , unlike the R 5 strain HIV 1 ( SF 162 ) , infected Mv 1 lu cells expressing the CD 4 ( 2D ) CXCR 4 hybrid , but none could use hybrids of CD 4 and the chemokine receptor CCR2b , CCR 5 , or CXCR 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 ( HIV 2 ) isolates infect CD 4 negative cells via CCR 5 and CXCR 4 : comparison with HIV 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus and relevance to cell tropism in vivo . ^^^ Here , we show that most primary HIV 2 isolates can infect either CCR 5 ( + ) or CXCR 4 ( + ) cells without CD 4 . ^^^ CD 4 independent HIV 2 strains that could use both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 to infect CD 4 ( + ) cells were only able to use one of these receptors in the absence of CD 4 . ^^^ Thus , many primary HIV 2 strains infect CCR 5 ( + ) or CXCR 4 ( + ) cell lines without CD 4 in vitro . ^^^ Our study , however , emphasizes that primary HIV 2 strains carry the potential to infect CD 4 ( ) cells expressing CCR 5 or CXCR 4 in vivo . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) non syncytium inducing ( NSI ) strains predominantly use the chemokine receptor CCR 5 , while syncytium inducing ( SI ) strains use CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our results show that ( 1 ) HIV 1 strains that predominantly use CCR 5 or only CXCR 4 are able to infect microglia in primary brain cell cultures , and ( 2 ) ligands to these two coreceptors can inhibit brain cell infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In rat cerebral cortical cultures , gp 120 induced neuronal killing was partially or completely prevented by chemokines that stimulate the CXCR 4 , CCR 3 or CCR 5 chemokine receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , the level of gene expression of the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 was significantly reduced in rIL 16 treated MDM and costimulation with IL 2 did not modify the activity of the recombinant cytokine . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NSI biological clones used CCR 5 as coreceptor ; SI biological clones used CXCR 4 and / or CCR 5 and / or CCR 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Experiments of immunostaining for CD 4 , CCR 5 , and GalAAG ( putative receptor for HIV in sperm ) , as well as reverse transcriptase ( RT ) PCR for CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 , which all suggested the absence of the mentioned receptors in mature oocytes and in follicular cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The CC chemokines RANTES , MIP 1alpha , MIP 1beta , and Eotaxin can suppress the replication of CCR 5 and CCR 3 dependent viruses , while SDF 1 alpha / beta suppresses that of CXCR 4 dependent strains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Allo immunization also downregulated the proportion of cells with CCR 5 and CXCR 4 receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The feline CXCR 4 has been shown to facilitate fusion by FIV [ 44 ] and we suggest that the feline CCR 5 receptor mediates infection of feline cells by M tropic strains of FIV . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Most primary isolates ( R 5 strains ) use chemokine receptor CCR 5 , but some primary syncytium inducing , as well as T cell line adapted , strains ( X 4 strains ) use the CXCR 4 receptor . ^^^ Signaling from both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 is mediated by pertussis toxin ( PTX ) sensitive G ( 1 ) proteins and is not required for HIV 1 entry . ^^^ B oligomer also blocked cocapping of CCR 5 and CD 4 induced by R 5 HIV 1 in primary T cells , but did not affect cocapping of CXCR 4 and CD 4 after inoculation of the cultures with X 4 HIV 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of CCR2b , CCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 was unchanged or decreased after IFN alpha treatment . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Biological HIV 1 clones were isolated both early and late in infection from progressors and long term survivors with wild type or mutant CCR 5 or CCR2b genotypes and analyzed for their capacity to use CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 on U 87 cells coexpressing CD 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Highly enriched populations of B lymphocytes generated in the presence of interleukin 4 and oligomeric soluble CD40L upregulated costimulatory and activation markers , as well as HIV 1 receptors CD 4 and CXCR 4 , but not CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Isolates have been found with specific tropism for macrophages and / or T cell lines , through the utilization of chemokine receptor CCR 5 ( R 5 ) or CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chemokine receptors pivotal for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) infection in lymphocytes and macrophages ( CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 ) are expressed on neural cells ( microglia , astrocytes , and / or neurons ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Many HIV 1 isolates at the late stage of disease are capable of using both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 in transfected cell lines , and are thus termed dual tropic . ^^^ FL , which use both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in transfected cell lines . ^^^ In human lymphoid tissue ex vivo , one variant preferentially used CCR 5 , another preferentially used CXCR 4 , and a third appeared to be a true dual tropic variant . ^^^ Thus , ( a ) HIV 1 coreceptor usage in vitro can not be unconditionally extrapolated to natural microenvironment of human lymphoid tissue ; ( b ) dual tropic viruses are not homogeneous in their coreceptor usage in lymphoid tissue , but probably comprise a continuum between the 2 polar variants that use CXCR 4 or CCR 5 exclusively ; and ( c ) cytopathicity toward the general CD 4 ( + ) T cell population in lymphoid tissue is associated with the use of CXCR4 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Similarly , the CCR2b ligands MCP 1 and MCP 3 inhibit productive infection of PBMCs by both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 dependent strains of HIV 1 , suggesting that expression of the MCP 1 chemokine may affect HIV infection via signaling through the CCR 2 receptor and subsequent desensitization of the CCR 5 and / or CXCR 4 signaling pathway . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
AIDS viruses ( HIVs ) enter immune cells with the aid of the CD 4 cell surface receptor in combination with a number of co receptors which include CCR 3 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 antagonists , such as AMD 3100 , can be a powerful approach as an immunotherapeutic strategy to slow down disease progression in AIDS , because a coreceptor switch in viral isolates from CCR 5 ( mainly used by M tropic , NSI isolates of HIV ) to CXCR 4 occurs when patients progress towards AIDS . ^^^ Moreover , AMD 3100 is also able to block as efficiently dual tropic viruses ( which use equally well CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ) as pure T tropic viruses in human PBMC , indicating that CXCR 4 is the predominant coreceptor for infection of these cells . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Viruses that infect T cell lines to form syncytia ( syncytium inducing , SI ) are frequently found in late stage HIV disease and utilize the chemokine receptor CXCR 4 ; macrophage tropic viruses are non syncytium inducing ( NSI ) , found throughout disease and utilize CCR 5 ( ref . 3 11 ) . ^^^ Thus , the protective effect of delta ccr 5 against disease progression is lost when the infecting virus uses CXCR 4 as a coreceptor . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Competition studies appear to confirm this by showing that the apoptotic effect is mediated through two cell surface receptors on HUVECs , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Increase in activated CD4+ lymphocytes with CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in HIV type 1 infected persons . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A cell line based neutralization assay for primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates that use either the CCR 5 or the CXCR 4 coreceptor . ^^^ NKR cells , transfected to express the HIV 1 coreceptor CCR 5 to supplement the endogenous expression of CD 4 and the CXCR 4 coreceptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 chemokine receptor expression and beta chemokine production during early T cell repopulation induced by highly active anti retroviral therapy . ^^^ We found that the expression of CCR 5 is up regulated in HIV 1 infected individuals while CXCR 4 appears down regulated on both CD 4 and CD 8 T cells compared with normal controls . ^^^ However , after 3 months of combined anti retroviral regimen , expression of CXCR 4 significantly increased while CCR 5 decreased when compared with pretherapy determinations . ^^^ These data indicate that the expression of chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 and the production of beta chemokines are altered in HIV infected individuals , and suggest that their early modifications during HAART reflect both the peripheral redistribution of naive / memory T cell compartments and the decrease in levels of T cell activation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Small amino acid changes in the V 3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 determines the coreceptor usage for CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ In contrast to ROD , which uses principally CXCR 4 , GH 1 was found to use mainly if not exclusively CCR 5 but not CXCR 4 . ^^^ By constructing a series of chimeric viruses between GH 1 and ROD , we have demonstrated that the C terminal half of the V 3 loop region of gp 120 determines the differential coreceptor usage between GH 1 and ROD , and only a few amino acid differences in this region appear to be able to shift the specificity between CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ Notably , the shift in the coreceptor usage from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 is associated with an increase in the net positive charge in the V 3 region . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : The model human erythroleukemia ( HEL ) cell line , exhibiting megakaryocytic like properties , expressed CCR 5 , CCR 3 , CXCR 4 , and CPR15 / BOB , and all viruses except YU 2 ( R 5 ) efficiently entered the cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In a human lymphomyeloid progenitor cell line ( KG 1 ) HIV 1 gp 120 binds to chemokine receptors CXC R 4 and CCR 5 , only in the presence of CD 4 . ^^^ We have now analyzed the possible mechanism ( s ) underlying this phenomenon , in the light of the recent demonstration that at least two members of the chemokine receptor family , CXCR 4 ( LESTR / fusin ) and CCR 5 molecules , are the HIV 1 specific co receptors , necessary , together with the high affinity receptor CD 4 , for the entry into target cells of HIV 1 . ^^^ Cytofluorimetric analysis demonstrated that in KG 1 cells , after HHV 6 infection , more than 40 % of cell population became CD 4 positive and only in KG 1 cells expressing the CD4+ phenotype , the exposure to r gp 120 masks a significant amount , not only of CD 4 , but also of both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 chemokine receptors . ^^^ In fact , only when pre infected by HHV 6 , KG 1 cells , after exposure to r gp 120 , exhibit a significant reduction in the percentage of CXCR 4 or CCR 5 positive cells . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The distinct cellular tropisms have been attributed to expression of coreceptors CXCR 4 or CCR 5 , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Fluorocytometry and calcium mobilization assay did not provide evidence of expression of any of the major HIV 1 coreceptors , including CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , CCR 3 , and CCR2b , as well as the CD 4 molecule on the cell surface of human fetal astrocytes . ^^^ However , mRNA transcripts for CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , Bonzo / STRL33 / TYMSTR , and APJ were detected by RT PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Peptides derived from the transmembrane regions of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 chemokine receptors specifically inhibited receptor signaling and the in vitro replication of human immunodeficiency virus 1 ( HIV 1 ) at concentrations as low as 0 . 2 microM . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , neither Suc HSA nor Aco HSA inhibited the binding of monoclonal antibodies 12G5 and 2D7 ( directed to CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , respectively ) in SUPT 1 cells or THP 1 cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 receptor proteins on the progeny derived from HPCB CD34+AC133+ stem cells was detected and correlated with susceptibility to HIV 1 infection in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sera were then tested at a 1 : 40 dilution against six additional primary isolates , three of which utilized CCR 5 and three of which used both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rodent fibroblasts ( 3T3 ) that can not be infected with myxoma virus could be made fully permissive for myxoma virus infection by expression of any one of several human chemokine receptors , including CCR 1 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present sudy , chemokine receptor usage of primary HIV 1 isolates was examined using U 87 CD4 cells expressing chemokine receptors CCR 3 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ In the experiments using U 87 CD4 cells expressing chemokine receptors , the isolates from patients in the late CDC 2 stage infected U 87 CD4 cells expressing CXCR 4 , but not U 87 CD4 cells expressing CCR 5 . ^^^ In contrast , most isolates from patients in the CDC 4 stage infected both U 87 CD4 cells expressing CXCR 4 or CCR 5 . ^^^ The isolates which infected both U 87 CD4 cells were supposed to contain dual tropic HIV 1 or a mixture of CXCR 4 tropic and CCR 5 tropic HIV 1s . ^^^ Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the V 3 region in proviral env gene showed that the V 3 region in U 87 CD4 cells infected with CXCR 4 tropic HIV 1 isolates was largely different from that in the cells infected with CCR 5 tropic isolates , but were highly similar to that in cells infected with dual tropic isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 function as the principal coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) . ^^^ The relative contributions of CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and other putative coreceptors to HIV 1 disease in vivo have yet to be defined . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recombinant soluble CD 4 ( sCD 4 ) activated fusion between effector cells expressing Env and target cells expressing coreceptor ( CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ) but lacking CD 4 . sCD 4 activated fusion was dose dependent , occurred comparably with two and four domain proteins , and demonstrated Env coreceptor specificities parallel to those reported in conventional fusion and infectivity systems . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 and CCR 3 are also expressed on microglia and can mediate infection by certain HIV 1 isolates but at lower efficiency than CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Antibodies to the bivalent vaccine formulation neutralized viruses possessing diverse phenotypes , including syncytia inducing and non syncytia inducing primary isolates , viruses using either the CCR 5 or the CXCR 4 chemokine receptors , and viruses differing in their sensitivity to soluble CD 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In these cells , the co receptor CCR 5 protein , which , like CXCR 4 , is a chemokine receptor , is detected mainly intracellularly . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A new insight into the role of `` old ' ' chemotactic peptide receptors FPR and FPRL 1 : down regulation of chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ The activation of FPR and / or FPRL 1 in monocytes by these agonists resulted in increased cell migration , calcium mobilisation and the heterologous down regulation of the expression and function of chemokine receptors , notably CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , two crucial fusion co receptors for HIV 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunoblotting experiments showed that 33A recognized an antigen with an apparent molecular mass of 32 kDa , but did not recognize chemokine receptors such as CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , or CCR 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transient transfection of NPY 1 , NPY 2 , NPY 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 cDNA produced increased light transmittance through melanophores ( consistent with G ( 1 ) protein activation ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The block in US 28 coreceptor function in COS 1 and Cf2Th cells was coreceptor dependent , since CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and other coreceptors can mediate HIV 1 entry in these cell lines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Adding blocking antibodies confirmed that both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 co receptors were functional . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To determine whether C C chemokines play an important role in the phenotype switch of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 usage during the course of an infection in vivo , macrophage inflammatory protein ( MIP ) 1alpha resistant variants were isolated from CCR 5 tropic ( R 5 ) HIV 1 in vitro . ^^^ However , the double mutant did not switch its chemokine receptor usage from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 , indicating the altered recognition of CCR 5 by this mutant . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Binding of HIV type 1 ( HIV 1 ) envelope glycoproteins to the surface of a CD 4 ( + ) T cell transduces intracellular signals through the primary envelope receptor , CD 4 , and a coreceptor , either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ Envelope mediated activation of caspase 3 and caspase 6 depended on envelope CD 4 receptor interactions ; CCR 5 utilizing as well as CXCR 4 utilizing envelopes elicited this response . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Infection of memory cells by both NSI and SI HIV 1 and infection of naive cells primarily by SI HIV 1 corresponded closely with the differential cell surface expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) requires the presence of a CD 4 molecule and chemokine receptors such as CXCR 4 or CCR 5 on the surface of target cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show expression of vMIP 3 in KS lesions and demonstrate the stimulation of angiogenesis by this chemokine , like vMIP 1 and vMIP 2 , in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay . vMIP 3 does not block human immunodeficiency virus entry through the coreceptors CCR 3 , CCR 5 , or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human umbilical cord endothelial cells ( HUVEC ) expressed strongly CXCR 4 but only weakly CCR 3 and CCR 5 . ^^^ Immunocytochemistry of the heart tissues with monoclonal antibodies revealed a high expression of CXCR 4 and CCR2A and a low expression of CCR 3 and CCR 5 on coronary vessel endothelia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Notably CCR 5 and , to a lesser degree CXCR 3 were preferentially found on Th 1 cells , CCR 4 , CCR 8 and , more controversial , CCR 3 and CXCR 4 on Th 2 cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Treatment of immature DCs with TGF beta 1 resulted in increased expressions of CCR 1 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CCR 6 , and CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) , which were concomitant with enhanced chemotactic migratory responses to their ligands , RANTES ( for CCR 1 , CCR 3 , and CCR 5 ) , macrophage inflammatory protein 3 alpha ( MIP 3 alpha ) ( for CCR 6 ) , or stromal cell derived growth factor 1 alpha ( for CXCR 4 ) . ^^^ Ligation by TNF alpha resulted in down modulation of cell surface expressions of CCR 1 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CCR 6 , and CXCR 4 , and the chemotaxis for RANTES , MIP 3 alpha , and stromal cell derived growth factor 1 alpha , whereas this stimulation up regulated the expression of CCR 7 and the chemotactic ability for MIP 3beta . ^^^ Stimulation of mature DCs with TGF beta 1 also enhanced TNF alpha induced down regulation of the expressions of CCR 1 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CCR 6 , and CXCR 4 , and chemotaxis to their respective ligands , while this stimulation suppressed TNF alpha induced expression of CCR 7 and chemotactic migratory ability to MIP 3 beta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
While the interaction of X 4 HIV 1 with CXCR 4 does not seem to activate this pathway , viruses using CCR 5 for entry efficiently activate MEK / ERK kinases ( W . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD 4 expression was detected in five of the 10 placentas , while membrane protein expression of CCR 3 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 was detected in every case , despite quantitative differences among individuals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This cell line expresses human CD 4 , the two major HIV 1 coreceptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , the reporter gene beta galactosidase driven by the HIV 1 LTR , and quantitates infection within 48 h . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Whether the lack of protection was associated with the antigenic unrelatedness of SHIV 89 . 6P to the immunizing HIV 1 MN / LAI gp 140 or to the virus utilizing CXCR 4 to a much greater extent than CCR 5 , remains to be determined . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , the ROI generating system xanthine / xanthine oxidase increased CCR 5 and CXCR 4 mRNA expression and counteracted the inhibitory effect of PDTC . ^^^ Accordingly , H ( 2 ) O ( 2 ) and the glutathione depleting drug buthionine sulfoximine increased to different extents CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 mRNA expression . ^^^ The PDTC mediated inhibition of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 mRNA expression was associated with decreased chemotactic responsiveness ( > 90 % inhibition ) and with a marked inhibition of surface receptor expression . ^^^ In contrast , xanthine / xanthine oxidase opposed the bacterial lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor alpha mediated inhibition of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 mRNA expression and increased both the CCR 5 surface expression and the cell migration ( 3 fold ) in response to macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Unlike in vitro studies , CCR 5 was coexpressed with CD45RA and CXCR 4 on CD4+ T cells after IL 2 therapy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chemokine receptor analysis determined that CD34+ cell derived megakaryocytes express CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 and are productively infected by both X 4 and R 5 HIV 1 isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immune animals had significantly attenuated disease with lowered viral RNA , interferon alpha , and chemokine receptor expression ( CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ) on CD 4 ( + ) T cells ; these features of infection have been linked to in vitro effects of Tat and respond similarly to extracellular Tat protein produced during infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Fusion of HIV with its host cell requires the interaction of the viral envelope glycoprotein 120 ( gp 120 ) with the chemokine receptor CXCR 4 [ T cell tropic ( T tropic ) or X 4 HIV strains ] or CCR 5 [ macrophage tropic ( M tropic ) or R 5 HIV strains ] followed by a ' spring loaded ' action of the glycoprotein 41 ( gp 41 ) that ensures fusion of the viral and cellular lipid membranes and permits the viral nucleocapsid to enter the cell . ^^^ These include siamycin analogues , SPC 3 ( a synthetic peptide derived from the V 3 domain of gp 120 ) , pentafuside ( T 20 , DP 178 ) [ a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acid residues 127 to 162 of gp 41 ] , the betulinic acid derivative RPR 103611 , TAK 779 ( a low molecular weight non peptide CCR 5 antagonist ) and a number of compounds ( T 22 , T 134 , ALX 40 4C , CGP 64222 and AMD 3100 ) that are targeted at the CXCR 4 receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The viral macrophage inflammatory protein 2 ( vMIP 2 ) encoded by Kaposi ' s sarcoma associated herpesvirus is unique among all known chemokines in that vMIP 2 shows a broad spectrum interaction with both CC and CXC chemokine receptors including CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , two principal coreceptors for the cell entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) . ^^^ In contrast to the full length protein that recognizes both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , a peptide corresponding to residues 1 21 of vMIP 2 ( LGASWHRPDKCCLGYQKRPLP ) was shown to strongly bind CXCR 4 , but not CCR 5 . ^^^ The peptide selectively prevented CXCR 4 signal transduction and coreceptor function in mediating the entry of T and dual tropic HIV 1 isolates , but not those of CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Modulation of CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 makes human hematopoietic progenitor cell lines infected with human herpesvirus 6 susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 . ^^^ We have analyzed the possible mechanism ( s ) underlying this phenomenon in light of the recent demonstration that at least two members of the chemokine receptor family , CXCR 4 ( LESTR / fusin ) and CCR 5 molecules , are the HIV 1 specific coreceptors necessary , together with the high affinity receptor CD 4 , for entry into target cells of T tropic and M tropic HIV 1 isolates , respectively . ^^^ KG 1 cells show CXCR 4 and CCR 5 surface molecules in a large proportion of the cell population . ^^^ In TF 1 cells , 10 % 15 % of which are CD4+ and exhibit a consistent CCR 5 presence in a large proportion of the cell population and a hardly detectable amount of CXCR 4 in a very limited number of cells , HHV 6 infection does not modify the cell surface availability of HIV 1 specific high affinity receptor or coreceptors . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that HIV related chemokine receptor CXCR 4 , but not CCR 5 , is detectable on human CD 34 ( + ) BFU E cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are the main coreceptors for non syncytia inducing ( NSI ) and syncytia inducing ( SI ) HIV 1 strains , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
N linked glycosylation of CXCR 4 masks coreceptor function for CCR 5 dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are the principal coreceptors for infection of X 4 and R 5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) isolates , respectively . ^^^ We hypothesize that this alteration unmasks existing common extracellular structures reflecting a conserved three dimensional similarity of important elements of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 that are involved in HIV envelope glycoprotein ( Env ) interaction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 1 gp 120 and chemokines activate ion channels in primary macrophages through CCR 5 and CXCR 4 stimulation . ^^^ HIV type 1 ( HIV 1 ) uses the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 as coreceptors for entry into target cells . ^^^ Env from both CCR 5 dependent JRFL ( R 5 ) and CXCR 4 dependent IIIB ( X 4 ) HIV 1 opened calcium activated potassium ( K ( Ca ) ) , chloride , and calcium permeant nonselective cation channels in macrophages . ^^^ These signals were mediated by CCR 5 and CXCR 4 because macrophages lacking CCR 5 failed to respond to JRFL and an inhibitor of CXCR 4 blocked ion current activation by IIIB . ^^^ MIP 1beta and SDF 1alpha , chemokine ligands for CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , respectively , also activated K ( Ca ) and Cl ( ) currents in macrophages , but nonselective cation channel activation was unique to gp 120 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chemokine receptor CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression in HIV associated kidney disease . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 have been identified as essential coreceptors for entry of HIV 1 strains into susceptible cells . ^^^ The localization of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in kidneys with HIV associated renal disease is unknown . ^^^ Cellular sites of expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were identified by immunohistochemistry and by in situ hybridization . ^^^ Expression of both chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 was undetectable in intrinsic glomerular , tubular , and renovascular cells in all analyzed cases . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The CD4+ cell count , intracellular cytokine levels , beta chemokine levels in plasma , beta chemokine production by PBMNCs , and expression of chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in CD4+ cells were evaluated . ^^^ In contrast , PBMNCs from all other individuals supported infection in vitro by both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 using HIV 1 strains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression on CD4+ T cells in vivo and HIV 1 antigen beta chemokine production in vitro after treatment with HIV 1 immunogen ( REMUNE ) . ^^^ BACKGROUND : The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 have been identified as the major coreceptors for HIV 1 on CD4+ cells and macrophages . ^^^ RESULTS : In vivo CXCR 4 expression remained stable after treatment with an HIV 1 Immunogen ( REMUNE ) , whereas CCR 5 expression on CD4+ T cells decreased ( p < . 05 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 1 entry into CD 4 ( + ) cells requires the sequential interactions of the viral envelope glycoproteins with CD 4 and a coreceptor such as the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Opposite effects of IFN gamma on CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression and on entry of M and T tropic HIV in epithelial cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It was shown that bicyclam AMD 3100 and ALX 40 4C are antagonists of CXCR 4 , and vMIP 2 which is coded chemokine in HHV8 / KSHV effects antagonistically both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ All of them inhibit the binding of anti CXCR 4 antibody ( 12G5 ) to PBMC , but have no effect on the binding of anti CCR 5 antibody ( 2D7 ) except for vMIP 2 . vMIP 2 decreased the binding of both 12G5 and 2D7 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 , the receptor of stromal cell derived factor 1 ( SDF 1 ) and co receptor for syncytium inducing HIVs , was comparably expressed in infected and uninfected astrocytic cells , whereas CCR 5 was not detected in either cell line . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although it is established that HIV 1 gp 120 interacts with CD 4 and the coreceptors CCR 5 or CXCR 4 at the plasma membrane during HIV entry , longer term interactions taking place between these molecules and HIV Env are less well understood . ^^^ We have measured the cell surface expression of CD 4 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on a CD4+ / CXCR4+CCR5+ T cell line following infection by cell line adapted X 4 and primary X 4 , X4R5 and R 5 viruses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
DESIGN : Because previous results had demonstrated that recombinant gp 41 contributes to HIV induced dysfunction of blood immune cells we investigated its effect on interleukin ( IL ) 10 synthesis and expression of the HIV coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in different human brain cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interactions of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 with CD 4 and gp 120 in human blood monocyte derived dendritic cells . ^^^ Further , the amount of gp 120 CD4 CXCR 4 ( or CCR 5 ) complexes was proportional to the extent of cell fusion mediated by the HIV 1 Env ( LAV or JRFL , respectively ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 and CCR 5 chemokine receptors . ^^^ In particular , the CXCR 4 ( LESTR / fusin ) receptor allows fusion and entry of T tropic strains of HIV , whereas CCR 5 is the major coreceptor used by primary HIV 1 strains that infect macrophages and CD 4 ( + ) T helper cells ( M tropic viruses ) . ^^^ In addition , the alpha chemokine SDF1alpha and the beta chemokines MIP1alpha , MIP1beta , and RANTES , natural ligands of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , respectively , are potent soluble inhibitors of HIV infection by blocking the binding between the viral envelope glycoprotein gp 120 and the coreceptors . ^^^ We found that CHP 100 cells constitutively express both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 receptors and that stimulation with phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate down regulates their expression , thus preventing gp 120 induced cell death . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
IL 13 and TNF alpha inhibit dual tropic HIV 1 in primary macrophages by reduction of surface expression of CD 4 , chemokine receptors CCR 5 , CXCR 4 and post entry viral gene expression . ^^^ A quantitative flow cytometric assay revealed that IL 13 induced a significant ( approximately 50 % ) reduction in the number of CD 4 and CC chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) antibody binding sites while completely abrogating surface expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) . ^^^ In the presence of IL 13 and TNF alpha , expression of CCR 5 was completely abrogated while the expression of CD 4 and CXCR 4 remained significantly reduced as compared to untreated controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Thalidomide suppresses Up regulation of human immunodeficiency virus coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on CD4+ T cells in humans . ^^^ Concurrent infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection increases the expression of HIV coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ The effect of thalidomide on CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression on CD4+ T cells was determined . ^^^ Thalidomide produced a dose dependent inhibition of lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) induced up regulation of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 in vitro . ^^^ Thalidomide may be beneficial in the treatment of intercurrent infections during HIV infection by reducing the up regulation of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression on CD4+ T cells induced by bacterial and mycobacterial antigens , by a mechanism that involves inhibition of TNF alpha . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interleukin 4 ( IL 4 ) is a pleiotropic cytokine with various immune modulating functions including induction of immunoglobulin E ( IgE ) production in B cells , down regulation of CCR 5 ( a coreceptor for HIV 1 non SI [ NSI ] strains ) , and up regulation of CXCR 4 ( a coreceptor for HIV 1 SI variants ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Substitutions in a homologous region of extracellular loop 2 of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 alter coreceptor activities for HIV 1 membrane fusion and virus entry . ^^^ CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are the principal coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) infection . ^^^ Previously , mutagenesis of CXCR 4 identified single amino acid changes that either impaired CXCR 4 ' s coreceptor activity for CXCR 4 dependent ( X 4 ) isolate envelope glycoproteins ( Env ) or expanded its activity , allowing it to serve as a functional coreceptor for CCR 5 dependent ( R 5 ) isolates . ^^^ These results highlight a homologous and critical element in ecl 2 , of both the CXCR 4 and CCR 5 molecules , for their respective coreceptor activities . ^^^ Charge elimination expands CXCR 4 coreceptor activity , while a similar charge introduction can destroy the coreceptor function of CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To test the anti human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) activity of 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 tetraazatetradecane 1 , 14 diylbis ( zinc dithiocarbamate ) S , S ' dioxide ( cyclic zinc dithiocarbamate S , S ' dioxide ) , MAGI and MAGIC 5 cells were used ; the former express CXCR 4 and the latter express both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , which are HIV 1 coreceptors . ^^^ On the other hand , the replication of HIV 1 R5X4 ( both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 using ) in MAGI cells but not MAGIC 5 cells was inhibited by the compound . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The initial targets are activated and resting memory T cells that express both CD 4 and CCR 5 , but both naive and memory CD 4 T cells are targeted by viruses capable of using CXCR 4 for entry , and macrophages become the primary target cells when most CD 4 T cells are depleted . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 receptor is used by macrophage tropic viruses to establish infection , and CXCR 4 is used by T lymphocyte tropic virus which are usually found at the terminal stages of the disease . ^^^ When CXCR 4 DNA enzyme was placed in tandem with CCR 5 DNA enzyme , specific cleavage of their respective target sites were observed using a 60 bases long synthetic target RNA which possessed the target sites for both the DNA enzymes . ^^^ The cleavage by the CXCR 4 DNA enzyme was found to be significantly more efficient than by the CCR 5 DNA enzyme . ^^^ Analyses of the cleaved fragments by mono and di DNA enzyme indicated strongly that hybridization of the CCR 5 DNA enzyme with its cognate target RNA , actually facilitated the cleavage by the CXCR 4 DNA enzyme . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The residues involved in CXCR 4 coreceptor function have not all yet been identified , but tyrosine and negatively charged residues in the amino terminal domain of CCR 5 were shown to be indispensable for gp 120 binding and entry of R 5 and R5X4 strains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) utilizes CD 4 as a receptor and CCR 5 and / or CXCR 4 as coreceptor to gain entry into the cell . ^^^ The CCR 5 tropic viruses , observed early in infection , could be important in transmission and the CXCR 4 tropic viruses , observed late , may play an important role in disease progression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our data reveals an immunosuppressive potential of chemokines engaging the CXCR 3 and CCR 7 receptors , but not the CXCR 4 , CCR 2 , CCR 4 , or CCR 5 receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Glycosphingolipids promote entry of a broad range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates into cell lines expressing CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and / or CCR 5 . ^^^ Treatment of human osteosarcoma cells , expressing CD 4 and various chemokine receptors , with the glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor 1 phenyl 2 hexadecanoylamino 3 morpholino 1 propanol ( PPMP ) , blocked target membrane glycosphingolipid ( GSL ) biosynthesis and reduced the susceptibility of cells to infection and fusion mediated by envelope glycoproteins from a variety of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) isolates that utilize CXCR 4 and / or CCR 5 . ^^^ PPMP treatment of the cell lines did not significantly change the cell surface expression of CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and / or CCR 5 , nor did it alter the chemokine receptor association with CD 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 and CCR 3 are also expressed on microglia and can mediate infection by certain HIV 1 isolates but at lower efficiency than CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD4 and GHOST ( 3 ) engineered to express stably CD 4 and the chemokine receptors CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , or CXCR 4 , or the orphan receptors BOB / gpr15 or Bonzo / STRL33 / TYMSTR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The principal coreceptors are the CCR 5 and CXCR 4 chemokine receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
All HIV 1 strains studied to date use CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , or both receptors to enter cells . ^^^ Research on several genetically divergent SIV isolates has revealed that SIV uses CCR 5 , and not CXCR 4 , for entry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 , a coreceptor for T cell ( T ) tropic HIV 1 , is preferentially expressed on naive T cells , whereas CCR 5 , a coreceptor for macrophage ( M ) tropic HIV 1 , is preferentially expressed on previously activated memory T cells and the Th 1 subset of CD4+ T cells . ^^^ A cross sectional flow cytometry study was conducted to evaluate the expression of CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CCR 4 on the peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from African HIV 1 infected and uninfected Ugandan adults . ^^^ Upregulation of CCR 4 and CCR 5 expression but no decrease in CXCR 4 expression on CD4+ T cells were obtained in peripheral blood from African adults with progression of the disease . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The inhibitors are TAK 779 , which is specific for CCR 5 and CCR 2 , aminooxypentane RANTES , which blocks entry via CCR 5 and CCR 3 , and AMD 3100 , which targets CXCR 4 . ^^^ We found that for all the HIV 1 isolates and all but one of the HIV 2 isolates tested , the only relevant coreceptors were CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To determine whether human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) coreceptors besides CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are involved in HIV 1 infection of the thymus , we focused on CCR 8 , a receptor for the chemokine 1 309 , because of its high expression in the thymus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are the major coreceptors that mediate human immunodeficiency virus 1 ( HIV 1 ) infection , while most simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ) isolates use CCR 5 . ^^^ More importantly , the preferential infection of STRL 33 ( + ) cells in CCR 5 ( ) PBLs by an R5 / X4 / STRL33 HIV 1 maternal isolate in the presence of a potent CXCR 4 antagonist ( AMD 3100 ) suggests that STRL 33 can be used as a coreceptor by HIV 1 on primary cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
No difference was observed in TNF alpha , IL 1beta , IL 10 , IL 4 , MIP 1alpha , MIP 1beta , RANTES , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 mRNA levels in PBMC , but IL 6 levels were higher in the HPS patient . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The pathogenic differences between CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) and CCR 5 ( R 5 ) utilizing strains of HIV 1 may be predominantly due to differences in viral tropism , which in turn may be due to differential coreceptor utilization . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
DCs express CD 4 and several chemokine receptors , such as CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , which are important for viral entry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neither coreceptor usage nor the expression level of CD 4 , CCR 5 , or CXCR 4 on chimpanzee PBMC compared to human cells could explain the phenotypic changes observed in these chimpanzee passaged viruses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We demonstrate that the majority of the viruses in the latent reservoir utilize CCR 5 during entry , although utilization of several other receptors , including CXCR 4 , was observed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The cellular entry of HIV is mediated by the specific interaction of viral envelope glycoproteins with the cell surface marker CD 4 and a chemokine receptor ( CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The group 1 strain utilized CXCR 4 and group 2 used CCR 5 coreceptor for entry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The sequential association of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) envelope glycoprotein gp 120 with CD 4 and a seven transmembrane segment coreceptor such as CCR 5 or CXCR 4 initiates entry of the virus into its target cell . ^^^ Here we demonstrate that a tyrosine sulfated peptide based on the N terminus of CCR 5 , but not its unsulfated analogue , inhibits infection of macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells by CCR 5 dependent , but not CXCR 4 dependent , HIV 1 isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have analyzed mRNA expression and / or cell membrane exposition of the coreceptors most widely used by diverse HIV 1 strains ( CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CCR 3 ) on purified hematopoietic progenitor cells ( HPCs ) induced in liquid suspension culture to unilineage differentiation / maturation through the erythroid ( E ) , granulocytic ( G ) , megakaryocytic ( Mk ) , and monocytic ( Mo ) lineages . ^^^ Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) and cytofluorimetric analysis showed the presence of both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 in quiescent HPCs , but failed to detect CCR 3 specific transcripts . ^^^ Expression of CD 4 receptor together with CXCR 4 and / or CCR 5 coreceptor in the four lineages correlates with hematopoietic precursor susceptibility to T lymphotropic and macrophage ( M ) tropic HIV strains infection : ( 1 ) CD 4 ( ) G and E cells were resistant to both M tropic and T lymphotropic strains ; ( 2 ) HPC derived Mks were susceptible to T tropic , but resistant to M tropic , infection ; ( 3 ) Mo differentiating cells efficiently replicate both HIV strains . ^^^ Furthermore , we showed that the CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ligands ( stromal derived factor 1 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha [ MIP 1alpha ] , MIP 1beta and RANTES , respectively ) inhibit HIV replication in both maturing Mo and Mk cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that T tropic gp120s were capable of priming co down modulation with tailless CD 4 by interacting with CXCR 4 , whereas M tropic SF 162 gp120 could not after PMA treatment even in the presence of CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Several mutant genes in HIV co receptors ( e . g . , CCR 5 , CCR 2 and CXCR 4 ) have been correlated with susceptibility to HIV or / and rate of progression to AIDS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ) , both SIV and human immunodeficiency virus gp 160 mediate viral entry by membrane fusion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Lamina propria lymphocytes , not macrophages , express CCR 5 and CXCR 4 and are the likely target cell for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the intestinal mucosa . ^^^ Mucosal lymphocytes isolated from normal human intestine expressed CD 4 ( 14 , 530+ / 7970 antibody binding sites [ ABSs ] / cell ) , CCR 5 ( 2730+ / 1524 ABSs / cell ) , and CXCR 4 ( 2507+ / 1840 ABSs / cell ) , but intestinal macrophages , which also expressed CD 4 ( 2959+ / 2695 ABSs / cell ) , displayed no detectable CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ABS . ^^^ CCR 5 ( + ) CXCR 4 ( + ) intestinal lymphocytes supported both R 5 ( BaL ) and X 4 ( IIIB ) HIV 1 replication , whereas the CCR 5 ( ) CXCR 4 ( ) macrophages were not permissive to either isolate or other laboratory isolates ( ADA and DJV ) and primary isolates ( MDR 24 and JOEL ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 also function as coreceptors for macrophage tropic ( M tropic ) and T cell tropic ( T tropic ) human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) 1 , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
When 14 T 20 naive primary isolates were analyzed for sensitivity to T 20 , the mean 50 % inhibitory concentration ( IC ( 50 ) ) for isolates that utilize CCR 5 for entry ( R 5 viruses ) was 0 . 8 log ( 10 ) higher than the mean IC ( 50 ) for CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) isolates ( P = 0 . 0055 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The squirrel monkey and cotton top marmoset CXCR 4 sequences more closely resemble homologues from apes than Old World monkeys , a pattern not seen for the related chemokine receptor CCR 5 . ^^^ The African green monkey CXCR 4 gene is similar to its homologue in baboon , a pattern that has also been seen among CCR 5 homologues . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Kinetics of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 up regulation and human immunodeficiency virus expansion after antigenic stimulation of primary CD 4 ( + ) T lymphocytes . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are coreceptors for the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) and determine the cell tropism of different HIV strains . ^^^ To mimic physiologic conditions , highly purified primary Staphylococcus enterotoxin B ( SEB ) reactive CD 4 T lymphocytes were stimulated in the presence of autologous antigen presenting cells and the kinetics of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 surface expression and HIV replication were studied . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Adenoids provide a microenvironment for the generation of CD 4 ( + ) , CD45RO ( + ) , L selectin ( ) , CXCR 4 ( + ) , CCR 5 ( + ) T lymphocytes , a lymphocyte phenotype found in the middle ear effusion . ^^^ To evaluate possible connections between the adenoids and middle ear inflammation , the expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 and the lymphocyte homing receptor L selectin were analyzed in adenoidal and middle ear lymphocytes . ^^^ It was found that most CD 4 ( + ) T lymphocytes in the middle ear effusion express the memory phenotype marker CD45RO and the chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , but are negative for the lymphocyte homing receptor L selectin . ^^^ The results suggest that the adenoids provide a microenvironment for the generation for CD 4 ( + ) , CD45RO ( + ) , L selectin ( ) , CXCR 4 ( + ) and CCR 5 ( + ) T lymphocytes . ^^^ As the adenoidal CD 4 ( + ) memory phenotype CD45RO ( + ) T cells expressed the activation antigen CD 69 and included cells expressing the HIV co receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 at a high level , they may be permissive for HIV infection . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Influence of nucleotide polymorphisms in the CCR 2 gene and the CCR 5 promoter on the expression of cell surface CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ We have therefore investigated whether these nucleotide polymorphisms will reduce the expression levels of surface CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , and thus lead to slower AIDS progression . ^^^ For this , a cohort of Chinese volunteers in Taiwan was subjected to the determination of CCR 2 and pCCR 5 genotypes followed by analysis of the surface CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression on five cell types derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by flow cytometry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both the pattern and the regulation of Bonzo expression closely paralleled that of CC family chemokine receptors CCR 5 or CCR 6 and inversely correlated with CXCR 4 expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Combination of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 inhibitors in therapy of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection : in vitro studies of mixed virus infections . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : Viruses using the chemokine receptor CCR 5 have relatively higher levels of MHC class 2 than LFA 1 in their envelopes compared with those using CXCR 4 . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : The finding that there is a differential incorporation of MHC class 2 and LFA 1 molecules by CXCR 4 and CCR 5 using viruses augments the list of properties contributing to the biological phenotype of HIV 1 . ^^^ This may explain , in part , how CXCR 4 using viruses are able to bind to and infect a broader range of cell types than CCR 5 using viruses , and why CXCR 4 using viruses are associated with a more aggressive disease course . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV isolates from patients with AIDS showed enhanced replication within macrophages and predominant use of CCR 5 for entry , although 13 % did use CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 transduced intracellular signals in monocyte derived macrophages , activating K+ and Cl ion channels and elevating intracellular calcium in response to their chemokine ligands stromal cell derived factor 1alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta , respectively . ^^^ Several R5X4 strains could fuse with and infect macrophages through both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ Thus , macrophages express functional CXCR 4 and CCR 5 but primary and prototype X 4 isolates differ in their ability to utilize macrophage CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
All SI isolates used CXCR 4 for entry ; two used CXCR 4 only , one used CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CCR 3 , and one was a mixture of two isolates using CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ Log 10 HIV p 24 antigen production on day 14 PI for viruses that used CCR5+CCR3 ( 3 . 79 + 1 . 40 ) was greater than for viruses that used CCR5+CCR2b ( 3 . 22 + 1 . 55 ) or CCR 5 ( 3 . 32 + 1 . 49 ) , and all were greater than those that used CXCR 4 only ( 1 . 69 + 0 . 28 ) , regardless of SI phenotype ( P < 0 . 05 ) . ^^^ Thus , in these primary isolates , macrophage tropism and replication kinetics were closely linked to CCR 5 utilization , whereas SI capacity was closely linked to CXCR 4 utilization . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This expanded tropism was due to the use of undetectable levels of CCR 5 rather than CXCR 4 or alternative receptors . ^^^ Of two variants , one was dual tropic and one T tropic , although both could use CCR 5 as well as CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Lamina propria lymphocytes expressed CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^ In contrast , lamina propria macrophages expressed CD 4 but not CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The viral load in maternal plasma samples was determined by a quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay ; co receptor usage of maternal isolates was determined by viral infection in cells stably expressing CCR 5 or CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) co receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 was quantified by flow cytometry on isolated mucosal CD 4 lymphocytes obtained from endoscopic biopsies and blood from healthy controls . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : Enhanced expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on CD 4 lymphocytes in normal intestinal mucosa predicts increased vulnerability to infection by both R 5 and X 4 HIV 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that HIV 2 strains , as well as closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses ( SIV ) , displayed mildly or highly aggressive cytopathic phenotypes depending on their abilities to use the coreceptor CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , respectively . ^^^ Furthermore , we found that HIV 2 coreceptor specificity for CCR 5 and CXCR 4 determined the target cell population for T cell depletion in lymphoid tissue . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The major HIV 1 coreceptors are the seven transmembrane domain chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ However , Envs from many virus strains interact with CXCR 4 and CCR 5 with low affinity such that direct study of this important interaction is difficult if not impossible using standard cell surface binding techniques . ^^^ CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and other membrane proteins were incorporated into retrovirus particles , which were purified and attached to the biosensor surface . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 1 , CXCR 2 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 expressing cells were detected by flow cytometry among human blood subsets depleted of lineage restricted cells ( Lin ( ) ) derived from adult bone marrow , mobilized peripheral blood , cord blood ( CB ) , and circulating fetal blood . ^^^ Distinct to other stages of human hematopoietic development , primitive CB cells expressed higher levels of CXCR 1 , CXCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 on both CD 34 ( ) CD 38 ( ) Lin ( ) and CD 34 ( + ) CD 38 ( ) Lin ( ) subsets . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Flow cytometry revealed that uninfected AML14 . 3D10 cells were positive for the HIV 1 receptor CD 4 and coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ; the cell line was negative for CCR 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Biological significance of the expression of HIV related chemokine coreceptors ( CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ) and their ligands by human hematopoietic cell lines . ^^^ To address this issue we phenotyped 35 selected hematopoietic cell lines for the expression of CD 4 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ We next evaluated the functionality of these chemokine receptors by calcium flux and chemotaxis assays , and by the ability of SDF 1 , MIP 1alpha , MIP 1beta and RANTES to influence the growth of the cells expressing CXCR 4 and / or CCR 5 . ^^^ These results demonstrate that : ( 1 ) HIV related receptors are widely expressed on human hematopoietic cell lines ; ( 2 ) stimulation of CXCR 4 by SDF 1 induces calcium flux and chemotaxis in several hematopoietic cell lines more efficiently than stimulation of CCR 5 by receptor specific beta chemokines ; ( 3 ) chemokines do not regulate proliferation of the hematopoietic cells ; and finally ( 4 ) infectability of the hematopoietic cells by HIV 1 may be auto modulated by endogenously secreted chemokines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , interleukin ( IL ) 6 , IL 10 , IL 12 , interferon ( IFN ) gamma , and tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) alpha and beta mRNA were elevated in PBMC and cervical mucosa biopsy specimens of ESN and HIV infected women ; CCR 5 and CXCR 4 mRNA were augmented in cervical mucosa biopsy specimens , but not in PBMC , of ESN and HIV infected women ; HIV specific IFN gamma secreting cells were detected in vaginal washes of ESN and HIV infected women ; and phenotypic alterations were present in PBMC of ESN women . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Up regulation of HIV coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on CD 4 ( + ) T cells during human endotoxemia and after stimulation with ( myco ) bacterial antigens : the role of cytokines . ^^^ Chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 can act as HIV coreceptors . ^^^ The authors hypothesized that concurrent infection increases the HIV load through up regulation of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ The expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on CD 4 ( + ) T cells was increased 2 to 4 fold , 4 to 6 hours after LPS injection . ^^^ In whole blood in vitro , LPS induced a time and dose dependent increase in the expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on CD 4 ( + ) T cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) variants that use the coreceptor CCR 5 for entry ( R 5 ; macrophage tropic ) predominate in early infection , while variants that use CXCR 4 emerge during disease progression . ^^^ Some late stage variants use CXCR 4 alone ( X 4 ; T cell tropic ) , while others use both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ( R5X4 ; dualtropic ) . ^^^ Chimeras between the R5X4 89 . 6 prototype and an R 5 variant indicated that multiple regions contributed to the use of CXCR 4 , while chimeras with the X 4 variant implicated a single residue in V 4 in CCR 5 use . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 is the major macrophage tropic coreceptor for HIV 1 whereas CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) serves the counterpart function for T cell tropic viruses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In parallel with this shift , SI HIV 1 variants first used both coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , but eventually lost the ability to use CCR 5 . ^^^ We observed a differential expression of HIV 1 coreceptors within CD45RA ( + ) and CD45RO ( + ) cells , which allowed us to isolate virus from purified CCR 5 ( + ) CXCR 4 ( ) and CCR 5 ( ) CXCR 4 ( + ) CD 4 ( + ) cells . ^^^ The CCR 5 ( + ) subset was exclusively infected by CCR 5 dependent HIV 1 clones , whereas SI clones were preferentially isolated from the CXCR 4 ( + ) subset . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The analysis revealed that there are fewer immunotypes than genotypes of HIV and that clustering of the isolates did not correlate with either genotypes , coreceptor usage ( CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ) , or geographic origin of the isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We sought to unravel the relationships between this oligomeric structure and the requirements for sequential interactions with CD 4 and coreceptor ( CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV ( human immunodeficiency virus ) 1 Env is displayed on the surface of infected cells and subsequently incorporated into virions , which is necessary for the initiation of a viral infection by recognition of the CD 4 and the chemokine receptors ( such as CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ) on the surface of new target cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A correlation between expression of IL 10 and CCR 7 , LT alpha and CCR 6 , IFN gamma and CCR 5 , and TRANCE and CXCR 4 was also detected . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , IL 2 increases cytokine production from the cells of the immune system and is able to up regulate the expression of cytokine receptors , such as the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
FINDINGS : Results showed that : immune activation is detected both in Italian and African HIV uninfected individuals living in Africa but not in African subjects living in Italy ; CCR 5 specific mRNA is augmented and the surface expression of CCR 5 is increased in African compared with Italian residents ( CXCR 4 specific mRNA is comparable ) ; R 5 HIV strains are isolated prevalently from lymphocytes of African HIV infected patients ; and plasma neutralizing activity in HIV infected African patients is mostly specific for R 5 strains . ^^^ This immune activation results in a skewing of the CCR 5 : CXCR 4 ratio which is associated with a prevalent isolation of R 5 viruses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The viral macrophage inflammatory protein 2 ( vMIP 2 ) shows a broad spectrum interaction with both CC and CXC chemokine receptors including CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , two principal coreceptors for the cellular entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) . ^^^ Recently , we have shown that a synthetic peptide derived from the N terminus of vMIP 2 , designated as V 1 , is a potent antagonist of CXCR 4 but not CCR 5 [ Zhou , N . , et al . ( 2000 ) Biochemistry 39 , 3782 3787 ] . ^^^ In this study , we synthesized a series of new peptides derived from other regions of vMIP 2 and characterized their binding activities with both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ The results provided further support for the notion that the N terminus of vMIP 2 is the major determinant for CXCR 4 recognition and that vMIP 2 probably interacts with other chemokine receptors such as CCR 5 with different sequence and conformational determinants . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Multiple lines of evidence are presented characterizing the functional expression of chemokine receptors CXCR 4 , CCR 1 , CCR 5 , and CX3CR1 on astrocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression by H 9 T cells is downregulated by a peptide nucleic acid immunomodulator . ^^^ We have therefore utilized H 9 cells to test the effects of Product R on expression of mRNAs encoding the chemokine receptors , CD 4 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , as well as their ligands , IL 16 , SDF 1 , MIP 1alpha , MIP 1beta , and RANTES , by RT PCR . ^^^ We also assayed the effect of Product R on surface receptor expression by flow cytometry , and on the chemotactic activity of these cells towards the CXCR 4 ligand , SDF 1 , and the CCR 5 ligands , MIP 1alpha and RANTES . ^^^ We found that , compared to control cultures , cells cultured in media containing Product R expressed lower amounts of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 mRNA and surface antigen at all time points . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is associated with significant mucosal inflammation characterized by increased expression of CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and beta chemokines . ^^^ There was significantly increased expression of HIV 1 coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , beta chemokine RANTES , and macrophage inflammatory protein ( MIP ) 1alpha and MIP 1beta , as well as increased numbers of T cells in lamina propria of HIV 1 infected patients . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
No intergroup differences were found in the surface expression of HLA DR , CD 25 , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , CCR 3 on CD 4 T cells , or monocytes before infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , when animals in the terminal stages of SIV infection ( with AIDS ) were examined , virtually no CCR 5 expressing CD 4 ( + ) T cells were found in lymphoid tissues , and all of the remaining CD 4 ( + ) T cells were naive and coexpressed CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) are coreceptors for CD 4 as defined by HIV 1 glycoprotein ( gp ) 120 binding . ^^^ Pretreatment of T cells with gp 120 results in modulation of both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 responsiveness , which is dependent upon p 56 ( lck ) enzymatic activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Early isolates were non syncytium inducing , and the corresponding Env exclusively utilized CCR 5 , whereas Env from late phases of infection showed restricted utilization of CXCR 4 in both patients . ^^^ Env from subject SC 24 , who had a standard progression , demonstrated multitropism , manifested by utilization of CCR 3 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 in the intervening period . ^^^ In contrast , Env from patient SC 51 , who experienced early conversion to the syncytium inducing phenotype , developed dualtropic coreceptor utilization of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition to the CCR 5 and CXCR 4 chemokine receptors , a subset of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) isolates can also use the seven transmembrane domain receptor APJ as a coreceptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To investigate chemokine receptor expression by T ( h ) subsets in vivo , we analyzed cytokine ( IL 2 , IL 4 and IFN gamma ) and chemokine receptor ( CXCR 3 , CXCR 4 , CCR 3 , CCR 4 and CCR 5 ) mRNA expression by individual peripheral CD 4 ( + ) memory T cells after short term stimulation , employing a single cell RT PCR method . ^^^ CXCR 3 , CXCR 4 , CCR 3 and CCR 5 expression was detected by individual synovial T cells , but the frequencies of chemokine receptor mRNA were not clearly different between T ( h ) 1 and non T ( h ) 1 cells defined by expression of IFN gamma or lymphotoxin alpha mRNA in all RA patients . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In situ imaging of immunohistochemically stained placenta sections and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction demonstrated a fourfold increase in CCR 5 : CXCR 4 expression ratio in placentae from transmitting women compared to placentae from nontransmitting women . ^^^ In situ imaging demonstrated that CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were expressed on placental macrophages and lymphocytes but not in trophoblasts . ^^^ Simultaneous immunofluorescence / ultrasensitive in situ hybridization for HIV 1 gag pol mRNA revealed that HIV 1 infects primarily CXCR 4 expressing cells in placentae from nontransmitting women whereas predominantly CCR 5 expressing cells were infected in placentae from transmitting women . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Four of the isolates induced syncytia in MT 2 cells and used the CXCR 4 co receptor , while the remaining 10 isolates used the CCR 5 co receptor characteristic of non MT 2 tropic viruses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Flow cytometry with specific antibodies showed the presence of a clear signal for CXCR 4 and weak signals for CCR 1 and CCR 3 , whereas CXCR 1 , CXCR 2 , CXCR 3 , and CCR 5 were all negative . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NP 2 / CD4 cells were transduced with CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CCR 8 , CXCR 4 , GPR 1 , or APJ , and examined for susceptibilities to cell free HIV / SIV . ^^^ Although HIV 2ROD and SIVmnd infected both NP 2 / CD4 / CXCR4 and NP 2 / CD4 / CCR5 cells , only CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , respectively , were used in CD 4 independent infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunohistochemical analysis of CCR 2 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 in the human brain : potential mechanisms for HIV dementia . ^^^ In studies done by this and other labs , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 have been identified in CNS microglia and several laboratories , including ours , have shown that CXCR 4 is expressed in neurons . ^^^ We performed a semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of CCR 2 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 in 23 regions of the brain and in two sections of the spinal cord . ^^^ Hippocampal neurons were positive for CCR 2 , CCR 3 , and CXCR 4 , but not for CCR 5 . ^^^ In other regions of the brain , neurons , and glial cells reacted with anti CCR 2 , anti CCR 3 , and anti CXCR 4 antibodies , whereas only glial cells ( primarily microglia ) were positive for CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are the major coreceptors for non syncytium inducing ( NSI ) and syncytium inducing ( SI ) viruses , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The addition of a simple subcloning step allowed semiquantitative evaluation of virus populations with a different coreceptor ( CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ) usage specificity present in each plasma sample . ^^^ This procedure detected mixtures of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 exclusive virus populations as well as dualtropic viral variants , in variable proportions . ^^^ Sequence analysis of dualtropic clones indicated that changes in the V 3 loop are necessary for the use of CXCR 4 as a coreceptor , but the overall context of the V 1 V3 region is important to preserve the capacity to use CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Flow cytometric analyses revealed that Mono Mac 1 are positive for the HIV 1 primary receptor ( CD 4 ) , as well as for the coreceptors ( CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CCR 3 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although these viruses used CXCR 4 to enter CD4+ cells , it seems that infection of CD8+ cells was independent of CXCR 4 or CCR 5 co receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , activation of these receptors by their agonists results in desensitization of the receptors for other chemoattractants , including two chemokine receptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , which serve as major co receptors for HIV 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both cytokines and chemokines modulate CCR 5 and CXCR 4 availability , resulting in differential replication potentials for RS and X 4 HIV strains depending on the milieu in the microenvironment . ^^^ In addition , differential expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on activated memory T cells appears to play an important role in preferential replication of RS HIV strains in vivo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The pivotal discovery that two chemokine receptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , serve along with the T cell receptor interacting CD 4 molecule as the principal co receptors for HIV 1 entry stimulated a search for common genetic polymorphism in their genes which might affect the course of AIDS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We previously showed that HIV 1 gp 120 induced apoptosis in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures ( HUVEC ) , through CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The most active chemokines for resting Th ( IL 10 ) , in terms of calcium mobilization and in vitro migration , were in order of potency : CCL 2 ( monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 , CCR 2 ligand ) , CCL 4 ( macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta , CCR 5 ligand ) , CCL 3 ( macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha , CCR1 / 5 ligand ) , CCL 17 ( thymus and activation regulated chemokine , CCR 4 ligand ) , CCL 1 ( 1 309 , CCR 8 ligand ) , CXCL 12 ( stromal derived factor 1 , CXCR 4 ) , and CCL 11 ( eotaxin , CCR 3 ligand ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study we extended our previous observations and examined various lympho hematopoietic CD 34 ( + ) cells isolated from thymus ( Th ) , cord blood ( CB ) , mobilized peripheral blood ( mPB ) , and BM for the expression of beta chemokines binding to CCR 5 , i . e . , MIP 1alpha , MIP 1beta , RANTES , MCP 2 , MCP 3 , and MCP 4 , and the alpha chemokine SDF 1 ( binding to CXCR 4 ) as these chemokines may compete with the R 5 and X 4 HIV strains , respectively , for entry into cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , R5X4 virus ( 89 . 6 ) infection via CCR 5 needs more peptides for inhibition than its infection via CXCR 4 does . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The SPC 3 induced chloride conductance in oocytes is alpha / beta chemokine receptor dependent because : ( 1 ) SPC 3 alters the sensitivity of this channel to external applications of human recombinant MIP 1alpha , a natural ligand of human CCR 5 receptor , and ( 2 ) the amplitude of the inward current could be increased by the expression of exogenous human CXCR 4 chemokine receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
During the course of HIV infection , M tropic viruses ( R 5 ) that use CCR 5 chemokine coreceptors frequently evolve to T tropic viruses ( X 4 ) that use CXCR 4 receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Since chemokine based immune intervention is under intense investigation , it is crucial to determine its potential effect on primary dualtropic HIV isolates characterized by simultaneous utilization of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 chemokine co receptors ( R5X4 viruses ) . ^^^ The potency of chemokine mediated inhibition was influenced by PBMC donor variability , but it was usually independent from the levels of expression of CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ CD4 astrocytic cell lines expressing exclusively either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ In conclusion , interference with CCR 5 may efficiently inhibit the replication of at least some dualtropic HIV 1 strains , whereas forced CXCR 4 usage may result in viral escape from CCR 5 dependent inhibitory effects . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
NKR CCR 5 Luc line expresses both the CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptors and can therefore be infected with a range of HIV 1 isolates , irrespective of their tropism properties . ^^^ NKR CCR 5 Luc cells can be used in assays of HIV 1 neutralization and also for identifying inhibitors of HIV 1 entry targeted at the CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent evidence has accumulated which definitively shows that chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 play an essential role as coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) infection . ^^^ CCR 5 ( + ) T cells predominated in the CD 38 ( ) subset , although cell surface expression of CD 4 and CXCR 4 was almost similar between both subsets . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , we found that the amino acid sequences of two chemokines ( SDF 1beta and RANTES ) , whose receptors ( CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ) act as major coreceptors for HIV 1 , HIV 2 or SIV , showed statistically significant similarity to those of the region containing the third variable ( V 3 ) and the third conserved ( C 3 ) domains ( the V 3 C 3 domain ) of the env protein of HIV 1 and HIV 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Thus , human syncytiotrophoblast cells express CXCR 4 , a known co receptor for TCL tropic HIV 1 isolates but do not express CCR 5 , the major co receptor for M tropic isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chemokine receptors ( CCR 5 , CXCR 4 and CCR 2 ) have been shown to be important co receptors for HIV infection . ^^^ Mutations at CCR 5 ( CCR 5 delta2 ) , CCR 2 ( CCR 2 641 ) , and stromal derived factor SDF 1 ( SDF 1 3 ' A ) , a primary ligand for CXCR 4 , are known to have protective effects against HIV 1 infection and the onset of AIDS symptoms . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
While both HBMEC and HCN failed to express any CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on their cell surface , as assessed by flow cytometry , RT PCR revealed the presence of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 mRNA in HBMEC but not in HCN . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our results showed that by flow cytometry , HLMEC failed to express any CXCR 4 or CCR 5 on their surface . ^^^ In contrast , RT PCR revealed the presence of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 mRNA , but not CD 4 in HLMEC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In an in vitro coculture model of monocyte derived , cultured human dendritic cells ( DC ) with autologous CD 4 ( + ) resting T cells , CCR 5 ( R 5 ) tropic strains of HIV 1 , but not CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) tropic strains , were transmitted to resting CD4+ T cells , leading to prolific viral output , although DC were susceptible to infection with either strain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These viruses are unusual in that they can use the coreceptor Bonzo / STRL33 as well as CCR 5 and , in the case of M 6 , CXCR 4 , to enter transfected cell lines in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Productive HIV infection in these three DC populations correlated positively with cell surface expression of CD 4 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Patients with active tuberculosis have increased expression of HIV coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on CD 4 ( + ) T cells . ^^^ Expression of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 was found to be elevated on CD 4 ( + ) T cells ( 1 ) in blood samples obtained from patients with tuberculosis and ( 2 ) in blood samples obtained from healthy subjects and stimulated with mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan in vitro . ^^^ These data suggest that the increase in HIV viremia that occurs in association with tuberculosis may result from up regulation of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on CD 4 ( + ) T cells , thereby causing acceleration of HIV infection . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To initiate infection , HIV 1 requires a primary receptor , CD 4 , and a secondary receptor , principally the chemokine receptor CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ HIV 1 transmitted in vivo generally uses CCR 5 ( R 5 ) , but later CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) strains may emerge ; this shift heralds CD4+ cell depletion and clinical deterioration . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 have been found to be the major coreceptors for T cell line tropic and macrophage tropic HIV 1 strains , respectively , although many other chemokine and orphan receptors have also been identified as potential coreceptors for HIV 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of the CCR 5 and CXCR 4 protein in choriocarcinoma cell lines and MACS enriched trophoblats were confirmed by flow cytometry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The fusion of HIV 1 with the plasma membrane of CD4+ cells is triggered by the interaction of HIV 1 surface envelope glycoprotein gp 120 with the CD 4 receptor , and requires coreceptors ( CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The relationship of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptor density and HIV replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) and lymph node ( LN ) mononuclear cells ( LNMC ) of HIV infected subjects was examined . ^^^ RESULTS : The number of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 molecules on CD 4 lymphocytes in the LN were significantly higher than in PBMC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We studied the expression of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and the chemokine receptors CCR2B and CXCR 4 messenger RNA ( mRNA ) by in situ hybridization , as well as the chemokine receptors Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines ( DARC ) and CCR 5 protein by immunohistochemistry in renal biopsy specimens with acute cellular rejection ( n = 12 ) and acute vascular rejection ( n = 8 ) , transplant nephrectomy specimens ( n = 6 ) , and normal areas of tumor nephrectomy specimens ( n = 5 ) . ^^^ The number of CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CCR2B mRNAs expressing leukocytes and DARC positive vessels increased during rejection episodes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Duration of sample storage dramatically alters expression of the human immunodeficiency virus coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ Expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 was monitored using EDTA anticoagulated whole blood held for different time periods prior to fluorescent antibody staining . ^^^ When left overnight CXCR 4 expression on leukocytes was substantially increased , whereas CCR 5 expression was reduced . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( low ) ( CXCR 4 ( low ) ) CCR 5 ( + ) iDC harbored similar viral DNA amounts when exposed to either strain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In murine 3T3 fibroblasts , the block to HIV 1 entry is relieved by the introduction of human CD 4 and CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , and proviral expression is increased by the introduction of the Tat cofactor , human cyclin T 1 ; however , because of the assembly block , virus fails to spread . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CD 4 are clustered and closely apposed on microvilli of human macrophages and T cells . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 act synergistically with CD 4 in an ordered multistep mechanism to allow the binding and entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) . ^^^ Cells were fixed , cryoprocessed , and frozen ; 80 nm cryosections were double labeled with combinations of CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CD 4 antibodies and then stained with immunogold . ^^^ Surprisingly , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CD 4 were found predominantly on microvilli and appeared to form homogeneous microclusters in all cell types examined , including macrophages and T cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD 4 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on the surface of the sperm , by flow cytometry . ^^^ Spermatozoa did not express significant levels of CD 4 , CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , suggesting that they are unlikely to be major targets for HIV infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Among HIV strains tested ( both prototype and primary isolates ) , only the R 5 strains ( Bal , ADA , BL 6 , and CSF 6 ) that use the CCR 5 coreceptor for entry into MDM were significantly inhibited by CP 96 , 345 ; in contrast , the X 4 strain ( UG 024 ) , which uses CXCR 4 as its coreceptor , was not inhibited . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
N linked glycosylation of the HIV type 1 gp 120 envelope glycoprotein as a major determinant of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptor utilization . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 1 infection of susceptible cells is mediated by the specific interaction of viral envelope glycoproteins with the cell surface CD 4 receptor and a chemokine coreceptor , CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression levels of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on naive , memory , and total CD4+ T cells tended to be higher in the resistant CSWs , while the production of beta chemokines RANTES , MIP 1alpha , and MIP 1beta by phytohemagglutinin ( PHA ) stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) was lower compared with low risk HIV 1 negative controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
First , we observed that these Th 2 cells express membrane CCR 5 and CXCR 4 but neither CCR 3 nor CCR 4 when analyzed immediately after purification . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To determine if their in vivo expression correlates with injury , we evaluated neuronal CXCR 4 and CCR 5 immunoreactivity and reactive gliosis in autopsy hippocampus of 10 control cases , 11 AIDS cases without HIV encephalitis ( HIVnE ) or opportunistic infections / lymphomas ( OI / L ) , and 11 AIDS cases with HIV encephalitis ( HIVE ) . ^^^ All groups had higher CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression in CA 3 and CA 4 neurons than CA 1 neurons ( p < 0 . 05 ) . ^^^ HIVE cases had increased neuronal CXCR 4 and decreased neuronal CCR 5 expression as well as increased numbers of hippocampal GFAP positive astrocytes and LN 3 positive microglia . ^^^ This study quantitates the regional distribution of hippocampal neuronal CXCR 4 and CCR 5 and shows their respective increase and decrease in AIDS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of the HIV 1 co receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on placental macrophages and the effect of IL 10 on their expression . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 play a key role in HIV 1 infection as co receptors for viral entry . ^^^ In this study , we determined the expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 co receptors on placental macrophages ( PM ) and the effect of interleukin 10 ( IL 10 ) on co receptor expression . ^^^ The cells were stimulated with IL 10 for 24 h and stained with specific antibodies to CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , CD 4 , CD 3 , CD11c and CD 14 for flow cytometry . ^^^ Unstimulated PM expressed significantly more CCR 5 than CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Several chemokine receptors or orphan chemokine receptor like molecules can support the entry of various viral strains , but the clinical significance of the CXCR 4 and CCR 5 coreceptors appear to overshadow a critical role for any of the other coreceptors and all HIV 1 and HIV 2 strains best employ one or both of these coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The capsianoside G treated cells had no change in the expression level of CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 , however , colocalization and capping of CD 4 and CXCR 4 , but not of CD 4 and CCR 5 was observed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Isolated human astrocytes are not susceptible to infection by M and T tropic HIV 1 strains despite functional expression of the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ We found that embryonic astrocytes and microglial cells express CCR 5 , CCR 3 , and CXCR 4 transcripts . ^^^ Intracellular calcium levels in astrocytes were found to increase following application of RANTES , MIP 1beta ( CCR 5 agonist ) , SDF 1alpha ( CXCR 4 agonist ) , but not eotaxin ( CCR 3 agonist ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also tested this clone for its ability to use the chemokine receptors CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 and found that the clone utilizes only CCR 5 as the coreceptor for cell entry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
FIV subtype B was found to utilize the chemokine receptor CXCR 4 , but not CCR 5 , as a cellular receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunofluorescence experiments on EPC derived trophoblast cells showed that CCR 3 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are significantly expressed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The synthetic peptide WKYMVm attenuates the function of the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 through activation of formyl peptide receptor like 1 . ^^^ Earlier work showed that formly peptide receptor like 1 ( FPRL 1 ) , an STM receptor with low affinity for the bacterial chemotactic peptide formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalamine ( fMLF ) , is activated by peptide domains derived from the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) 1 envelope glycoprotein gp 120 and its activation results in desensitization and down regulation of the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 from monocyte surfaces . ^^^ This study investigated the possibility of interfering with the function of CCR 5 or CXCR 4 as HIV 1 coreceptors by activating FPRL 1 . ^^^ Both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 were desensitized by activation of the cells with WKYMVm via a staurosporine sensitive pathway . ^^^ This desensitization of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 also attenuated their capacity as the fusion cofactors for HIV 1 envelope glycoprotein and resulted in a significant inhibition of p 24 production by cell lines infected with HIV 1 that use CCR 5 or CXCR 4 as coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , various other events in the HIV replicative cycle are potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention : ( 1 ) viral adsorption , through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp 120 ; ( 2 ) viral entry , through blockade of the viral coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ; ( 3 ) virus cell fusion ; ( 4 ) viral assembly and disassembly ; ( 5 ) proviral DNA integration ; ( 6 ) viral mRNA transcription . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Several coreceptors in addition to CCR 5 and CXCR 4 support immunodeficiency virus entry in transfected cells , but whether they could play a role in HIV 1 pathogenesis is uncertain . ^^^ CCR 5 independent fusion was not mediated by CXCR 4 and was CD 4 dependent , while CCR 5 mediated fusion was partly independent of CD 4 . ^^^ Macrophage entry pathways other than CCR 5 and CXCR 4 may have limited potential in pathogenesis given their restricted capacity for infection despite efficient fusion . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) entry is triggered by the interaction of the gp 120 envelope glycoprotein with a cellular chemokine receptor , either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
According to Ho , drug makers will have no trouble developing compounds that keep HIV off chemokine receptors , such as CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , but whether those compounds will slow disease progression is another question . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Chemokines , which interact with receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , are believed to have antiretroviral effects . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using a panel of chemokine receptor specific monoclonal antibodies ( MoAb ) in a multicolour flow cytometry approach we analysed the expression of the lymphocyte associated chemokine receptors CXCR 4 , CXCR 5 , CCR 5 and CCR 6 in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ( precursor B ALL ; six cases ) , B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia ( B CLL ; 31 cases ) , multiple myeloma ( 10 cases ) , mantle cell lymphoma ( MCL , four cases ) , follicular lymphoma ( FL , three cases ) and hairy cell leukaemia ( HCL , five cases ) . ^^^ In particular , we found that CXCR 4 is strongly expressed on immature ALL blasts whereas no surface immunoreactivity for CXCR 5 , CCR 5 and CCR 6 was observed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mast cells / basophils in the peripheral blood of allergic individuals who are HIV 1 susceptible due to their surface expression of CD 4 and the chemokine receptors CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^ This study now shows that these metachromatic cells express on their surface the high affinity IgE receptor ( FcepsilonRI ) , CD 4 , and the chemokine receptors CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 , but not the T cell surface protein CD 3 and the monocyte / macrophage surface protein CD 68 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are considered to be potential targets for the inhibition of HIV 1 replication . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glycosylation site mutations near the V1 / V2 loop compromised the use of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 equally . ^^^ In contrast , a mutation within the V 3 loop preferentially inhibited the usage of CCR 5 ; although this mutant protein completely lost its CCR 5 dependent fusion activity , it retained 50 % of the wild type fusion activity with CXCR 4 . ^^^ The revertant virus fully recovered the usage of CXCR 4 but not of CCR 5 , thereby altering the tropism of the parental virus from dualtropic to T tropic . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Such a difference in virus host interaction , along with a broadening of co receptor usage such that HIV strains are able to infect cells with both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 chemokine receptors , may explain the increased virulence of HIV in humans compared to SIV in other primates . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression on memory and naive T cells in HIV 1 infection and response to highly active antiretroviral therapy . ^^^ OBJECTIVE : To measure CCR 5 and CXCR 4 chemokine receptor expression on CD 4 and CD 8 T cells in HIV 1 infection and to relate levels to the distribution of CD45RO memory and CD45RA naive subsets , measures of disease activity , and response to highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) . ^^^ METHODS : Four color cytofluorometry with appropriate conjugated monoclonal antibodies ( mAbs ) was performed to define CD45RA and CD45RO subsets of CD 4 and CD 8 T cells and measure their expression of CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CD 38 . ^^^ RESULTS : HIV 1 infected patients had higher CCR 5 levels and lower CXCR 4 levels on CD 4 and CD 8 T cells and their CD45RO / CD45RA subsets than control subjects did . ^^^ However , CCR 5 elevation was statistically significant only for CD 4 T cells and their subsets , and CXCR 4 depression was significant for CD 8 T cells and their subsets ( and for CD 4 : CD45RO cells ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Increase of R 5 HIV 1 infection and CCR 5 expression in T cells treated with high concentrations of CXCR 4 antagonists and SDF 1 . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are considered to be potential targets for the inhibition of HIV 1 replication . ^^^ In contrast to CXCR 4 antagonists and SDF 1 , viral monocyte inflammatory protein ( vMIP ) 2 inhibited not only anti CXCR 4 monoclonal antibody ( MAb ) but also inhibited anti CCR 5 MAb binding to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells , and inhibited both X 4 and R 5 HIV 1 strains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This might indicate the change in coreceptor usage from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 in later stages of disease progression . ^^^ However , some of the samples with a high viral DNA load in the CCR 5 negative population did not have any characteristic of the V 3 loop sequence that is compatible with CXCR 4 usage or the syncytium inducing ( SI ) phenotype . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells ( pcDC ) and myeloid dendritic cells ( myDC ) are shown to express CD 4 and low levels of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , but only myDC express DC SIGN , a C type lectin that binds human immunodeficiency virus but does not mediate virus entry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Increased CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression in Ethiopians living in Israel : environmental and constitutive factors . ^^^ These findings suggest that constitutive factors , in addition to immune activation caused by environmental factors , account for the elevated expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on CD4+ cells of ETH . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV envelope proteins differentially utilize CXCR 4 and CCR 5 coreceptors for induction of apoptosis . ^^^ The involvement of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 coreceptors in apoptosis induced by the HIV envelope ( Env ) proteins has not been well defined . ^^^ These data demonstrate that T cell tropic BH 10 Env preferentially utilizes CXCR 4 , but not CCR 5 , for induction of apoptosis , whereas dual tropic 89 . 6 Env induces apoptosis in both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 containing cell lines . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Certain chemokines act as natural antagonists of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) by blocking key viral coreceptors , such as CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , on the surface of susceptible cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As host factors which may influence the viral infection we determined the expression of virus receptors CD 4 , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 3 as well as the secretion of the natural ligands of CCR 5 , which altogether showed no correlation with HIV 1 infectibility of the cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Carboxyl terminal serine residues are critically involved in CCR 5 endocytosis and a dileucine motif , similar to that implicated in the regulation of CXCR 2 and CXCR 4 , contributes to the internalization of CCR 5 in a phosphorylation independent manner . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
An overview of the determinants of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 co receptor function . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , all isolates used CCR 5 , alone or in association with CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 1 89 . 6 ( PI ) is a dual tropic primary isolate , and the prototype 89 . 6 cloned R5X4 Env uses both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on macrophages . ^^^ All R5X4 Envs utilized both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on macrophages , while R 5 variants used CCR 5 only . ^^^ One variant characterized in cell lines as X 4 used both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on macrophages . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this report , we present the cloning and comparison of 11 rhesus macaque chemokine receptors and receptor like proteins ( CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CCR 8 , CXCR 4 , STRL 33 , GPR 1 , GPR 15 , APJ , and CRAM A / B ) , the human counterparts of which have been previously shown to be utilized by SIV for entry . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
At higher concentrations of gp 120 , this lymphotrophic variant , which has been shown to interact predominantly with CXCR 4 , seems to interact with and induce apoptosis through the CCR 5 receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study examines the involvement of different intracellular signaling pathways and their physiopathologic consequences following the CD 4 independent interaction between CXCR 4 or CCR 5 and gp 120 in different cell types : primary T cells , CD 4 ( ) / CXCR4 ( + ) / CCR5 ( + ) T cells , or glioma cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Monoclonal antibodies ( MAb ) to CD 4 , CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CCR 3 were tested for their ability to block VSV ( HIV 1 ) infection of syncytiotrophoblast cells . ^^^ Neither the anti CD 4 nor the anti CXCR 4 , anti CCR 5 , and anti CCR 3 MAb had any inhibitory effect on infection of syncytiotrophoblast cells with VSV ( HIV 1 ) pseudotypes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : Despite a strong display on CAEC of CXCR 4 and a lesser expression of CCR 3 and CCR 5 , HIV 1 did not productively replicate in CAEC , as shown by infectious assay , immunofluorescence , and electron microscopy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The recent discovery of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 as essential entry co receptors together with CD 4 has highlighted a novel and potentially important step in the pharmacological hunt for more effective antiviral agents . ^^^ In addition to regulate HIV expression and replication , several cytokines have demonstrated the capacity of up or down modulating chemokine receptors including CCR 5 and CXCR 4 with the consequence of influencing the susceptibility of T cells and macrophages to HIV infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Evidence as a HIV 1 self defense vaccine of cyclic chimeric dodecapeptide warped from undecapeptidyl arch of extracellular loop 2 in both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ Novel conformation specific antibodies were raised against a cyclic chimeric dodecapeptidyl multiple antigen peptide ( cCD MAP ) constructed with a spacer armed Gly Asp dipeptide and two pentapeptides ( S ( 169 ) Q ( 170 ) K ( 171 ) E ( 172 ) G ( 173 ) of CCR 5 and E ( 179 ) A ( 180 ) D ( 181 ) D ( 182 ) R ( 183 ) of CXCR 4 ) which are components of the undecapeptidyl arch ( UPA : from R ( 168 ) to C ( 178 ) in CCR 5 , from N ( 176 ) to C ( 186 ) in CXCR 4 ) of extracellular loop 2 ( ECL 2 ) in chemokine receptors ( CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ) . ^^^ The antibody reacted with the cells separately expressing CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , but not with those not expressing the coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Among several factors associated with HIV 1 disease progression , genetic polymorphism of CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 in HIV 1 infection has been found . ^^^ Single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ) in the CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 genes as well as a 32 base pair deletion in the open reading frame of the CCR 5 gene are associated with HIV disease progression among Caucasians and African Americans in North America and Europe . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Wild type virus and both mutant clones replicated equally well in established T cell lines and all three viruses were able to utilize CXCR 4 but not CCR 5 as a coreceptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Thus , although similar regions of X 4 and R 5 HIV 1 gp120s appear to be involved in binding CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , respectively , differences exist in nonspecific binding to cell surfaces , affinity for the chemokine receptor , and CD 4 dependence at low temperature . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , the percentage of Langerhans cells expressing CXCR 4 or CCR 5 increased during maturation of the cells in culture , especially in the presence of exogenous granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
T cell tropic HIV strains tend to use the CXCR 4 chemokine receptor , while macrophage tropic strains tend to use the CCR 5 chemokine receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The induction of tissue factor by gp 120 is mediated by two biologically relevant coreceptors for HIV infection , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , and is also dependent on the presence of functional CD 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A preponderance of CCR 5 ( + ) CXCR 4 ( + ) mononuclear cells enhances gastrointestinal mucosal susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection . ^^^ Significant differences exist in terms of chemokine receptor expression in the blood and gastrointestinal mucosa ; mucosal cells are predominantly CCR 5 ( + ) CXCR 4 ( + ) , while these cells make up less than 20 % of the peripheral blood cells . ^^^ We conclude that , based on these findings , the gastrointestinal mucosa represents a favored target for HIV 1 , in part due to its large population of CXCR 4 ( + ) CCR 5 ( + ) target cells and not to differences in the virus that it contains . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A focal infectivity assay for SIVagm indicated that all five tested SIVagms efficiently use CCR 5 as a coreceptor and that they also use CXCR 6 ( STRL33 / Bonzo ) and GPR 15 ( BOB ) with lower efficiencies but not CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The presence or absence of the receptor CD 4 and the coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 restrict the cell tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) . ^^^ We assayed the expression and function of the major HIV 1 coreceptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , as well as CCR 4 and CCR 7 as controls , on human thymocytes . ^^^ We detected CCR 5 on 2 . 5 % of thymocytes , CXCR 4 on 53 % of the cells , and CCR 4 on 16 % and CCR 7 on 11 % of human thymocytes . ^^^ Furthermore , the pattern of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression that we found may explain the greater susceptibility of human thymocytes to infection by HIV 1 isolates capable of using CXCR 4 in cell entry compared to those that use only CCR5 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although infection of macrophages is generally mediated via CCR 5 , we found no selection for SI variants that could use CCR 5 as coreceptor in addition to CXCR 4 , suggesting that features other than coreceptor usage account for the macrophagetropism of these transmitted SI HIV 1 variants . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Substituting the carboxyl terminal domain of CXCR 4 for that of CCR 5 failed to rectify the trafficking defect of the tailless CCR 5 . ^^^ In contrast , tailless CXCR 4 or a CXCR 4 chimera that exchanged the native cytoplasmic domain for that of wild type CCR 5 was expressed at the cell surface . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Adult microglia express the functional chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 molecules that mediate chemotaxis in these and other cell types . ^^^ A mean of 14 . 6 % of the microglia assayed responded to both alpha and beta chemokines ( CCR 5 ( + ) CXCR 4 ( + ) phenotype ) ; 45 . 4 % of microglia were phenotyped as CCR 5 ( + ) CXCR 4 ( ) ; 12 . 9 % of the microglia were CXCR 4 ( + ) CCR 5 ( ) ; and 27 . 0 % of microglia did not respond to either chemokine . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
MATERIAL AND METHODS : KS derived cells and KS Y 1 cells were investigated using RT PCR for the expression of CD 4 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CCR 8 and CXCR 4 mRNA . ^^^ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : With the exception of CCR 8 which is expressed by KS derived spindle cell cultures but not by KS Y 1 cells , unstimulated KS cells express no significant levels of CD 4 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 or CXCR 4 mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The molecular mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) entry into cells involves specific interactions between the viral envelope glycoprotein gp 120 and two target cell proteins , CD 4 and either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 chemokine receptors . ^^^ However , in the cell free viral infectivity assay although a chimeric virus with a combined V1 / V2 and V 3 domains of HIV 1 ( KMT ) efficiently fused with coreceptor expressing cells , yet its infectivity was markedly diminished in CCR 5 as well as CXCR 4 expressing cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The major human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) coreceptors are the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that while human megakaryoblasts express several chemokine receptors ( CXCR 4 , CCR 6 , CCR 8 , CCR 5 , CCR 2 and CXCR 3 ) , CXCR 4 was the only receptor detectable by FACS on human platelets . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cultured cells had increased expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 and supported both HIV 1 entry and completion of viral reverse transcription . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To better define the role HIV related chemokine receptor chemokine axes play in human hematopoiesis , we investigated the function of the CXCR 4 and CCR 5 receptors in human myeloid , T and B lymphoid cell lines selected for the expression of these receptors ( CXCR 4 ( + ) , CXCR 4 ( + ) CCR 5 ( + ) , and CCR 5 ( + ) cell lines ) . ^^^ We found that A ) SDF 1 , after binding to CXCR 4 , activates multiple signaling pathways and that in comparison with the MIP 1beta CCR 5 axis , plays a privileged role in hematopoiesis ; B ) SDF 1 activation of the MAPK p42 / 44 pathway and the PI 3K AKT axis does not affect proliferation and apoptosis but modulates integrin mediated adhesion to fibronectin , and C ) SDF 1 induces secretion of VEGF , but not of MMPs or TIMPs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition to the reverse transcriptase and protease step , various other events in the HIV replicative cycle are potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention : ( 1 ) viral adsorption , through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp 120 ( polysulfates , polysulfonates , polyoxometalates , zintevir , negatively charged albumins , cosalane analogues ) ; ( 2 ) viral entry , through blockade of the viral coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 [ bicyclams ( i . e . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of CCR 5 / CXCR 4 in spinal cord of patients with AIDS . ^^^ The discovery that chemokines and their receptors ( in particular CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ) play a role in HIV infection challenges traditional views on the pathogenesis of HIV infection in man and identifies new potential targets for therapeutic intervention . ^^^ The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between the expression of CCR 5 / CXCR 4 and spinal cord pathology in patients with AIDS . ^^^ Despite the lack of statistical significance between the two groups ( P=0 . 1019 ) , our results suggest that CCR 5 / CXCR 4 are present in spinal cord of patients with AIDS and that CCR 5 is more frequently found in association with VM . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cellular expression of functional chemokine receptor CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in human embryonic neurons . ^^^ In the present study we analysed expression of the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in human embryonic neurons . ^^^ Both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were mainly located inside the cell in the neuronal cell body and processes . ^^^ In addition , neurons synthesised CCR 5 and CXCR 4 transcripts , as demonstrated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction . ^^^ Stimulation with the CCR 5 and the CXCR 4 agonists increased [ Ca ( 2+ ) ] ( 1 ) in embryonic neurons , indicating that CXCR 4 and CCR 5 were functional at the neuronal surface . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Viruses isolated from brain , which consisted of variants that were distinct from those in lymphoid tissues , used CCR 5 ( R 5 ) , CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) , or both coreceptors ( R5X4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both DC populations expressed CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Inhibition of HIV infection by CXCR 4 and CCR 5 chemokine receptor antagonists . ^^^ The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are used as co receptors by the T cell tropic ( X 4 ) and macrophage tropic ( R 5 ) HIV 1 strains , respectively , for entering their host cells . ^^^ Viral entry can be inhibited by the natural ligands for CXCR 4 , the CXC chemokine SDF 1 and CCR 5 , the CC chemokines RANTES , MIP 1alpha and MIP 1beta . ^^^ The first non peptidic compound that interacts with CCR 5 , and not with CXCR 4 , is a quaternary ammonium derivative , called TAK 779 , which also has potent but variable anti HIV activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 have emerged as essential mediators of HIV 1 pathophysiology , functioning as co receptors for viral entry into cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 was expressed at marginally higher levels than CCR 5 on T cells from the cervical epithelium and peripheral blood . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression correlated with X 4 and R 5 HIV 1 infection yet not sustained replication in Th 1 and Th 2 cells . ^^^ METHODS : Surface expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 was determined by quantitative fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis on in vitro differentiated Th 1 and Th 2 cells . ^^^ RESULTS : Cell surface density of CCR 5 molecules was eight fold higher in Th 1 versus Th 2 subsets ( P = 0 . 005 ) whereas CXCR 4 surface density was four fold higher in Th 2 versus Th 1 subsets ( P = 0 . 006 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : 1 ) CAP binds to HIV 1 virus particles and to the envelope glycoprotein gp 120 ; 2 ) this leads to blockade of the gp 120 V3 loop and other gp 120 sites resulting in diminished reactivity with HIV 1 coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ; 3 ) CAP binding to HIV 1 virions impairs their infectivity ; 4 ) these findings apply to both HIV 1 IIIB , an X 4 virus , and HIV 1 BaL , an R 5 virus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) interacts with its target cells through CD 4 and a coreceptor , generally CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ Macrophages display CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 that are competent for binding and entry of virus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Envelope glycoproteins ( Envs ) of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 ( HIV 2 ) are frequently able to use chemokine receptors , CXCR 4 or CCR 5 , in the absence of CD 4 . ^^^ However , while these Envs are commonly dual tropic , no isolate has been described to date that is CD 4 independent on both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ In this report we show that a variant of HIV 2 / NIHz , termed HIV 2 / vcp , previously shown to utilize CXCR 4 without CD 4 , is also CD 4 independent on rhesus ( rh ) CCR 5 , but requires CD 4 to fuse with human ( hu ) CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These progenitors expressed CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 , as well as low levels of CD 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The aims of this study were to examine the expression of the chemokine receptors CCR 1 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 3 , and CXCR 4 in the conjunctiva of patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis ( VKC ) and to investigate the phenotype of inflammatory cells expressing these chemokine receptors . ^^^ METHODS : Conjunctival biopsy specimens from 16 patients with active VKC , and eight control subjects were studied by immunohistochemical techniques using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against human CCR 1 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 3 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^ There was no immunoreactivity for CCR 1 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study we show that CCL2 / monocyte chemotactic protein 1 , CCL5 / RANTES , and CXCL12 / stromal cell derived factor 1 enhanced IL 6 and IL 8 production by fibroblast like synoviocytes ( FLS ) from patients with RA , and their corresponding receptors , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 , respectively , were expressed by RA FLS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD4 cells expressing CCR 3 , CCR 5 , or CXCR 4 . ^^^ Coreceptor analysis revealed that CCR 5 using ( R 5 ) isolates generally had shorter V 2 regions than virus isolates with the ability to enter CXCR 4 expressing cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) infection in vivo is dependent upon the interaction of the viral envelope glycoprotein gp 120 with CC chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) or CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) . ^^^ To study the determinants of the gp 120 coreceptor association , we generated a set of chimeric HIV 1 coreceptors which express all possible combinations of the four extracellular domains of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ CD4 . 5455 , which presents the first extracellular loop ( ECL 1 ) and flanking sequences of CXCR 4 in the context of CCR 5 . ^^^ The expression of CCR 5 ECL2 within the CXCR 4 backbone supported infection by an R 5 primary isolate , but no chimeras bearing the N terminus of CCR 5 exhibited activity with R 5 strains . ^^^ Remarkably , the introduction of any CXCR 4 domain into the CCR 5 backbone was sufficient to allow utilization by multiple X 4 strains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The antibody also reacted with cells expressing CCR 5 , but not with cells expressing CXCR 4 , and the immunoreaction was competed by cDDR 5 MAP . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Suppression of CCR 5 but not CXCR 4 tropic HIV 1 in lymphoid tissue by human herpesvirus 6 . ^^^ HIV 1 infects target cells via a receptor complex formed by CD 4 and a chemokine receptor , primarily CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ( ref . 1 ) . ^^^ Here we show that in human lymphoid tissue ex vivo , HHV 6 affects HIV 1 infection in a coreceptor dependent manner , suppressing CCR 5 tropic but not CXCR 4 tropic HIV 1 replication , as shown with both uncloned viral isolates and isogenic molecular chimeras . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The finding that in addition to CD 4 molecule HIV 1 uses , CCR 5 or CXCR 4 receptors to enter target cells prompted the research to identify polymorphisms in coreceptor genes affecting disease progression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This article summarizes the results of our recent studies in which the expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 HIV 1 co receptors , as well as the activity of R 5 or X 4 tropic strains of HIV 1 in different in vitro models of Th1 / Th2 polarization was analyzed . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Genetic analyses of cis acting sequences controlling expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptor CCR 5 gene in rabbits and CXCR 4 gene in monkeys . ^^^ INTRODUCTION : Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) , HIV 2 , and simian immunodeficiency virus all use chemokine receptors ( CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and minor receptors ) to gain entry into a susceptible cell and establish infection successfully by way of membrane fusion . ^^^ Many such chemokine receptors that can act as entry cofactors under in vitro conditions have been identified , but the roles of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 chemokine receptors in infection , tropism , and pathogenesis have been studied in greater detail . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show that the HIV co receptor Bob / GPR15 , unlike CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , is abundant at the basal surface of small intestinal epithelium . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) uses the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 as coreceptors for entry . ^^^ This study shows that chemokine receptor engagement by both CCR 5 dependent ( R 5 ) and CXCR 4 dependent ( X 4 ) gp 120 led to rapid phosphorylation of the focal adhesion related tyrosine kinase Pyk 2 in macrophages . ^^^ Pyk 2 phosphorylation was also induced by macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta ( MIP 1beta ) and stromal cell derived factor 1alpha , chemokine ligands for CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The array analysis indicates a similar down regulation of the HIV 1 coreceptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , and this may also reduce viral infectivity of treated host cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To further examine its role in viral infection , we introduced a conservative amino acid substitution ( asparagine to glutamine ) in the V 3 proximal glycosylation motif ( Asn 10 Ser / Thr ) in the surface glycoprotein of a CXCR 4 using virus ( BRU ) , a CCR 5 using virus ( SF 162 ) , and a dual tropic virus ( 89 . 6 ) . ^^^ The effect of the mutation was determined by complementation assays , and by infectivity on CEMx 174 and U 373 MAGI cells expressing either CXCR 4 or CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
All four strains used the CCR 5 coreceptor , although Du 179 also used CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We identified five human T lymphoid cell lines ( PB 1 , Sez 4 , C19PL , HUT 102B and ATL 2 ) which highly express CD 4 in addition to CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ Moreover , we noticed that the susceptibility of these cells to HIV did not correspond either with the level of surface expression or with the functionality of CXCR 4 or CCR 5 ; however , it was modulated to some degree by the endogenously secreted HIV related chemokines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Infection was inhibited by SDF 1 on cells expressing CD 4 and CXCR 4 for both viruses , whereas RANTES abolished infection of cells expressing CCR 5 in addition to CD 4 in studies of the RV expressing HIV 1 ( 89 . 6 ) Env . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Via this mechanism , DC SIGN significantly enhances the infection of CD 4 ( + ) co receptor ( CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ) ( + ) T lymphocytes in trans . ^^^ The DC SIGN ( + ) Hofbauer cells co express CD 4 and the chemokine receptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , observations which may account for the ability of these cells to become infected with HIV . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : We report increased expression of chemokine receptors CXCR 3 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 on circulating and graft infiltrating lymphocytes after liver transplantation . ^^^ An in vitro model of T cell alloactivation demonstrated a similar pattern of expression of functional CXCR 3 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 on T cells . ^^^ Although ligands for the receptors CXCR 3 and CCR 5 are important for recruitment , the restriction of SDF to bile ducts suggests that CXCR 4 may be involved in the retention of alloactivated lymphocytes at sites of graft damage . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Developmental expression patterns of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in the rhesus macaque brain . ^^^ To further understand chemokine receptors in the brain and explore their potential role in HIV neuropathogenesis , particularly in pediatrics , we examined the regional and cellular distribution of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in normal fetal , neonatal , and adult rhesus macaques . ^^^ CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence within the cytoplasm of subpopulations of neurons in the neocortex , hippocampus , basal nuclei , thalamus , brain stem , and cerebellum and by flow cytometry on the surface of neurons and glia . ^^^ Interestingly , expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 increased significantly ( p < 0 . 05 ) from birth to 9 months of age . ^^^ We further characterize this dynamic developmental pattern of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression in resident cells of the CNS . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We screened a number of Epstein Barr virus ( EBV ) positive and negative Burkitt ' s lymphoma ( BL ) B cell lines as well as subpopulations of normal B cells that include tonsillar naive and germinal center / memory B cells for the expression of HIV 1 receptors CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 . ^^^ Cell lines and resting or activated normal B cells lacked CD 4 and CCR 5 but expressed CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
All six pseudoviruses were infectious and exhibited expected coreceptor usage phenotype in HOS CD 4 cells expressing either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Activation of formyl peptide receptors results in increased cell migration , phagocytosis , release of proinflammatory mediators , and the signaling cascade culminates in heterologous desensitization of other STM receptors including chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , two coreceptors for HIV 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 1 coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 play an important role in viral entry and pathogenesis . ^^^ Viral isolates from 1 of the 5 RM males and 2 of the 10 HM males were CCR 5 tropic , whereas isolates from 3 RM males and 6 of the HM male isolates were CXCR 4 tropic . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Utilizing highly purified full term trophoblasts , we demonstrate that full term trophoblasts express CXCR 4 but are negative for CCR 5 and CD 4 cell surface proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Coreceptor usage by these isolates determined on GHOST cells correlated with their biological phenotype , as all SI isolates used CXCR 4 and all NSI isolates used CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distribution of the human immunodeficiency virus coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on leukocytes of persons with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and pulmonary tuberculosis : implications for pathogenesis . ^^^ However , higher proportions of CD4+CD45RA+ and CD8+ lymphocytes as well as B cells expressing CCR 5 correlated with advancing HIV 1 disease , as did decreased proportions of CXCR 4 expressing CD4+CD45RA+ cells . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The phenotype of the newly acquired virus is predominantly R 5 ( CCR 5 tropic ) and not X 4 ( CXCR 4 tropic ) , although both R 5 and X 4 viruses are frequently inoculated onto the mucosa . ^^^ Here we show that primary intestinal ( jejunal ) epithelial cells express galactosylceramide , an alternative primary receptor for HIV 1 , and CCR 5 but not CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Changes in CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression and beta chemokine production in HIV 1 infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy . ^^^ The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) on the expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 HIV coreceptors and the production of the beta chemokines regulated upon activation , normal T cell expressed and secreted ( RANTES ) , macrophage inflammatory protein ( MIP ) 1alpha , and MIP 1beta has been investigated in 30 HIV 1 infected individuals during 12 36 months of therapy . ^^^ CCR 5 expression was increased in both CD 4 + and CD 8 + subsets , whereas CXCR 4 expression was upregulated only in CD 4 + cells . ^^^ In conclusion , our data indicate a normalization of CCR 5 but not CXCR 4 expression during suppressive therapy and changes in beta chemokine production that may play a part in dictating the efficiency of viral infection and consequently the disease course . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The aim of this study was to determine whether variabilities observed in the susceptibility of THP 1 cells to HIV 1 infection may be related to the differential expression of CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^ Both propagation and PMA treatment of THP 1 cells resulted in a marked decrease in CD 4 positive cells , whereas the expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 was not reduced during propagation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 or CXCR 4 is required for efficient infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by promiscuous human immunodeficiency virus type 2 primary isolates . ^^^ Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 ( HIV 2 ) isolates are characterized by their ability to use a broad range of coreceptors , including CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and several alternative coreceptors . ^^^ We set out to evaluate the relative importance of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 for infection of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) . ^^^ Although all isolates , except one , were able to establish productive infection in CCR 5 ( / ) PBMC , the infection of these cells was inefficient for all isolates that were unable to use CXCR 4 . ^^^ For CXCR 4 using isolates there were only minor differences in TCID 50 between CCR 5 ( + / + ) and CCR 5 ( / ) PBMC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cellular activation markers and HIV 1 chemokine co receptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , were analysed by flow cytometry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Special attention is paid to chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 1 escape from a small molecule , CCR 5 specific entry inhibitor does not involve CXCR 4 use . ^^^ Acquisition of CXCR 4 use is not the dominant in vitro escape pathway for a small molecule CCR 5 entry inhibitor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 usage by non clade B human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates . ^^^ CCR 5 and CXCR 4 usage has been studied extensively with a variety of clade B human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) isolates . ^^^ Here , we report on the determinants of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptor function for a panel of non clade B isolates that are responsible for the majority of new HIV 1 infections worldwide . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression and functional activity of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 chemokine receptors in human thymocytes . ^^^ In this paper we addressed the expression of the HIV co receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 in human thymocytes by phenotypic , molecular and functional approaches . ^^^ Northern blot analysis of freshly isolated thymocytes showed high CXCR 4 mRNA levels , whereas the message for CCR 5 was barely detectable . ^^^ On the other hand , a modest increase in the expression of CCR 5 was associated with in vitro thymocyte stimulation , and CCR 5 density at the cell surface attained CXCR 4 figures in most cases . ^^^ In vitro infection of thymocytes by CAT expressing recombinant HIV bearing the envelope glycoproteins from different isolates showed that T tropic strains , which use CXCR 4 as a co receptor , were more efficient in infecting thymocytes than M tropic strains , which preferentially use CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GHOST ( 3 ) cells were derived from the human osteosarcoma cell line , HOS , and have been engineered to stably express CD 4 and one or another of the chemokine receptors CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , Bonzo , or the orphan receptor BOB . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sequential isolates from eight cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIVsm , of sooty mangabey origin ) were tested for coreceptor use in the human osteosarcoma indicator cell line , GHOST ( 3 ) , expressing CD 4 and one or another of the chemokine receptors CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , BOB , or the orphan receptor Bonzo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We examined the role of CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 in HIV envelope mediated apoptosis by measuring the response of activated PBMCs to recombinant envelope proteins derived from CXCR 4 and CCR 5 utilizing viruses . ^^^ However , a CXCR 4 specific envelope induced higher levels of apoptosis than a CCR 5 specific envelope , suggesting that envelope mediated apoptosis can be enhanced by envelope CXCR 4 interactions . ^^^ We conclude that envelope can induce apoptosis in T cells independently of the coreceptor specificity of a given envelope , or the expression profile of CXCR 4 or CCR 5 on a target cell . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Fractalkine , SDF 1alpha , RANTES and MDC inhibited the 1 ( Ba ) in CX3CR1 , CXCR 4 , CCR 5 and CCR 4 expressing G1A1 cells , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) entry into a host cell requires the fusion of virus and cellular membranes that is driven by interaction of the viral envelope glycoproteins gp 120 and gp 41 ( gp120 / gp41 ) with CD 4 and a coreceptor , typically either CXCR 4 or CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Coreceptor use was tested on human cell lines , expressing CD 4 together with CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and other chemokine receptors . ^^^ A change from use of CCR 5 to use of CXCR 4 occurred in four children infected with subtype A , D , or CRF01 _ AE after they had reached 1 . 5 to 5 . 8 years of age . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To study CD 4 ENV coreceptor interactions , we characterized hybrid receptors having domains 1 and 2 of CD 4 ( D1D2 CD 4 ) joined to the N terminus of chemokine receptors CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , CXCR 2 , and DARC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 was required for infection by all FIV strains , but viruses expressing the V 3 to V 5 region of V1CSF required the concurrent presence of either CCR 3 or CCR 5 . ^^^ To assess the role of primate chemokine receptors in productive infection , Crandell feline kidney ( CrFK ) cells that expressed human CXCR 4 , CCR 3 , or CCR 5 in addition to feline CXCR 4 were generated . ^^^ Sustained infection by viruses encoding the V 3 to V 5 region of V1CSF was detected in CrFK cells expressing human CCR 3 or CCR 5 but not in cells expressing CXCR 4 alone , while all CrFK cell lines were permissive to viruses encoding the V 3 to V 5 region of Petaluma . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) are classified according to the chemokine receptor ( coreceptor ) used in conjunction with CD 4 to target and enter cells : viruses using CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are classified as R 5 and X 4 , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To test the hypothesis that an LPS effect on CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) and CC chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) , known coreceptors for HIV , contributes to this effect , 8 healthy men were intravenously injected with Escherichia coli LPS ( 4 ng / kg ) , and monocyte CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression was monitored by fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis . ^^^ LPS induced a decrease in the fraction of peripheral blood monocytes expressing CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , reaching a nadir after 2 h ( both P < . 001 vs . baseline ) . ^^^ In whole blood in vitro , not only LPS but also lipoarabinomannan ( a cell wall component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ) and lipoteichoic acid ( a cell wall component of Staphylococcus aureus ) down regulated the expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on monocytes ( all P < . 05 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Uninfected syncytiotrophoblast cells were found to express CXCR 4 and CCR 3 but not CD 4 or CCR 5 receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
LCs isolated from monkeys with acute SIV infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) underwent normal maturation in vitro , including a switch in chemokine receptor expression from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 and CCR 7 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , CCR 6 , CCR 7 , CXCR 3 and CXCR 4 were analysed by FACS , and attracting chemokines were identified by blocking studies . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have analysed the expression of CXCR 3 and CCR 5 as Th 1 specific chemokine receptors , CCR 3 as a marker for Th 2 cells , CXCR 4 ( expressed on unprimed , naive T cells ) and CCR 2 ( known to be involved in autoimmunity ) on peripheral blood ( PBL ) and thyroid derived lymphocytes ( TL ) using flow cytometry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Biochemical fractionation and confocal imaging of HIV 1 receptor distribution in live cells demonstrated that CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 colocalized with raft resident markers , ganglioside GM 1 , and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored CD 48 . ^^^ While confocal microscopy analysis revealed that HIV 1 receptors localized most likely to the same lipid microdomains , sucrose gradient analysis of the receptor localization showed that , in contrast to CD 4 and CCR 5 , CXCR 4 was associated preferentially with the nonraft membrane fraction . ^^^ Colocalization of CCR 5 with GM 1 and gp 120 upon engagement of CD 4 and CXCR 4 by HIV 1 further supports our observation that HIV 1 receptors localize to the same lipid rafts in PM 1 T cells . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are the major co receptors for macrophage tropic and T cell line tropic viral isolates , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Polymorphic allelic variants of chemokine receptors CCR 2 and CCR 5 , as well as of stromal derived factor 1 SDF 1 , the ligand for the chemokine receptor CXCR 4 , are known to have protective effects against HIV 1 infection and to be involved with delay in disease progression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have identified a subset of CD 56 ( + ) CD 3 ( ) human natural killer ( NK ) cells that express CD 4 and the HIV coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ These cells can be productively infected in vitro by both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 using molecular clones of HIV 1 in a CD 4 dependent manner . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 1 typically uses CD 4 and a co receptor such as CCR 5 or CXCR 4 to enter cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent studies indicate that the primary infection is mediated mainly by viruses that utilize CCR 5 as the coreceptor ; it is not known whether the syndrome can be mediated by viruses that use the CXCR 4 coreceptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we demonstrate that , like the CC chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CCR2b , CXCR 4 is posttranslationally modified by sulfation of its amino terminal tyrosines . ^^^ Tyrosine sulfation plays a less significant role in CXCR 4 dependent HIV 1 entry than in CCR 5 dependent HIV 1 entry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our results show the presence of mRNA for CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 chemokine receptors on baboon microglial cells . ^^^ We also show productive infection of baboon microglial cells by two SHIV isolates , SHIV KU and SHIV 89 . 6P , and blockade of the infection with soluble CD 4 protein , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 monoclonal antibodies . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Envelope clones derived from all five women were able to pseudotype infectious particles competent to infect cells expressing CCR 5 , but not cells expressing only CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It was found that both blood and CSF isolates used either CXCR 4 or CXCR 4 and CCR 5 as co receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Generally , macrophage tropic strains use CCR 5 , and T cell line tropic strains use CXCR 4 as coreceptors for virus entry . ^^^ Dual tropic viruses can use both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Subpopulations of CD 3 and intracellular p 24 gag positive cells in human lymphoid tissue infected ex vivo with X 4 HIV 1 variant NL 4 3 and R 5 HIV 1 variant AD 8 were analysed for expression of the T cell memory markers CD45RO and CD45RA , the T cell homing receptor for lymphoid tissue CD62L , and the HIV 1 coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mouse eosinophils isolated from IL 5 transgenic mice expressed transcripts encoding the chemokine receptors CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CCR 8 , CXCR 2 , and CXCR 4 , but not CCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We now found that expression of chemokine receptor genes CXCR 3 , CCR 5 , CX ( 3 ) CR 1 , and CXCR 4 was also upregulated , which is in agreement with the predominance in brains of adult infected rats of T cells and monocytes / macrophages that express these receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , the tissue expression of messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA ) encoding the CCR 3 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 receptors was examined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) . mRNA encoding each receptor was expressed by two feline T cell lines ( Mya 1 and FeTJ ) , a feline kidney fibroblast cell line ( FKCU ) and PBLs . ^^^ Mesenteric lymph node , colon , rectum , uterus , cervix and vagina all expressed mRNA for CXCR 4 and CCR 5 whilst only lymph node expressed CCR 3 mRNA . ^^^ CCR 5 and CXCR 4 receptor mRNA was expressed by epithelial cells and some lamina propria cells of the colon and rectum . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Variations of the expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 HIV co receptors after non stimulated culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) from HIV+ patients were studied . ^^^ After 3 days CCR 5 expression was reduced both in CD4+ and in CD8+ T lymphocytes , while CXCR 4 expression was not , coincident with initiation of HIV replication in culture . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : SF T cells showed an increase in the population of CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CD45RO positive cells and exhibited an increase in chemotactic activity , which was not augmented with RANTES but stromal cell derived factor 1alpha . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Isolates from newborns utilized CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , or both chemokine receptors to enter thymocytes . ^^^ Viral expression was observed in discrete thymocyte subsets postinfection with HIV isolates using CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) and isolates using CCR 5 ( R 5 ) , despite the wider distribution of CXCR 4 in the thymus . ^^^ The cytokines interleukin 2 ( IL 2 ) , IL 4 , and IL 7 increased HIV replication in the thymus by inducing differentiation and expansion of mature CD 27 ( + ) thymocytes expressing CXCR 4 or CCR 5 . ^^^ IL 2 and IL 4 together increased expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 in this population , whereas IL 4 and IL 7 increased CXCR 4 but not CCR 5 expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , GHOST cell infection assays and blocking experiments with the CXCR 4 inhibitor AMD 3100 showed that the later D 36 1999 isolate could infect both CCR 5 ( + ) and CCR 5 ( ) CXCR 4 ( + ) cells efficiently , while infection by the 1995 isolate was nearly completely restricted to CCR 5 ( + ) cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Besides CD 4 , which is the major receptor for HIV 1 and SIV , a number of chemokine receptors including but not limited to APJ , CCR 3 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 may be coreceptors for HIV 1 / SIV , not only in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues but also in the central nervous system ( CNS ) . ^^^ The present studies reveal the lack of CD 4 , but the significant expression of various chemokine receptors , APJ , CCR 3 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 , plus C type lectins DC SIGN and L SIGN on isolated primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells ( MVECs ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The ligand for CXCR 4 was able to block infection of both cell lines , whereas the ligands for CCR 5 were able to block infection in HSY only , indicating that these receptors were utilized for entry into the epithelial cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The follicle associated epithelium covering human gut lymphoid follicles expresses CCR 5 , but not CXCR 4 , and lactosyl cerebroside , suggesting that HIV 1 infection may occur through M cells and enterocytes at these sites . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , both CD 4 ( + ) and CD 4 ( ) NKT cells frequently express both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 HIV coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Modest inhibition was obtained with lactoferricin , a highly positively charged loop domain of bLF , indicating that other domains within the native bLF protein may also be required for inhibition . bLF blocked HIV 1 variants that use either the CXCR 4 or the CCR 5 coreceptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Some retroviruses such as HIV 1 and HIV 2 utilize one receptor for high affinity binding ( CD 4 ) , and a separate coreceptor to mediate fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane ( CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We find that the chemotactic activities of both mu and delta opioid receptors are desensitized following activation of the chemokine receptors CCR 5 , CCR 2 , CCR 7 , and CXCR 4 but not of the CXCR 1 or CXCR 2 receptors . ^^^ Furthermore , we also find that pretreatment with RANTES / CCL5 , the ligand for CCR 1 , and CCR 5 or SDF 1alpha / CXCL12 , the ligand for CXCR 4 , followed by opioid administration into the periaqueductal gray matter of the brain results in an increased rat tail flick response to a painful stimulus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression after highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) of 25 patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes , 10 patients with longstanding type 1 diabetes , and 35 healthy control subjects were examined for expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR 4 ( naive T cells ) , CCR 5 and CXCR 3 ( Th 1 associated ) , and CCR 3 and CCR 4 ( Th 2 associated ) on CD3+ lymphocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Moreover , it did not appear to be secondary to a soluble factor released by the AM , nor was it overridden by the concomitant transfer of the CCR 5 or CXCR 4 receptors to the AM before HIV 1 infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human adipose cells express CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 [ corrected ] receptors : a new target cell type for the immunodeficiency virus 1 . ^^^ The aim of this paper is to present evidence of the expression of CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 receptors by human adipocytes and to test whether adipose cells support HIV entry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It was not observed between the CCR 5 deltaNT mutant and a chimeric receptor ( 5444 ) in which the NT domain of CCR 5 was in the context of another G protein coupled receptor , the HIV 1 receptor CXCR 4 . ^^^ Coimmunoprecipitation experiments in transfected cell lysates indeed showed that the deltaNT CCR 5 mutant formed oligomeric complexes with the WT CCR 5 or the HMMM chimera but not with the CXCR 4 derived chimera 5444 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Previous studies have suggested that these interactions are possible because HIV 1 receptors CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 partition in cholesterol enriched membrane raft domains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Efficient HIV 1 entry typically requires binding of the viral envelope glycoproteins and host cell receptors , CD 4 and either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 chemokine receptors . ^^^ The CXCR 4 molecules of both marmosets and squirrel monkeys supported HIV 1 infection , but the CCR 5 proteins of both species were only marginally functional . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Upregulation of surface feline CXCR 4 expression following ectopic expression of CCR 5 : implications for studies of the cell tropism of feline immunodeficiency virus . ^^^ Feline CXCR 4 and CCR 5 were expressed in feline cells as fusion proteins with enhanced green fluorescent protein ( EGFP ) . ^^^ Ectopic expression of feline CCR 5 enhanced expression of either endogenous feline CXCR 4 or exogenous feline or human CXCR 4 expressed from a retrovirus vector , indicating that experiments investigating the effect of CCR 5 expression on feline immunodeficiency virus ( FIV ) infection must be interpreted with caution . ^^^ Susceptibility to infection with cell culture adapted strains of FIV or to syncytium formation following transfection with a eukaryotic vector expressing an env gene from a cell culture adapted strain of virus correlated with expression of either human or feline CXCR 4 , whereas feline CCR 5 had no effect . ^^^ In contrast , neither CXCR 4 nor CCR 5 rendered cells permissive to either productive infection with primary strains of FIV or syncytium formation following transfection with primary env gene expression vectors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These CC chemokines , however , do not account for all CD 8 ( + ) T cell antiviral factor ( s ) ( CAF ) released from these cells , particularly because the elusive CAF can inhibit the replication of X 4 HIV 1 strains that use CXCR 4 and not CCR 5 as a coreceptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
FDCs had little effect on CCR 5 or CD 4 expression but increased CXCR 4 expression on CD 4 T cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Isolates 99ZASW7 and 99ZACM9 from Johannesburg were subtype C throughout the genome , 99ZASW7 used the CXCR 4 coreceptor , and 99ZACM9 used both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Macrophages express both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 coreceptors , but restrict X 4 HIV 1 replication unless the Env V 3 region , a major determinant of cell tropism , is exchanged with that of R 5 HIV 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Upon binding to the host cell receptor CD 4 , gp 120 assumes a conformation that is recognized by the second receptor , CCR 5 and / or CXCR 4 , and by the CD 4 induced ( CD4i ) antibodies . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sixteen of the isolates used only CCR 5 as coreceptor whereas two isolates made use of additional coreceptors including CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are an obvious target for HIV therapies . ^^^ The specificity of T 22 and AMD 3100 was further confirmed by their ability to block entry of HIV 1 in GHOST CXCR 4 transfected cells with no effect on viral entry in the GHOST CCR 5 cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neuropathogenesis of lentiviral infection in macaques : roles of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 viruses and interleukin 4 in enhancing monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 production in macrophages . ^^^ Recent studies have shown that whereas the disease can be caused by CCR 5 tropic viruses alone , its induction by CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) tropic viruses occurred usually in association with infections caused by opportunistic pathogens and in the presence of a Th 2 cytokine , interleukin ( IL ) 4 . ( 1 , 2 ) Further , X 4 mediated neurological disease developed preferentially in rhesus compared to pig tailed macaques . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cells expressing HIV 1 co receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were quantified using immunofluorescence and image analysis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Plasma stromal cell derived factor ( SDF ) 1 levels , SDF 1 3 ' A polymorphism , and CXCR 4 ( + ) T lymphocytes in relation to resistance to human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) 1 infection and its progression were investigated in a study of HIV positive patients , exposed but uninfected ( EU ) subjects , and healthy control subjects , all lacking CCR 5 Delta 32 homozygosity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cell entry is mediated through the CD 4 receptor and a variety of coreceptors , most importantly the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ In particular , we investigate how the selection pressures on CCR 5 and CXCR 4 using HIV variants change as a result of treatment with coreceptor specific antiretroviral agents . ^^^ Our main result is that CXCR 4 inhibitors increase the selection pressure in favor of the emergence of CCR 5 using variants , thus selecting for coexistence of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 using variants , whereas CCR 5 inhibitors increase the selection pressure against CCR 5 using variants , thus selecting against coexistence . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 binding chemokines modulate CXCL 12 ( SDF 1 ) induced responses of progenitor B cells in human bone marrow through heterologous desensitization of the CXCR 4 chemokine receptor . ^^^ We also determined that CCR 5 binding chemokines MIP 1alpha ( CCL 3 ) , CCL 4 , and RANTES ( CCL 5 ) , specifically by signaling through CCR 5 , could affect all progenitor B cell populations through a novel mechanism involving heterologous desensitization of CXCR 4 . ^^^ Thus , by modulation of CXCR 4 function , signaling through CCR 5 may influence B lymphopoiesis by affecting the migration and maturation of B cell progenitors in the bone marrow microenvironment . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As discussed previously , the theoretic concern exists that blocking CCR 5 could enhance the emergence of CXCR 4 using variants and possibly accelerate disease . ^^^ So far , in vitro selection for variants resistant to the CCR 5 antagonist SCH C in PBMC ( which express both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ) has resulted in mutants that were resistant to the blocker but still used CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BH 10 , ADA , and 89 . 6 strains whose infections are dependent on CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and both , respectively , were selected . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To change the coreceptor usage of this vector from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 , which is predominant on human CD 4 positive lymphocytes , the putative V 3 loop of SIVagm SU was replaced by that of the T cell tropic HIV 1 variant BH 10 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Shortly after PF Ag stimulation , CCR 5 expression was down regulated , but CXCR 4 expression was modestly up regulated . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To elucidate whether different pathogenic mechanisms are involved in PPMS , we compared membrane expression of a group of CC and CXC chemokine receptors ( CCR 1 , CCR 5 , CXCR 3 , CXCR 4 ) in peripheral blood of 68 MS patients ( 25 PPMS , 23 SPMS and 20 RRMS ) and 26 healthy controls . ^^^ We found a significant increase in surface expression of CCR 5 in CD4+ , CD8+ , CD19+ and CD14+ cells as well as an increased percentage of CXCR 3 and CXCR 4 in CD14+ cells in MS patients compared to controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD 4 and the chemokine receptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , serve as receptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) . ^^^ These results indicate that although some variable gp 120 residues contribute to the specific binding to CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , gp 120 elements common to CXCR 4 or CCR 5 using strains are involved in the interaction with both coreceptors . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
IPC express surface molecules CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 , which are known coreceptors required for human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , HIV 1 replicates in activated human CD 4 ( + ) T cells , monocytes , and metabolically active human cells of a variety of cell types become permissive for HIV 1 replication when transduced to express CD 4 and CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
SAMMA is highly effective against all CCR 5 and CXCR 4 isolates of HIV in primary human macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We found that treatment of peripheral blood lymphocytes ( PBL ) with methyl beta cyclodextrin ( MbetaCD ) or cytochalasin reduced their susceptibility to membrane fusion with cells expressing HIV 1 Env that utilize CXCR 4 or CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A subset of TCRgammadelta cells and CD 161 expressing thymocytes express CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 during development in the thymus and are susceptible to HIV 1 infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In particular , the studies presented herein concern the role of the gp 120 V3 loop in the CD 4 binding , the importance of the N terminal sequence of HIV coreceptor CCR 5 , the sequences patterned on CXCR 4 natural ligand ( stromal derived factor 1 [ SDF 1 ] ) as inhibitory peptides , and the importance of substrate secondary structure in determining the enzymatic processing of gp 120 precursor ( gp 160 ) . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These HIV inhibitory V 3 peptides exhibited specific binding to target cells that was not competed by antibodies to either the primary receptor CD 4 or the co receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV entry within the cell involves the presence of at least two chemokine co receptors , the CCR 5 and CXCR 4 receptors . ^^^ Viral entry can be inhibited by the natural ligands for CXCR 4 , the CXC chemokine SDF 1 and CCR 5 , the CC chemokines RANTES , MIP 1alpha and MIP 1beta , respectively . ^^^ The first nonpeptidic compound that interacts with CCR 5 , but not with CXCR 4 , is a quaternary ammonium derivative , TAK 779 , which also shows potent but variable anti HIV activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using biochemical approaches and mass spectrometry analysis , we found an association between the C termini of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 and the motor protein nonmuscle myosin H chain IIA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , we determined the expression of several chemokine receptors on cultured human T cells including CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 4 , CCR 5 , CXCR 3 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Restricted replication of primary HIV 1 isolates using both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in Th 2 but not in Th 1 CD4 ( + ) T cells . ^^^ We have previously reported that CCR 5 dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ; R 5 ) , but not CXCR 4 restricted ( X 4 ) virus , efficiently replicates in T helper cell type 1 ( Th 1 ) , Th 2 , or Th 0 polyclonal T cells obtained from human umbilical cord blood ( CB lines ) . ^^^ Here , we describe that in contrast to these monotropic HIVs , primary HIV 1 isolates capable of using CCR 5 or CXCR 4 indifferently for entry ( i . e . , R5X4 viruses ) efficiently replicated in Th 2 but not in Th 1 CB lines . ^^^ Interferon gamma ( IFN gamma ) down regulated CCR 5 in Th 1 cells and inhibited , whereas interleukin 4 ( IL 4 ) up regulated CXCR 4 and enhanced the spreading of R 5 and R5X4 viruses in polarized CB lines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although a number of chemokine receptors display coreceptor activities in vitro , chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) remain the major coreceptors used by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) . ^^^ Despite expression of other minor coreceptors on PBMCs , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are preferentially used by HIV 1 isolates , as shown by chemokine inhibition data . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 did not interact with CCR 5 , the other principal HIV 1 coreceptor , when the two proteins were coexpressed . ^^^ In cell lysates prepared with non denaturing detergents , CXCR 4 sedimented in a manner consistent with a dimer , whereas CCR 5 sedimented as a monomer under these conditions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Macrophages in lesions had significantly increased expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 compared with peripheral blood cells , and CD 4 T cells had significant up regulation of CCR 5 . ^^^ Together with the disruption of mucosal and skin barriers , the presence of cells with up regulated HIV 1 coreceptors in H . ducreyi infected lesions may provide an environment that facilitates the acquisition of R 5 ( CCR 5 ) , X 4 ( CXCR 4 ) , and dual tropic HIV 1 strains . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cells containing integrated HIV 1 LTR linked to the beta gal gene and expressing CD 4 and coreceptors CXCR 4 or CCR 5 were used to measure virus infectivity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
IL 7 pretreatment of naive T cells also potently up regulated surface expression of CXCR 4 but not CCR 5 and mediated the expansion of naive T cells without the acquisition of the primed CD45RO phenotype . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Subsequent interaction of the envelope protein ( Env ) with the CD 4 receptor causes conformational changes that enable Env to interact with a coreceptor , generally the chemokine receptors CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The differential usage of the two major HIV coreceptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , determines the biological diversity among HIV variants . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent studies documented that the beta chemokine receptors , CCR2b , CCR 3 and CCR 5 , and the alpha chemokine receptors , CXCR 1 , CXCR 2 and CXCR 4 serve as entry coreceptors for HIV 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We infected cultures of unstimulated human microglial cells and astrocytes of embryonic origin and of monocyte derived macrophages ( MDM ) with HCMV strain AD 169 and observed down regulation of the plasma membrane expression of CCR 5 in the three cell types , and of CXCR 4 and CD 4 in microglial cells only . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Upon binding the host cell receptor , CD 4 , gp 120 assumes a conformation that is able to bind the chemokine receptors CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , which act as coreceptors for the virus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Likewise , expression of the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on these cells was higher in the ETH group than in the non ETH group . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our data demonstrate that V 3 glycans play an important role in the usage of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ The lack of g 15 was relevant for a more efficient use of CXCR 4 , whereas interaction with CCR 5 was facilitated in the presence of g 15 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Tat and Rev are indispensable regulatory factors for HIV 1 replication , whereas Env mediates virus entry by direct interaction with surface receptor CD 4 and coreceptor CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV entry receptor ( CCR 5 , CD 4 , and CXCR 4 ) expression was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry assays . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND : The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are the main coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) 1 to enter its target cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Heterologous desensitization of T cell functions by CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ligands : inhibition of cellular signaling , adhesion and chemotaxis . ^^^ However , the pro adhesive and pro migratory capacities of SDF 1alpha and RANTES or MIP 1beta were mutually suppressed by the simultaneous or sequential exposure of the cells to these CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ligands . ^^^ Strikingly , early CXCR 4 signaling of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase , detected by SDF 1alpha induced AKT phosphorylation , was insensitive to RANTES CCR 5 signals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) and simian ( SIV ) immunodeficiency virus entry is mediated by binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein ( Env ) to CD 4 and chemokine receptors , CCR 5 and / or CXCR 4 . ^^^ CD 4 independent Env ' s of HIV type 1 ( HIV 1 ) , HIV 2 , and SIV have been identified that exhibit exposed chemokine receptor binding sites and can bind directly to CCR 5 or CXCR 4 in the absence of CD 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
His PBMC resisted superinfection with CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and dual tropic HIV 1 strains , although highly purified CD4+ T cells supported infection , but without any visible cytopathic effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The beta chemokine receptor , CCR 5 , is the major co receptor in conjunction with CD 4 for macrophage ( M ) tropic or ( R 5 ) isolates of HIV 1 , whereas the alpha chemokine receptor , CXCR 4 , facilitates entry of T tropic or ( X 4 ) HIV 1 strains . ^^^ Cells of myeloid lineage may be infected predominantly with R 5 strains , although infection with dual tropic isolates of HIV 1 ( exhibiting the capacity to use CCR 5 and / or CXCR 4 for entry ) or some strains of X 4 isolates has also been reported . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Importantly , blocking CCR 5 expression by siRNAs provided a substantial protection for the lymphocyte populations from CCR 5 tropic HIV 1 virus infection , dropping infected cells by 3 to 7 fold ; only a minimal effect on infection by a CXCR 4 tropic virus was observed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The NKT cell clones expressed significantly more surface CCR 5 molecules / cell and lower CXCR 4 molecules / cell than phytohaemagglutinin stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) . ^^^ Consistent with the surface expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , the NKT clones were also selectively susceptible to HIV M tropic , T tropic , and primary isolate infection , as evaluated by both HIV p 24 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and intracellular staining of HIV proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
No CD 4 , CXCR 4 or CCR 5 expression was evident on the surface of Leydig cells and transduction with a CD 4 expressing adenovirus did not induce HIV 1 infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Soluble and virion associated HIV 1 gp 120 induced calcium mobilization and phosphorylation of the PI 3 kinase downstream effectors PKB / Akt and p 70 S6 kinase . gp 120 induced PI 3 kinase activity and calcium mobilization were inhibited by pertussis toxin and blocking antibodies directed against CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , suggesting that the signaling is mediated through the chemokine receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sequence comparisons indicate that X 4 virus can be selected in vivo due to either absence of CCR 5 receptors or relative increase of CXCR 4 receptors . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of chemokines and their receptors in human and simian astrocytes : evidence for a central role of TNF alpha and IFN gamma in CXCR 4 and CCR 5 modulation . ^^^ We demonstrated that , in the absence of any stimulation , human fetal and simian adult astrocytes express mRNA for receptors APJ , BOB / GPR15 , Bonzo / CXCR6 , CCR 2 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CCR 8 , ChemR 23 , CXCR3 / GPR9 , CXCR 4 , GPR 1 , and V28 / CX3CR1 . ^^^ Furthermore , TNFalpha and IFNgamma act synergistically to induce expression of the major coreceptors for HIV infection , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , at both the mRNA and protein levels in human and simian astrocytes , whereas CCR 3 expression was not affected by cytokine treatment . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Moreover , QUIN leads to upregulation of the chemokine receptor expression of CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CCR 3 in human fetal astrocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Since the identification of the chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 as co receptors for HIV 1 entry , several antagonists against these receptors have been synthesised . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : We made these viruses pass on CXCR 4 expressing T cell lines and CCR 5 expressing U 937 cell line . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A large proportion of gammadelta lymphocytes constitutively expressed the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , with evidence for marked up regulation of CD 8 in samples from HIV infected individuals , corresponding to an activated phenotype . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To identify the putative receptor , we tested the cell surface expression of previously described receptors such as CD 4 , nucleolin , galactosylceramide , and CCR 1 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 by cytometry and RT PCR . ^^^ NB express variable levels of CCR 5 , CCR 1 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^ Besides , anti CCR 5 and anti CXCR 4 significantly blocked HIV 1 infection of R 5 and X 4 isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In separate experiments , the expression of different chemokine receptors ( CCR 1 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 3 and CXCR 4 ) was also studied . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of the chemokine receptors CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 3 , CCR 4 , CCR 5 , CCR 6 , CCR 7 , CCR 8 , CXCR 3 and CXCR 4 were analysed by flow cytometry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) entry into CD 4 ( + ) cells requires the chemokine receptors CCR 5 or CXCR 4 as co fusion receptors . ^^^ To investigate the effects of chemokine receptor cross regulation in HIV 1 infection , monocytes and MAGIC 5 and rat basophilic leukemia ( RBL 2H3 ) cell lines co expressing the interleukin 8 ( IL 8 or CXCL 8 ) receptor CXCR 1 and either CCR 5 ( ACCR 5 ) or CXCR 4 ( ACXCR 4 ) were generated . ^^^ IL 8 activation of CXCR 1 , but not the IL 8 receptor CXCR 2 , cross phosphorylated CCR 5 and CXCR 4 and cross desensitized their responsiveness to RANTES ( regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted ) ( CCL 5 ) and stromal derived factor ( SDF 1 or CXCL 12 ) , respectively . ^^^ CXCR 1 activation internalized CCR 5 but not CXCR 4 despite cross phosphorylation of both . ^^^ IL 8 pretreatment also inhibited CCR 5 but not CXCR 4 mediated virus entry into MAGIC 5 cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Engagement of L selectin by antibody cross linking or the L selectin ligands fucoidan or sulfatide mobilized intracellular CXCR 4 to significantly increase surface CXCR 4 expression but did not affect CCR 5 , CCR 7 , or beta 2 integrin expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We substantiated that IPCs expressing the major HIV 1 coreceptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , are susceptible to infection of both T cell line tropic NL 4 3 and macrophage tropic JR CSF HIV 1 by quantification of HIV 1 p 24 in the culture supernatants and by provirus integration assay using human conserved Alu HIV 1 long terminal repeat PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression and the functional activities of different chemokine receptors ( CC motif : CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CCR 6 ; CXC motif : CXCR 1 , CXCR 2 , CXCR 3 , CXCR 4 , CXCR 5 ) were investigated in 12 patients with lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes ( LDGL ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have previously shown that human CHP 100 neuroblastoma cells express CXCR 4 and CCR 5 chemokine receptors and that interaction between gp 120 and these receptors contributes to cytotoxicity elicited by the protein . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To validate this hypothesis , we estimated the percentage of CD 4 cells expressing CCR 5 or CXCR 4 molecules among healthy south Indian adults and HIV infected individuals . ^^^ A two colour flowcytometry examination of the blood sample was done using the following monoclonals ; anti CD 45 ( FITC ) / CD14 ( PE ) , anti IgG 1 ( FITC ) / IgG2a ( PE ) , anti CD 3 ( FITC ) / CD4 ( PE ) , anti CD 3 ( FITC ) / CD8 ( PE ) , anti CD 4 ( FITC ) and anti CCR 5 ( PE ) or anti CXCR 4 ( PE ) . ^^^ RESULTS : In the healthy population ( n = 30 ) studied , 24 . 6 per cent of CD 4 T cells expressed CCR 5 and the percentage of CD 4 T cells expressing CXCR 4 was 80 . 4 . ^^^ Among the HIV infected individuals ( n = 51 ) the percentage of CD 4 T cells expressing CCR 5 and CXCR 4 was 26 . 8 and 78 . 7 per cent respectively . ^^^ INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION : The percentage of CD 4 cells expressing CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in both the HIV uninfected and infected adults was significantly higher in the south Indian population than in the West . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Astrocytes also have moderate levels of CXCR 1 and CXCR 3 , and some CCR 3 , while both cell types also expressed CCR 4 , CCR 5 , CCR 6 , CXCR 2 , CXCR 4 and CXCR 5 at lower levels . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this report , we compared the effects of various stimulants on cell expansion , surface expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , and levels of transduction with a Moloney leukemia virus ( MoLV ) vector encoding the phenotypic selection marker truncated human nerve growth factor receptor ( deltaNGFR ) alone or with the human anti HIV 1 tat intrabody sFvhutat 2 . ^^^ Con A activated macaque CD 4 enriched PBMCs retained 88 % of CXCR 4 and 39 % of CCR 5 expression over 17 days compared with PHA activated cells ( 50 % for CXCR 4 , 16 % for CCR 5 ) and anti CD3 / CD28 activated cells ( 34 % for CXCR 4 , 37 % for CCR 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptors are both used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates from subtype C . ^^^ All 24 R 5 isolates were inhibited by the CCR 5 specific agents , PRO 140 and RANTES , while the two X 4 viruses and the three R5X4 viruses were sensitive to the CXCR 4 specific inhibitor , AMD 3100 . ^^^ Hence , some HIV 1 subtype C viruses are able to use CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , or both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 for entry , and they are sensitive to specific inhibitors of entry via these coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In order to infect a target cell , the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp 120 has to interact with both the cellular receptor CD 4 and an HIV coreceptor , i . e . the CC or CXC chemokine receptor CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Hormonal and embryonic regulation of chemokine receptors CXCR 1 , CXCR 4 , CCR 5 and CCR2B in the human endometrium and the human blastocyst . ^^^ The aim of this study was to investigate mRNA expression and protein levels of chemokine receptors CXCR 1 , CXCR 4 , CCR 5 and CCR2B in human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle , during HRT and in the human blastocyst . ^^^ Immunoreactive CCR 5 and CCR2B receptors were detected in human blastocysts whereas CXCR 4 and CXCR 1 were not present . ^^^ Chemokine receptors in cultured endometrial epithelial cells showed an up regulation and polarization of CXCR 1 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 receptors when a human blastocyst was present . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A SHIV strain termed SHIV JRFL could enter cells via CD 4 with a chemokine receptor CCR 5 , not CXCR 4 , and the viral replication was suppressed by recombinant human RANTES , one of beta chemokines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
ATG were shown to bind to CXCR 4 and CCR 7 on lymphocytes , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 on monocytes ; to down modulate cell surface expression of CCR 7 ; and to decrease monocyte chemotactic response to CCL 5 ( RANTES ) and lymphocyte chemotactic response to CCL 19 ( MIP 3beta ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CONCLUSIONS : It is strong suggestion for anti R7V to obstruct the replication of virus by interfering the connection between HIV with CCR 5 or CXCR 4 and so it impossible HIV entering to CD4+ T cells . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Purified trophoblast or trophoblastic cell lines express low levels of chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 but not CD 4 on the cell surface . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To gain insights into the nature of this relationship in naturally selected viral variants , we developed a recombinant strategy based on two different gp 120 backbones derived from CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) and CCR 5 ( R 5 ) tropic viral strains , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) entry is mediated by the consecutive interaction of the envelope glycoprotein gp 120 with CD 4 and a coreceptor such as CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this report , we evaluated expression of HIV receptors and coreceptors on epithelial cells in the uterus and found they express several receptors critical for HIV infection including CD 4 , CXCR 4 , CCR 5 and galactosylceramide ( GalC ) . ^^^ During the secretory phase of the cycle when both oestradiol and progesterone are elevated , CD 4 and CCR 5 expression decreased whereas CXCR 4 expression remained elevated . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using two chemokine receptors ( CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ) as model systems , we captured the proteins from crude cell preparations onto the biosensor surface and reconstituted a lipid environment to maintain receptor activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GALT CD 8 ( + ) T cells were predominantly CD45RO ( + ) and expressed CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ Chronically infected individuals exhibited striking depletion of GALT CD 4 ( + ) T cells expressing CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and alpha E beta 7 integrin , but CD 4 ( + ) / CD8 ( + ) T cell ratios in blood and GALT were similar . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present report , we have investigated the effect of opioids on the expression of the major HIV 1 coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ Our results show that DAMGO , a selective mu opioid agonist , increases CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression in both CD 3 ( + ) lymphoblasts and CD 14 ( + ) monocytes three to fivefold . ^^^ We have also found that morphine enhances CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression and subsequently increases both X 4 and R 5 HIV 1 infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Analysis of conjugates between MDDCs and T cells revealed that , in the absence of antigen specific signaling , the HIV receptors CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 on the T cell were recruited to the interface while the MDDCs concentrated HIV to the same region . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : To measure CCR 5 and CXCR 4 chemokine receptor expression on CD 4 and CD 8 T cells in HIV 1 infection and to relate levels to the distribution of CD45RO memory and CD45RA naive subsets after effective HAART . ^^^ METHODS : Four color cytofluorometry with appropriate conjugated monoclonal antibodies ( mAbs ) was performed to define CD45RA and CD45RO subsets of CD 4 and CD 8 T cells and measure the expression of CCR 5 , CXCR 4 in blood from 43 received HAART patients and 5 non treated HIV and 13 healthy controls . ^^^ RESULTS : The levels of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on CD 4 and CD 8 T cells and their CD45RO / CD45RA subsets in HIV 1 infected patients had not any statistical significance than that on control subjects and effective HAART could adjust the expression on T cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are promising non virus encoded targets for human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) therapy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As is the case for CXCR 4 ( + ) target cells , HIV 1 envelope glycoproteins expressed by single round HIV 1 vectors killed transduced CD 4 ( + ) CCR 5 ( + ) cells in a membrane fusion dependent manner . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , neurotoxicity was dependent on expression of HIV 1 gp 120 and could be blocked by anti gp 120 antibodies , as well as by antibodies to the human CCR 5 and CXCR 4 chemokine receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The antibody also reacted with cells expressing CXCR 4 but not with cells expressing the other HIV coreceptor , CCR 5 . ^^^ Furthermore , the antibody inhibited the replication of HIV 1 X 4 virus ( using CXCR 4 ) , as shown by an infection assay using both MAGIC 5 cells and MT 4 cells , but not that of HIV 1 R 5 virus ( using CCR 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Neurons express a variety of chemokine receptors that regulate neuronal signaling and survival , including CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , the two major human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD4dimCD8bright T cells also express both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 but are susceptible to T tropic and not M tropic HIV infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Novel reporter T cell line highly susceptible to both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and its application to drug susceptibility tests . ^^^ Cells of this cell line express CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 on their surfaces and secrete human placental alkaline phosphatase into the culture supernatants during HIV 1 infection . ^^^ When HIV 1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors , protease inhibitors , and entry inhibitors , including the CCR 5 antagonist TAK 779 and the CXCR 4 antagonist AMD 3100 , were examined for their inhibitory effects on R 5 and X 4 HIV 1 replication in MOCHA cells , the antiviral activities of these compounds were found to be almost identical to those previously reported in peripheral blood mononuclear cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV infection , but not age , was associated with impairments in delayed type hypersensitivity responses , lymphoproliferation , and spontaneous apoptosis and with alterations in expression of chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this article , we discuss how human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection of activated CD4+ cells , expressing the chemokine receptors CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , results in severe immunosuppression while evading the immune response . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
LAD 1 and 2 cells have the ultrastructural features of human mast cells , and express FcepsilonRI , CD 4 , 9 , 13 , 14 , 22 , 31 , 32 , 45 , 64 , 71 , 103 , 117 , 132 , CXCR 4 ( CD 184 ) , CCR 5 ( CD 195 ) ; and intracytoplasmic histamine , tryptase and chymase . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 1 infection is established by CCR 5 utilizing ( R 5 ) variants , and CXCR 4 utilizing ( X 4 ) variants emerge in approximately 50 % of infected patients . ^^^ We studied the role of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression before and 1 and 5 years after seroconversion in HIV 1 disease in a prospective study of 102 seroconverters . ^^^ One year after seroconversion , high percentages of CXCR 4 ( + ) cells among total and CD45RO ( ) CD 4 ( + ) cells were associated with delayed development of X 4 variants ( RH , 0 . 49 ; 95 % CI , 0 . 20 1 . 21 and RH , 0 . 41 ; 95 % CI , 0 . 17 1 . 02 , respectively ) , whereas no association was observed for the percentage of CCR 5 ( + ) cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The majority of these subtype C SI viruses were capable of using both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 as coreceptors for viral entry , and the consensus V 3 loop sequences from the SI viruses displayed a high net charge compared to those of NSI viruses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Given the important role of leukocyte migration in atherosclerosis and the role of stress in mediating leukocyte trafficking , the present study examined the effects of an acute stressor on the redistribution of T cells ( CD3+ ) and monocytes that express the chemokine receptors CCR 5 , CCR 6 , CXCR 1 , CXCR 2 , CXCR 3 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Of these a beta chemokine receptor CCR 5 and an alpha chemokine receptor CXCR 4 are the major co receptors required for macrophage tropic and T cell tropic viruses , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
While HIV has subverted the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 for its own use as an entry co receptor , their normal functions are to transduce signals in response to extracellular ligands . ^^^ Our studies demonstrate HIV 1 gp 120 elicits several different types of signals in macrophages through CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , including calcium elevations , ionic channel activation , non receptor protein tyrosine kinase activation , and activation of MAP kinases . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recent studies have demonstrated that SMC possess a number of functional chemokine receptors , including CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and a receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 ( MCP 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of HIV 1 coreceptors ( CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ) on monocyte surface can be regulated by the ligand of CD 14 ( LPS ) , which stimulate the susceptibility of the cells to HIV 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 serve as the cellular receptors in conjunction with CD 4 for HIV 1 entry and infection of target cells . ^^^ We hypothesized that CXCR 4 using ( X 4 ) and CCR 5 using ( R 5 ) HIV 1 strains might elicit signals through the chemokine receptors that result in aberrant function and / or regulate virus entry or postentry steps of infection . ^^^ We have focused on primary human macrophages , which express both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , because macrophages are a principal target for HIV 1 in vivo , inappropriate macrophage activation appears to play a major role in the pathogenesis of certain sequelae of AIDS , such as HIV encephalopathy , and macrophage infection is regulated at several steps subsequent to entry in ways that are linked to envelope receptor interactions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Similar to terminally maturated DC but in contrast to fresh DC , tumour derived DC did not express CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , suggesting that they most closely resembled terminally matured DC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 1 entry into target cells is a multistep process : virus attachment is initiated by the binding of trimeric envelope glycoprotein gp 120 complexes on the virions to glycosylated T cell surface receptor ( CD 4 ) and HIV GPCR coreceptors ( CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ) leading to envelope glycoprotein gp 41 dependent fusion pore formation and membrane fusion . ^^^ Conversely , agents such as the CCR 5 antagonist Tak 779 and the CXCR 4 antagonist AMD 3100 are not longer being thought as relevant anti HIV agents but have given way to new analogues with improved properties . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The current general model of HIV viral entry involves the binding of the trimeric viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 / gp41 to cell surface receptor CD 4 and chemokine co receptor CXCR 4 or CCR 5 , which triggers conformational changes in the envelope proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The primary coreceptors are CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , but several other chemokine receptors were identified as `` minor coreceptors ' ' , indicating their ability support entry of some HIV strains in tissue cultures . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In a Th 2 dependent model of allergic pulmonary inflammation , CD 4 ( + ) lymphocytes bearing CCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 trafficked in reduced numbers to the lung after acute inhalation challenge with allergen ( OVA ) . ^^^ These results suggest that RGS 16 may regulate T lymphocyte activation in response to inflammatory stimuli and migration induced by CXCR 4 , CCR 3 , and CCR 5 , but not CCR 2 or CCR7 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 delta 32 heterozygosity is associated with an increase in CXCR 4 cell surface expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 N terminus peptides enhance X 4 HIV 1 infection by CXCR 4 up regulation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These cells also express HIV coreceptors CCR 5 or CXCR 4 and are infectable by HIV 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Celecoxib also significantly decreased C C family chemokine ( Rantes and MCP 1 ) mRNA expression in irradiated skin tissues , but not in tumor tissues , which was accompanied by a decrease in skin mRNA expression of both C C ( CCR 2 and CCR 5 ) and C 10 C ( CXCR 2 and CXCR 4 ) chemokine receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cloning of encoding sequences for chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 from a Chinese lymphocyte cDNAs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Prototype HIV 1 isolates from the CNS are macrophage ( M ) tropic , non syncytia inducing ( NSI ) , and use CCR 5 for entry ( R 5 strains ) , but whether syncytia inducing ( SI ) CXCR 4 using X 4 strains might play a role in macrophage / microglia infection and neuronal injury is unknown . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Viruses were isolated from 17 patients at various time points after seroconversion and their coreceptor usage was examined using GHOST cells expressing CD 4 and one of the HIV 1 chemokine coreceptors CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , BOB / GPR15 , and Bonzo / STRL33 / CXCR6 . ^^^ All isolates obtained soon after seroconversion used CCR 5 , albeit , in some cases , CXCR 4 , BOB , or Bonzo were also used . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Distinct mechanisms of agonist induced endocytosis for human chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ Here we demonstrate that the rate of ligand induced endocytosis of CCR 5 in leukocytes and expression systems is significantly slower than that of CXCR 4 and requires prolonged agonist treatment , suggesting that these two receptors use distinct mechanisms . ^^^ When the C tail of CXCR 4 was exchanged for that of CCR 5 , the resulting CXCR 4 CCR5 ( X 4 R5 ) chimera displayed a CCR 5 like trafficking phenotype . ^^^ CXCR 4 and a C terminally truncated CCR 5 mutant ( CCR 5 KRFX ) lacking these cysteines are not raft associated and are endocytosed by a clathrin dependent pathway . ^^^ Thus , the palmitoylated C tail of CCR 5 is the major determinant of its raft association and endocytic itineraries , differentiating it from CXCR 4 and other chemokine receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD1d restricted T cells in the peripheral blood and CD1d restricted T cell clones expressed high levels of CXCR 3 , CCR 5 , and CCR 6 ; intermediate levels of CXCR 4 and CXCR 6 ; and low levels of CXCR 1 , CCR 1 , CCR 2 , and CX ( 3 ) CR 1 , a receptor pattern often associated with tissue infiltrating effector Th 1 cells and CD8+ T cells . ^^^ CD1d restricted T cell clones responded to chemokine ligands for CXCR1 / 2 , CXCR 3 , CXCR 4 , CXCR 6 , CCR 4 , and CCR 5 in calcium flux and / or chemotaxis assays . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Shikonin down regulated surface expression of CCR 5 , a primary HIV 1 coreceptor , on macrophages to a greater degree than the other receptors ( CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CXCR 4 , and the formyl peptide receptor ) did . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , venous blood was obtained from MS patients concurrent with MRI examination of the brain , and expression of chemokine receptors CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , CXCR 3 and CXCR 4 by CD 4 T cells and monocytes , proportions of Tr cells , as well as expression of CD45RO , CD 95 , CTLA 4 , HLA DR and interleukin ( IL ) 10 by Tr cells and non Tr ( CD 25 ) CD 4 T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Identification and characterization of HIV 2 strains obtained from asymptomatic patients that do not use CCR 5 or CXCR 4 coreceptors . ^^^ Furthermore , productive infection observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) was not inhibited by natural ligands and monoclonal antibodies directed to CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Subtle conformational changes triggered by this interaction expose elements of gp 120 to the seven transmembrane , G protein coupled chemokine receptors CCR 5 or CXCR 4 expressed on host cells , a contact that relieves constraints imposed on gp 41 by gp 120 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Surprisingly , lamina propria lymphocytes , not macrophages , express CCR 5 and CXCR 4 and support HIV 1 replication , implicating intestinal lymphocytes as the initial target cell in the intestinal mucosa . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Macrophage activation through CCR 5 and CXCR 4 mediated gp 120 elicited signaling pathways . ^^^ HIV 1 infection requires initial interactions between the viral envelope surface glycoprotein gp 120 , the cell surface protein CD 4 , and a chemokine receptor CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ Besides their role in HIV 1 entry , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are G protein coupled receptors that can activate multiple intracellular signaling pathways . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Therapeutic agents that interfere with the binding of the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp 120 to the CD 4 receptor ( e . g . , PRO 542 , PRO 2000 , and CV N ) or the coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ( e . g . , SCH C and AMD 3100 ) are briefly outlined in this review . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The compound exhibits potent inhibitory activity against a panel of R 5 ( virus using the CCR 5 coreceptor ) , X 4 ( virus using the CXCR 4 coreceptor ) , and R5 / X4 HIV 1 laboratory and clinical isolates of the B subtype ( median EC 50 of 0 . 04 microM ) in culture assays . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present report , we sought to examine the capacity of mu and delta opioids to modulate the function of chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , the two major human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In KS nodules , almost all KS spindle cells were intensely stained for CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ In fact , the RNase protection assay ( RPA ) revealed in 6 of 6 cases the presence of consistent amounts of mRNAs for CXCR 4 and CCR 1 and in 5 of 6 cases also for CCR 5 and CXCR3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Purified complexes of HIV 1 envelope glycoproteins with CD 4 and CCR 5 ( CXCR 4 ) : production , characterization and immunogenicity . ^^^ To begin to evaluate their potential also as vaccine immunogens we produced relatively large amounts of complexes of purified recombinant soluble truncated Env , gp 140 ( 89 . 6 ) or gp 120 ( 89 . 6 ) , with CD 4 and CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We ask whether posttreatment development of CCR 5 coreceptor virus represents concerted evolution from middisease CXCR 4 virus or reemergence of initial infecting CCR 5 virus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Viruses predominantly use one , or occasionally both , of the major co receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , although other receptors , including CCR2B and CCR 3 , function as minor co receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Since these chemokines do not bind the primary HIV 1 coreceptors CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , the observed influence on transmission may result from activation of the immune system in response to infection rather than receptor blockage . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Inhibition was greater against CXCR 4 tropic than against the CCR 5 tropic HIV 1 isolates . hBD 2 and hBD 3 induced an irreversible effect on virion infectivity , with electron microscopy confirming binding of hBDs to viral particles . ^^^ Finally , hBD 2 and 3 induced downmodulation of the HIV 1 coreceptor CXCR 4 ( but not CCR 5 ) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T lymphocytic cells as shown by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Increased density of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on the surfaces of CD 4 ( + ) T cells and monocytes of patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection . ^^^ Distribution of chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , which are also coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 invasion of cells , was measured on the surfaces of CD 4 ( + ) T cells and monocytes in peripheral blood samples from a group of Kenyan car washers . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
When using monocytes as antigen presenting cells , mAb specific for CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 were 100 10 , 000 fold more efficient at inducing T cell proliferation when compared to isotype matched control mAb on a per molecule basis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast to CCR 5 use , fusion by R5X4 variants of 89 . 6 ( PI ) was largely independent of the CXCR 4 N terminal region . ^^^ These results suggest that R 5 Envs possess a highly plastic capacity to interact with multiple CCR 5 regions and support the concept that viral evolution in vivo results from the emergence of R5X4 variants with the capacity to use the CXCR 4 extracellular loops but demonstrate less flexible interactions with CCR 5 that are strongly dependent on the N terminal region . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nine Envs used CCR 5 as a coreceptor , one used CXCR 4 , and two used both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in cell to cell fusion assays . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cell free HIV type 1 infection is restricted in the human trophoblast choriocarcinoma BeWo cell line , even with expression of CD 4 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , but not the CD 4 molecule , were detected at the cell surface . ^^^ Thus , BeWo is an interesting human placental cell line that is resistant to HIV 1 , even if CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 are expressed . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A fluorescent retrocyclin congener localized in cell surface patches either alone or colocalized with CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV 1 ) enters target cells by binding its gp 120 exterior envelope glycoprotein to CD 4 and one of the chemokine receptors , CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Membrane cholesterol is required to maintain chemokine receptor conformation and function for CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ Here , we demonstrate that CO treatment ( 0 . 25 2 . 0 U / ml ) of human T cells inhibits CXCL 12 ( SDF 1alpha ) and CCL 4 ( MIP 1beta ) binding to cell surface CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , respectively , resulting in the inhibition of chemokine mediated intracellular calcium mobilization and chemotaxis . ^^^ We conclude that the native form of cholesterol with the hydroxyl group at C 3 is critical to CXCR 4 and CCR 5 conformation and function . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Analyses of CD 4 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression on preadipocytes and adipocytes revealed that receptor co expression levels did not permit HIV 1 entry into adipose cells from all biopsies tested . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) fuses with cells after sequential interactions between its envelope glycoproteins , CD 4 and a coreceptor , usually CC chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) or CXC receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
SI virus uses mainly CXCR 4 while NSI virus uses CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 4 , CCR 5 , CCR 6 , CXCR 2 , CXCR 4 and CXCR 5 were also detected at variable levels on different endothelia . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Viral strains used were tropic for the coreceptors CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and dual tropic ones . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , we examined the expression of Th 1 associated chemokine and cytokine receptors CXCR 3 , CCR 5 , and interleukin ( IL ) 12R , IL 18R , respectively , as well as of the Th 2 associated chemokine receptors CCR 4 and CXCR 4 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Macrophage tropic simian / human immunodeficiency virus chimeras use CXCR 4 , not CCR 5 , for infections of rhesus macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells and alveolar macrophages . ^^^ These M tropic SHIVs used CXCR 4 , not CCR 5 , for infections of rhesus monkey PBMC and primary alveolar macrophages . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In many HIV 1 infected individuals , viral genotypic changes arise that allow the virus to use CXCR 4 ( either in addition to CCR 5 or alone ) as an entry coreceptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we show that soluble suppressive factors are produced against CXCR 4 and CCR 5 isolates of HIV 1 during the primary immune response of human CD4+ T cells . ^^^ One anti CXCR 4 factor is macrophage derived chemokine ( chemokine ligand 22 , CCL 22 ) , and anti CCR 5 factors include macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha ( CCL 3 ) , macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta ( CCL 4 ) , and RANTES ( regulated upon activation of normal T cells expressed and secreted ) ( CCL 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By using SAP , we identified two scFv antibodies , m 6 and m 9 , that were tested with a panel of 33 diverse primary HIV 1 infectious isolates in an assay based on a reporter cell line expressing high levels of CD 4 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Predominant intracellular expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 in purified primary trophoblast cells from first trimester and term human placentae . ^^^ PROBLEM : The aim of the present study was to define the expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on non cultured non stimulated primary human trophoblast cells ( TCs ) immediately after their immunopurification . ^^^ METHOD OF STUDY : We have evaluated by flow cytometric analysis and immunofluorescence , highly purified primary TCs prepared from first trimester ( 8 . 2 + / 0 . 3 weeks , n = 15 ) and term ( Caesarean section , n = 10 ) placentae for the cell surface and intracellular expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ RESULTS : There was a high level of individual variability for CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression between trophoblast batches . ^^^ In first trimester and term placentae TCs , we found a greater number of TCs preparations expressing intracellular CXCR 4 than CCR 5 ( P < 0 . 05 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of chemokine receptors CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , CXCR 3 , CXCR 4 , and CX3CR1 was assessed on whole blood samples by immunofluorescence analysis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
With site directed mutagenesis , we have identified that the negatively charged amino acid residues Glu 20 and Asp 23 are involved in receptor and coreceptor functions , but residues Tyr 10 and Tyr 11 substantially contribute to coreceptor function for both T tropic ( CXCR 4 ) and dual tropic ( CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ) HIV 1 isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using this assay , we demonstrated that 12G5 specifically binds to the CXCR 4 expressing cells , but not to CCR 5 expressing cells and cells without CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , consistent with the results obtained by using flow cytometry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD4 and GHOST ( 3 ) , expressing CD 4 and CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , CXCR 6 or BOB . ^^^ Differences in coreceptor use were further dissected by testing chimeric coreceptors constructed by exchanging successively larger parts of CCR 5 for corresponding regions of CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Molecular mapping of epitopes for interaction of HIV 1 as well as natural ligands with the chemokine receptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ DESIGN : Receptor hybrids between CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were constructed . ^^^ METHODS : Using single overlap and extension PCR , increasing portions of CCR 5 were replaced with corresponding parts of CXCR 4 . ^^^ RESULTS : SDF 1beta required an essentially complete CXCR 4 , whereas RANTES demanded both the N terminus and the first two extracellular loops of CCR 5 . ^^^ HIV 1 infection experiments emphasized the importance of the CCR 5 N terminus for infection with HIV 1BaL , whereas HIV 1IIIB was less demanding in its use of CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Blocking HIV 1 infection via CCR 5 and CXCR 4 receptors by acting in trans on the CCR 2 chemokine receptor . ^^^ This effect is explained by the ability of CCR 2 01 to induce oligomerization of CCR 2 with the CCR 5 or CXCR 4 viral coreceptors . ^^^ HIV 1 infection through CCR 5 and CXCR 4 receptors can thus be prevented in the absence of steric hindrance or receptor downregulation by acting in trans on a receptor that is rarely used by the virus to infect cells . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Double fluorescent cells were detected when target cells expressed the type of chemokine receptor , CXCR 4 or CCR 5 , matching the type of gp 120 surface envelope protein , X 4 or R 5 , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Concerning the mechanism of inhibition of the Gal AMD 3100 conjugates , experiments performed with X 4 or R5HIV 1 strains and GHOST cells genetically modified to express CD 4 and CXCR 4 or CCR 5 indicated clearly that the conjugates interact with CXCR 4 and not with CCR5 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
First , using interleukin 4 ( IL 4 ) / granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor ( GM CSF ) induced , blood monocyte derived DC , hapten induced up regulation of maturation / activation markers , including CD 80 , CD 83 , CD 86 , chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , as well as the drug resistance related molecules P glycoprotein ( Pgp ) and lung resistance protein ( LRP ) , were monitored by flow cytometry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Age related changes in expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on peripheral blood leukocytes from uninfected infants born to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected mothers . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We evaluated the expression of chemokine receptors ( CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 ) on the surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from patients with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy ( CCC ) and noninfected individuals . ^^^ Only CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression was different on the surface of the subsets ( CD 4 , CD 8 , and CD 14 ) evaluated . ^^^ The differential expression of both receptors on leukocytes of patients with CCC was consistent and clearly correlated with the degree of heart function such that the lower the heart function , the lower the expression of either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of chemokine receptors CXCR 4 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 and CX3CR1 in neural progenitor cells isolated from the subventricular zone of the adult rat brain . ^^^ We have studied the expression of chemokine receptors CXCR 4 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CX3CR1 at the mRNA and protein levels in adult neural progenitor cells ( NPCs ) in neurosphere cultures using RT PCR and immunocytochemistry methods . ^^^ Using cultured cortical microglial cells as positive control , we demonstrated the mRNA expression of CXCR 4 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CX3CR1 in neurospheres by RT PCR . ^^^ Double immunofluorescent staining further confirmed the co localization of nestin with either CXCR 4 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , or CX3CR1 on neurospheres . ^^^ These results suggest that adult NPCs in the neurosphere cultures express chemokine receptors CXCR 4 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CX3CR1 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Receptor recognition by HIV 1 occurs via interactions between the viral surface envelope glycoprotein ( Env ) , gp 120 , and CD 4 and a chemokine receptor , CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , we show that the cADPR antagonist blocks the chemotaxis of human monocytes to CXCR 4 , CCR 1 , and CCR 5 ligands . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 tropic HIV 1 suppresses replication of CCR 5 tropic HIV 1 in human lymphoid tissue by selective induction of CC chemokines . ^^^ We infected tissue blocks with binary mixtures consisting either of CCR 5 dependent and CXCR 4 dependent variants or of 2 dual tropic HIV 1 variants , of which one is skewed to utilization of CXCR 4 and the other of CCR 5 . ^^^ HIV 1 variants that use CXCR 4 suppress replication of CCR 5 dependent HIV 1 variants , whereas CCR 5 dependent HIV 1 variants do not affect replication of CXCR 4 dependent HIV 1 . ^^^ CC chemokines that inhibit replication of CCR 5 dependent HIV 1 variants were up regulated by CXCR 4 dependent HIV 1 , thus possibly contributing to this suppression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Induction of simian AIDS in infant rhesus macaques infected with CCR 5 or CXCR 4 utilizing simian human immunodeficiency viruses is associated with distinct lesions of the thymus . ^^^ Infection with either the CCR 5 specific SHIV ( SF162P3 ) or the CXCR 4 utilizing SHIV ( SF33A ) resulted in clinical manifestations consistent with simian AIDS . ^^^ Consistent with the distribution of the coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 within the thymus , the expression of SHIV ( SF162P3 ) was restricted to the thymic medulla , whereas SHIV ( SF33A ) was preferentially detected in the cortex . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These productively infected cells expressed elevated levels of CD 95 , CD 25 , CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) , and CC chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Since CXCR 4 and other HIV coreceptors also exist , we hypothesized that CCR5Delta32 mediated resistance may be due not only to the loss of CCR 5 function but also to a gain of function mechanism , specifically the active inhibition of alternative coreceptors by the mutant CCR5Delta32 protein . ^^^ Here we demonstrate that efficient expression of the CCR5Delta32 protein in primary CD 4 ( + ) cells by use of a recombinant adenovirus ( Ad5 / Delta32 ) was able to down regulate surface expression of both wild type CCR 5 and CXCR 4 and to confer broad resistance to R 5 , R5X4 , and X 4 HIV type 1 ( HIV 1 ) . ^^^ The mechanism of inhibition may involve direct scavenging , since we were able to observe a direct interaction of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 with CCR5Delta32 , both by genetic criteria using the yeast two hybrid system and by biochemical criteria using the coimmunoprecipitation of heterodimers . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Functional expression of CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 in glycosphingolipid deficient mouse melanoma GM 95 cells and susceptibility to HIV 1 envelope glycoprotein triggered membrane fusion . ^^^ GM 95 cells expressing low levels of CD 4 and CXCR 4 or CCR 5 did not support HIV 1 Env mediated fusion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition , evaluation of chemokine and cytokine mRNA and protein expression revealed that sHZ induces the expression of chemokines , macrophage inflammatory protein ( MIP ) 1alpha / CCL3 , MIP 1beta / CCL4 , MIP 2 / CXCL2 , and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 / CCL2 ; chemokine receptors , CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , CXCR 2 , and CXCR 4 ; cytokines , IL 1beta and IL 6 ; and myeloid related proteins , S100A8 , S100A9 , and S100A8 / A9 , in the air pouch exudates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cells expressing a viral envelope glycoprotein and the N terminal alpha fragment of beta galactosidase were mixed with cells expressing the C terminal beta galactosidase fragment , CD 4 , CCR 5 , or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) uses the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 for entry . ^^^ In vitro , direct injury by the viral envelope glycoprotein gp 120 can be mediated by neuronal CXCR 4 , but most HIV 1 isolates from the central nervous system ( CNS ) studied to date use CCR 5 ( R 5 strains ) rather than CXCR 4 ( X 4 or R5X4 strains ) . ^^^ The authors also showed that both R 5 and X 4 gp120 activate intracellular signals in macrophages through CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , including calcium elevations ; K+ , Cl and nonselective cation channel activation ; phosphorylation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Pyk 2 ; and activation of p 38 and SAPK / JNK mitogen activated protein kinases ( MAPKs ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although CCR 3 and CCR 5 are known to mediate infection of microglia by HIV 1 , recent evidence indicate that CXCR 4 also play important roles in HIV induced neuronal injury , and dual tropic isolates that use CXCR 4 to infect macrophages have recently been reported . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 using ( X 4 ) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) variants evolve from CCR 5 restricted ( R 5 ) HIV 1 variants . ^^^ The ability to use CCR 5 in addition to CXCR 4 is generally lost late in infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 antibodies , as well as the endogenous ligand SDF 1alpha , were effective in blocking Nef induced apoptosis , while CCR 5 and CD 4 antibodies were ineffective . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptors central to understanding the transmission and pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection . ^^^ An emphasis will be on the HIV 1 phenotypic variants that are defined by their usage of the CCR 5 or CXCR 4 coreceptors , and how the different cellular tropism of these variants influences how and where HIV 1 replicates in vivo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Bispecific short hairpin siRNA constructs targeted to CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 confer HIV 1 resistance . ^^^ Dual specific short hairpin siRNA constructs , containing an 8 nucleotide intervening spacer , targeted against either CXCR 4 and CD 4 or CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were synthesized by in vitro transcription . ^^^ Magi CXCR 4 and CCR 5 cells transfected with bispecific siRNAs showed significant downregulation of their respective coreceptors , as determined by FACS analysis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mononuclear cells were stained by a 2 color ( fluorescein isothiocyanate / phycoerythrin ) flow cytometric assay using antibodies to the chemokine receptors ( CXCR 1 , CXCR 2 , CXCR 3 , CXCR 4 , CXCR 5 , CCR 2 , CCR 4 , CCR 5 , CCR 6 , and CCR 7 ) and also to CD 19 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
T cell lines favor isolation of variants that use CXCR 4 as a co receptor , while primary isolates predominantly use CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The envelope glycoprotein complex ( Env ) , encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV 1 ) , kills uninfected cells expressing CD 4 and / or the chemokine receptor CXCR 4 or CCR 5 , via at least three independent mechanisms . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To initiate infection , HIV 1 interacts with two cell surface receptors ; CD 4 is the primary receptor and the beta chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 usually serve as secondary receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To clarify the relationship between the amino acid variations of the gp 120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) and the chemokine receptors that are used as the second receptor for HIV , we evaluated amino acid site variation of gp 120 between the X 4 strains ( use CXCR 4 ) and the R 5 strains ( use CCR 5 ) from 21 sequences of subtype B . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In addition to the CD 4 molecule that binds to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) envelope glycoprotein gp 120 , productive HIV 1 infection requires interaction with cellular receptors for alpha or beta chemokines ( CXCR 4 and CCR 5 respectively ) . ^^^ Modulation of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression after HIV 1 infection is one of the results of such interaction and may have important consequences on the course of the infection . ^^^ Down regulation of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 after HIV 1 infection could be the result of indirect events linked to HIV 1 infection , such as the induction of alpha or beta chemokines competing with the virions for receptor binding . ^^^ In this review , the mechanisms of modulation of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression after HIV 1 infection will be discussed . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 , CCR 5 and amphiregulin were up regulated by cAMP agonist , whereas other cytokine related genes including macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta , tumour necrosis factor alpha and lymphotoxin beta were markedly down regulated by cAMP agonist in T cells from both HIV infected patients and controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Blockade of CD 4 alone or CCR 5 and CXCR 4 together inhibited localized mucosal infection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Apoptosis induced by HIV 1 virions was inhibited by CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 antibodies or by the CXCR 4 inhibitor AMD 3100 , but not the fusion inhibitor T 20 . ^^^ These results demonstrate that HIV 1 virions induce apoptosis through a CXCR 4 or CCR 5 dependent pathway that does not require Env / CD4 signaling or membrane fusion and suggest that HIV 1 variants with increased envelope / receptor affinity or coreceptor binding site exposure may promote T cell depletion in vivo by accelerating bystander cell death . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : siRNA that target CXCR 4 and CCR 5 could effectively impede cell surface protein expression and their consequent function as HIV co receptors . ^^^ The expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 was blocked in 63 and 48 % of positive cells by the corresponding siRNA . ^^^ However , siRNA directed to CXCR 4 or CCR 5 did not have an effect on CD 4 cells or green fluorescence protein expression . siRNA directed to CXCR 4 did not suppress CCR 5 expression or vice versa . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although HIV uses CD 4 and coreceptors ( CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ) for productive infection of T cells , glycosphingolipids ( GSL ) may play ancillary roles in lymphoid and non lymphoid cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Along with CD 4 , HIV 1 requires a chemokine receptor , CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , as an entry co receptor , and differential co receptor selectivity is an important determinant of viral diversity and pathogenesis . ^^^ CCR 5 and CXCR 4 blockers have been the focus of much research and are now entering clinical trials . ^^^ They also raise questions that are unique to agents targeting these cellular receptors , including whether drug resistance will lead to variants with altered co receptor selectivity , the tolerability of chronically blocking receptors involved in inflammation ( CCR 5 , CXCR 4 ) or essential in development and hematopoesis ( CXCR 4 ) , and the role of co receptor phenotyping in selecting blocking agents . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HCAEC 1 also expressed much higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 ( VEGF R 2 ) ( 17 . 35 % versus 0 . 77 % ) , endothelial nitric oxide synthase ( eNOS ) ( 44 . 64 % versus 2 . 54 % ) , VCAM 1 ( 6 . 08 % versus 1 . 18 % ) , E selectin ( 18 . 68 % versus 1 . 42 % ) , CXCR 4 ( 61 . 05 % versus 7 . 98 % ) , and CCR 5 ( 48 . 66 % versus 1 . 97 % ) than HCAEC 2 . ^^^ HCAEC 1 , however , had much higher expressions of VEGFR 2 , eNOS , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 than HACEC 2 after TNF alpha stimulation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Flow cytometric analysis revealed that stromal cells express low levels ( 1 in 600 total cells ) of CD 4 and CCR 5 viral receptors , whereas CXCR 4 expression was not observed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
At defined time points , CC chemokines ( monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 , macrophage inflammatory protein 1 , and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted ) , CXC chemokines ( interferon gamma inducible protein 10 , stromal derived factor 1 , and interleukin 8 ) , and receptor ( CCR 2 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 1 , CXCR 2 , CXCR 3 , and CXCR 4 ) mRNA expression were semiquantified by using a reverse transcriptase reaction followed by polymerase chain reaction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our results show that healthy gingiva is infiltrated with cells expressing all HIV 1 receptors tested ; however , there are very few CCR 5 ( + ) cells and a complete absence of CXCR 4 ( + ) cells in the lamina propria . ^^^ In chronic periodontitis ( CP ) , DC SIGN , MR , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 increase , but this was accompanied by a ten fold increase in alpha defensin 1 mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptor expression on CD 4 T lymphocyte subsets in infants and adolescents . ^^^ HIV 1 infection alters expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on CD 4 T cells in adults , although an effect by virus on expression of coreceptor genes in pediatric subjects is unknown . ^^^ We designed an exploratory study to evaluate surface expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on CD45RA and CD45RO subsets of CD 4 T lymphocytes from 17 HIV 1 infected infants and adolescents and 16 healthy age matched individuals . ^^^ Among infected adolescents , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression was significantly increased on CD 4 CD45RO T cells , while CXCR 4 was diminished in the CD 4 CD45RA subset . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We studied resistance to HIV 1 infection by challenging activated CD 4 positive T cells with CCR 5 binding and CXCR 4 binding HIV 1 strains , and comparing the infectivity in participants having unprotected sex with those practising protected sex . ^^^ Highly significant differences were found for CCR 5 ( p=0 . 0001 ) and for CXCR 4 ( p=0 . 001 ) strains of HIV 1 at all four virus concentrations . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As AIDS progresses , alteration of the HIV 1 gp 120 V3 sequence is associated with a shift in viral coreceptor use from CCR 5 ( CD 195 ) to CXCR 4 ( CD 184 ) . ^^^ We found that M . tuberculosis infection of macrophages in vitro increased viral entry and RT of CXCR 4 , using HIV 1 , but not of CCR 5 , using HIV 1 . ^^^ Our results demonstrate that TB produces a permissive environment for replication of CXCR 4 using virus by increasing CXCR 4 expression in AM and for suppression of CCR 5 using HIV 1 by increasing CC chemokine expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are used as the main co receptors by the T cell tropic ( CXCR 4 dependent , X 4 ) and macrophage tropic ( CCR 5 dependent , R 5 ) HIV 1 strains , respectively , for entering their target cells . ^^^ The natural ligands for CXCR 4 , the CXC chemokine SDF 1 and CCR 5 , the CC chemokines RANTES , MIP 1alpha and MIP 1beta are described to inhibit viral entry . ^^^ Both ( CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ) chemokine receptor inhibitors will be needed in combination to inhibit viral replication and even in combinations of antiviral drugs that also target other aspects of the HIV replication cycle , such as reverse transcriptase and protease , to obtain optimum therapeutic effects . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The phenotype of patients ' isolates was determined by infecting GHOST cells expressing CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It has been found that rMSCs express CXCR 4 and CX3CR1 , the respective receptors for SDF 1 and fractalkine , and other chemokine receptors , CCR 2 and CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
First , we found that viral isolates and gp 120 recombinant viruses derived from patients from one group used the CCR 5 coreceptor , whereas viruses from the other group could use both the CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The entry of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) into target cells requires the interaction of viral envelope glycoprotein , gp 120 , with the human CD 4 glycoprotein and a chemokine receptor , usually CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In contrast , the classical entry receptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , only moderately enhanced these processes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Establishment of a novel CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expressing CD4+ cell line which is highly sensitive to HIV and suitable for high throughput evaluation of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 antagonists . ^^^ BACKGROUND : CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are the two main coreceptors essential for HIV entry . ^^^ CXCR4 , stably expressing both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 at the cell surface . ^^^ RESULTS : In these cells , intracellular calcium signalling through both receptors can be measured in a single experiment upon the sequential addition of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 directed chemokines . ^^^ CXCR4 cell line reliably supported HIV 1 infection of diverse laboratory adapted strains and primary isolates with varying coreceptor usage ( R 5 , X 4 and R5 / X4 ) and allows to investigate the antiviral efficacy of combined CCR 5 and CXCR 4 blockade . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
JC 53 BL cells are modified HeLa cells that express surface CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have also studied the development of effective inhibitors for blocking HIV entry into host cells based on recent discovery of an HIV entry mechanism involving the viral usage of chemokine receptors as coreceptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Several inhibitors of CD 4 , co receptor CCR 5 or CXCR 4 and fusion are at various levels of clinical development . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Gp120s from CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) and CCR 5 ( R 5 ) using HIV 1 strains bound more efficiently to non N glycosylated than to N glycosylated CXCR 4 proteoliposomes in a CD 4 dependent manner . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This included 15 isolates that used CCR 5 , five that used both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , and three that used CXCR 4 . ^^^ There were no significant differences between viruses that used CCR 5 or CXCR 4 to enter cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Since that time , data demonstrating that selective blockade of two chemokine receptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , by small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists or receptor directed biologics could robustly inhibit the infection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) by macrophage tropic and T cell line tropic strains respectively in vitro has validated this potential approach to therapy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Down regulation of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression by interferon gamma is associated with inhibition of chemotaxis and human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) replication but not HIV entry into human monocytes . ^^^ Alterations in the expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , the co receptors for HIV entry , may be associated with susceptibility of monocytic cells to HIV infection . ^^^ To determine if IFN gamma regulates HIV replication by altering CXCR 4 / CCR 5 expression and hence virus entry into monocytic cells , we investigated the effects of IFN gamma on CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression and its biological implications with respect to HIV entry , replication and chemotaxis towards the CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ligands SDF 1 and MIP 1alpha , respectively . ^^^ IFN gamma decreased CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression on monocytes derived from HIV negative adults , HIV positive adults and HIV negative cord blood . ^^^ These results suggest that although IFN gamma induced down regulation of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression is associated with an inhibition of SDF 1 / MIP 1alpha mediated chemotaxis , IFN gamma induced inhibition of HIV replication may be mediated at levels subsequent to the virus entry . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The CCR 3 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression on circulating T cells were studied in 30 house dust mite sensitive patients with allergic diseases and in another 30 healthy controls . ^^^ There was no statistically significant difference in the expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 on T cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Moreover , QUIN leads to up regulation of the chemokine receptor expression of CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CCR 3 in human foetal astrocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV uses either of the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 for entry into CD 4 positive cells . ^^^ Longer survival in HIV positive individuals is associated with high serum concentrations of ligands for CCR 5 ( RANTES [ regulated on activation , normal T cell expressed and secreted ] and macrophage inflammatory proteins [ MIP ] 1alpha and 1beta ) and CXCR 4 ( stromal derived factor [ SDF 1 ] ) , and with decreased expression of CCR 5 on lymphocytes . ^^^ Findings GBV C infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells resulted in decreased replication of both clinical and laboratory HIV strains that use either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 as their coreceptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The HIV envelope glycoproteins ( Env ) play a crucial role in transducing this apoptotic signal after binding to its receptors , the CD 4 molecule and a coreceptor , essentially CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were detected on CD1a positive and negative cervical DCs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Strikingly , B 16 cells bearing CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and / or CCR 5 were highly resistant to CD 4 dependent HIV 1 Env mediated membrane fusion . ^^^ Coreceptor function was not impaired by GM 3 overexpression as indicated by Ca ( 2+ ) fluxes mediated by the CXCR 4 ligand SDF 1alpha and the CCR 5 ligand MIP 1beta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The natural evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection often includes a switch in coreceptor preference late in infection from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 , a change associated with expanded target cell range and worsened clinical prognosis . ^^^ Here we report three obstacles that impede the CCR 5 to CXCR 4 switch . ^^^ Transitional intermediates were more sensitive to both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 inhibitors than either the parental R 5 virus or the final R5X4 ( or rare X 4 ) variant . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Competition experiments between primary R 5 and X 4 HIV isolates showed blocking of R 5 HIV by PSC RANTES and no evidence of increased propagation of X 4 HIV , data that are consistent with the specificity of PSC RANTES for CCR 5 and the CCR 5 ( + ) CXCR 4 ( ) phenotype of immature LC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The use of CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) and CC chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) by X 4 and R 5 human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) envelopes ( Env ) influences HIV cytopathicity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Small molecule antagonists of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 : a promising new class of anti HIV 1 drugs . ^^^ The CC chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) and the CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) are the primary HIV 1 co receptors in vivo , and are attractive targets for the development of new anti HIV 1 drugs . ^^^ CCR 5 and CXCR 4 belong to the protein superfamily of G protein coupled receptors ( GPCRs ) . ^^^ Several small molecule antagonists of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 that block chemokine binding and HIV 1 entry have been identified in recent years and are now in pre clinical or clinical development as drug candidates . ^^^ This review discusses structural and functional aspects of these compounds and summarizes recent insights into how small molecule antagonists interact with CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , focusing on drug development programs that are well documented in the scientific literature . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Significant ( P < 0 . 05 ) increases were noted in the RP group in CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression in CD 4 cells without major differences in chemokine and interleukin 7 levels . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show that fresh tumor cells are able to migrate in response to CXCR 4 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , CCR 6 , and CCR 7 ligands , and the ability of CXCR 3 ligands to increase the responsiveness to CXCL 12 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By using small molecule competitors specific for CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in ex vivo assays , we found that highly pathogenic SHIV ( DH12R ) exclusively uses CXCR 4 for infection of rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells , whereas SIV ( mac 239 ) and SIV ( smE 543 ) use CCR 5 for entry into the same cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The specificity of this effect was demonstrated by the inhibition of fusion by CXCR 4 tropic and dual tropic ( CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ) envelope glycoproteins from HIV 1 on CXCR4+ indicator cells , but the lack of effects by siRNAs targeting CXCR 4 mRNA on dual tropic HIV 1 envelopes in CCR5+ indicator cells utilizing these fusion assays . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both elicited HLA DR , CD 40 , CD 86 and CXCR 4 upregulation , and CCR 5 downregulation , but only CD 40 ligand stimulated DCs became CD 83 ( + ) \ CCR7 ( + ) , whereas poly 1 : C stimulated DCs expressed lower CD 83 levels and were mostly CCR 7 ( ) . ^^^ We then examined whether ligation of CD 4 , CCR 5 and \ or CXCR 4 , the receptor and coreceptors of human immunodeficiency virus envelope gp 120 , respectively , affected DC activation or maturation , neither a monoclonal antibody to the gp 120 binding site on CD 4 nor CCL 5 nor CXCL 12 , the natural ligands of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , respectively , nor gp 120 altered the DC activation and maturation processes . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this context , our studies concern : the role of gp 120 V3 loop in CD 4 binding , the importance of the N terminal sequence of HIV CCR 5 coreceptor , the potential inhibitory properties of sequences patterned on CXCR 4 natural ligand ( SDF 1 ) and the role of secondary structure in determining gp 160 enzymatic processing into gp120 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 1 infection is initiated by the interaction of the envelope glycoprotein gp 120 with the cellular receptor CD 4 that triggers conformational changes in gp 120 necessary for subsequent interaction with a coreceptor CCR 5 ( or CXCR 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) fusion with its target cells is initiated by sequential interactions between its envelope glycoprotein , CD 4 , and a co receptor , usually CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ To test whether a block to CCR 5 promotes the replication of viruses that enter cells via CXCR 4 and are associated with accelerated disease progression , we administered a small molecule CCR 5 inhibitor , CMPD 167 , to three macaques dual infected with both R 5 ( SIVmac 251 ) and X 4 ( SHIV 89 . 6P ) viruses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human T lymphoid ( CXCR 4 ( + ) ) SupT 1 cells and CXCR 4 transfected , but not CCR 5 or CXCR 3 transfected , human astroglioma U87 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The plant lectins derived from Galanthus nivalis ( Snowdrop ) ( GNA ) and Hippeastrum hybrid ( Amaryllis ) ( HHA ) selectively inhibited a wide variety of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) and HIV 2 strains and clinical ( CXCR 4 and CCR 5 using ) isolates in different cell types . ^^^ Flow cytometric analysis and monoclonal antibody binding studies and a PCR based assay revealed that GNA and HHA do not interfere with CD 4 , CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and DC SIGN and do not specifically bind with the membrane of uninfected cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Differentiated human NT 2 N neurons were shown to express CCR 5 and CXCR 4 chemokine receptor mRNA and protein , and to be responsive to the chemokines CCL 5 and CXCL 12 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A CXCR 4 antibody and the endogenous ligand SDF 1alpha were effective in blocking Nef peptide induced apoptosis as well as the physical binding of a fluorescently tagged Nef protein , while CCR 5 antibodies were ineffective . ^^^ A fluorescently tagged motif peptide and Nef protein displayed physical binding to CXCR 4 transfected MDA MB 468 cells , but not to CCR 5 transfected cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of the HIV coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 was decreased by prostratin and , concomitantly , prostratin inhibited the infection of PBMCs with R 5 and X 4 strains . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our results indicate that prostratin induces down regulation of surface expression of CD 4 and CXCR 4 , but not CCR 5 , in various cell lines . ^^^ Altogether these results showed that prostratin , through the activation of conventional and / or novel PKC isoforms , rapidly reduces cell surface expression of CD 4 and CXCR 4 , but not CCR 5 , by inducing their internalization and degradation . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
DCs from wild type lungs expressed transcripts for chemokine receptors , CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are known to play an important role in HIV cell entry and viral replication . ^^^ No significant changes were observed in HIV viral load , CD 3 and CD 8 lymphocyte counts , expression of interleukin 2 receptor and CXCR 4 , or gene expression of CCR 5 and beta chemokines 48 hours after vaccination . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present work , the use of receptor chimeras between CCR 5 and CXCR 4 allowed us to study the evolution of HIV 1 with the R 5 phenotype , which was not revealed by studies of wild type coreceptor use . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between lymphocyte P glycoprotein ( P gp ) expression and genotype in vivo and the expression of lymphocyte receptors critical in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) , i . e . , CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of CCR 5 on monocytes was significantly reduced , whereas CCR 2 and CXCR 4 expression were not affected by PGE ( 2 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The best juice was tested for inhibition of : ( 1 ) infection by HIV 1 BaL , utilizing CCR 5 as the cellular coreceptor ; and ( 2 ) binding of gp 120 IIIB and gp 120 BaL , respectively , to CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This binding initiates conformational changes in the envelope protein that result in binding to a coreceptor ( CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ) , exposure of a previously hidden domain in the viral protein , insertion of a viral fusion peptide into the host cell membrane and fusing the viral and cell membranes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 belong to the family of seven transmembrane spanning G protein coupled receptors , which have diverse functions in host cell defense and are associated with numerous diseases . ^^^ CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are known as co receptors for entry of HIV 1 . ^^^ Furthermore , the interaction of alpha catenin with CCR 5 and CXCR 4 at endogenous protein levels was demonstrated in PM 1 T lymphocytes , a host cell line of HIV 1 . ^^^ Our results suggest that alpha catenin links CCR 5 and CXCR 4 to the cytoskeleton and is involved in the organization of these receptors at the membrane , thereby possibly affecting HIV 1 infection . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here we report that the N pyridinylmethyl cyclam analog AMD 3451 has antiviral activity against a wide variety of R 5 , R5 / X4 , and X 4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) and HIV 2 ( 50 % inhibitory concentration [ IC ( 50 ) ] ranging from 1 . 2 to 26 . 5 microM ) in various T cell lines , CCR 5 or CXCR 4 transfected cells , peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) , and monocytes / macrophages . ^^^ AMD 3451 dose dependently inhibited the intracellular Ca ( 2+ ) signaling induced by the CXCR 4 ligand CXCL 12 in T lymphocytic cells and in CXCR 4 transfected cells , as well as the Ca ( 2+ ) flux induced by the CCR 5 ligands CCL 5 , CCL 3 , and CCL 4 in CCR 5 transfected cells . ^^^ Furthermore , AMD 3451 inhibited CXCL 12 and CCL3L1 induced endocytosis in CXCR 4 and CCR 5 transfected cells . ^^^ AMD 3451 is the first low molecular weight anti HIV agent with selective HIV coreceptor , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , interaction . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The analysis of CCR 5 , CCR 7 , and CXCR 4 co expression further showed that CD 8 ( + ) T cells expressing a high level of CXCR 4 are CCR 7 ( + ) CCR 5 ( ) naive or central memory subsets , and those expressing a low level of CXCR 4 were included in the CCR 7 ( ) CCR 5 ( + / ) memory / effector and effector subsets . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To characterize the frequency of potential targets of HIV infection within the FRT , we performed a systematic study of the expression of HIV receptors ( CD 4 , galactosyl ceramide ( GalCer ) ) and coreceptors ( CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ) on epithelial cells and leucocytes from the ectocervix . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists acting as HIV entry inhibitors also were described in the last period , which interact both with the CXCR 4 coreceptor ( such as AMD 3100 ; AMD 3465 ; ALX 40 4C ; T 22 , T 134 and T 140 ) , or which are antagonist of the CCR 5 coreceptor ( TAK 779 , TAK 220 , SCH C , SCH D , E 913 , AK 602 , UK 427857 and NSC 651016 in clinical trials ) , together with new types of fusion inhibitors possessing the same mechanism of action as enfuvirtide ( such as T 1249 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We engineered a CEM cell line that expresses constitutively CD 4 and CXCR 4 and CCR 5 after transfection . ^^^ X 4 induces faster T cell death than R 5 that depends at least in part on the higher density of CXCR 4 compared to CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A cell culture system previously developed by our laboratory demonstrated that T cell tropic ( CXCR 4 using ) but not macrophage tropic ( CCR 5 using ) HIV 1 strains productively infected eosinophilic cells . ^^^ The model was improved by using AML14 . 3D10 cells that were engineered to express CCR 3 in addition to the major HIV 1 coreceptors , CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 , thus making them more like primary eosinophils . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : FLS constitutively expressed the receptors CCR 2 , CCR 5 , CXCR 3 , and CXCR 4 , both at the cell surface and mRNA levels , but failed to express CCR 3 and CCR 6 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using the human mast cell line , HMC 1 , which expresses CXCR 4 but not CCR 5 on the cell surface , we found that several HIV 1 X 4 tropic lab ( IIIB , RF ) and primary isolates but not R 5 ( BAL , ADA ) isolates productively infected these cells . ^^^ Treatment of HMC 1 with TNF alpha and TGF beta stimulated cell surface expression of CCR 5 and up regulated expression of both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on primary mast cells , leading to increased susceptibility to both X 4 and R 5 viral isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effect was specific since mRNA for CCR 5 was increased and mRNA for CXCR 4 was unchanged in these cells by IL 15 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This novel envelope gene expresses a glycoprotein that binds soluble CD 4 , utilizes CCR 5 but not CXCR 4 as a coreceptor , and mediates HIV 1 entry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Normal B cells were typically positive for CXCR 4 , CXCR 5 and CCR 6 , negative for CCR 5 and variable for CCR 7 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rapid depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes has been associated with a switch in viral coreceptor usage from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 in approximately 40 to 50 % of infected individuals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Moreover , in contrast to heparin , they inhibit a broad spectrum of HIV 1 laboratory adapted and primary isolates that use either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 or both coreceptors in terms of their infection and replication in primary CD4+ lymphocytes and monocytes derived macrophages ( MDM ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The external HIV envelope glycoprotein , gp 120 , sequentially interacts with two cellular receptor molecules , the CD 4 glycoprotein and a chemokine receptor , such as CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , leading to the activation of the fusogenic domain of the transmembrane viral glycoprotein , gp 41 , which changes its conformation to create a hairpin structure that eventually triggers fusion between the viral and cellular membranes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PURPOSE OF REVIEW : HIV entry into cells is mediated through sequential interactions between HIV envelope proteins ( Env ) and two cellular molecules : CD 4 and a co receptor , typically either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ Recently , much attention has been focused on the development of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 antagonists as antiviral agents and several are set to enter phase 3 trials in 2004 and 2005 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Coreceptor specificity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) strains is generally defined in vitro in cell lines expressing CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , but lymphocytes and macrophages are the principal targets in vivo . ^^^ CCR 5 using ( R 5 ) variants dominate early in infection , but strains that use CXCR 4 emerge later in a substantial minority of subjects . ^^^ Many or most CXCR 4 using variants can use both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ( R5X4 ) , but the pathways that are actually used to cause infection in primary cells and in vivo are unknown . ^^^ We examined several R5X4 prototype and primary isolates and found that they all were largely or completely restricted to CXCR 4 mediated entry in primary lymphocytes , even though lymphocytes are permissive for CCR 5 mediated entry by R 5 strains . ^^^ In contrast , in primary macrophages R5X4 isolates used both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The percentages of blood DC expressing the cell surface marker CD1a , co stimulatory molecules CD 80 and CD 86 , adhesion molecule CD 54 , and chemokine receptors CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 were not affected in GBS or CIDP . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We show that the human rheumatoid synovial microenvironment directly induces functional inflammatory ( CCR 5 and CXCR 3 ) and constitutive ( CCR 7 and CXCR 4 ) chemokine receptors on infiltrating CD 4 ( + ) T cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We measured chemokine co receptor ( CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ) expression on cervical intraepithelial CD4+ T lymphocytes , macrophages and dendritic cells using flow cytometry in 32 healthy women , 16 of whom were combined oral contraceptive users and 16 non users . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Additionally , CCR 5 antagonists may not reduce the HIV 1 RNA load when mixed / dual tropic or CXCR 4 using virus is present . ^^^ The determination of coreceptor tropism may be required before CCR 5 or CXCR 4 antagonists are initiated , unless reliable predictive markers of coreceptor use are established . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Amplified populations of env sequences were characterized as using CCR 5 ( R 5 ) , CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) , or both receptors ( R5+X4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The affected glycosylation sites were predominantly clustered in regions of gp 120 that are not involved in the direct interaction with either CD 4 , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , or gp 41 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of CXCR 2 and CXCR 4 and of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 were severely altered on PB mDC and pDC from HIV 1+ progressors , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Thus the sequence of V 3 , directly or indirectly , can determine which coreceptor ( CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ) is used to trigger the fusion potential of the Env complex , and hence which cells the virus can infect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Primary viruses were isolated from fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) using the traditional co culture method and their capacity of inducing syncytium was tested in MT 2 cells ; meanwhile , their coreceptor usage was determined with GHOST cell lines which stably express CD 4 and the chemokine receptor CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ A consensus motif at the positions 8 , 11 , 18 , and 25 in V 3 loop was identified as follows : a sequence as `` 8 TXXS / GXXXXXXR / QXXXXXXE / D 25 ' ' will predict the usage of CCR 5 coreceptor ; a sequence replacing these positions with basic amino acids ( except position 25 ) will very likely predict the usage of CXCR 4 coreceptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
MAPK dependent and YY 1 mediated chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 up regulation in U 937 cell line infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans . ^^^ We have found previously that the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , which are the coreceptors of HIV , are up regulated in human macrophage cell line U 937 infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( MTB ) . ^^^ In order to detect the up regulation of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 as a unique phenomenon of MTB infection or a ubiquitous phenomenon of pathogenic bacteria , we investigated the expression changes of these two chemokine receptors in macrophages attacked by another bacterium Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans ( AA ) ( from mRNA level and protein level ) . ^^^ To reveal the molecular mechanism of these expression changes , p 38 MAPK special inhibitor SB 203580 was used and the expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 negative regulator YY 1 transfactor was analyzed . ^^^ Finally , we conclude that the up regulation of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 can at least partially contribute to the down regulation of transfactor YY 1 which is p 38 MAPK pathway dependent and this up regulation has little relationship with MTB and HIV co infection . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The objective of this paper was to investigate the activation and coreceptor CCR 5 , CXCR 4 expression of T lymphocytes in HIV / AIDS patients of China , and to study their association with disease progression . ^^^ Seventy seven HIV / AIDS patients and thirteen normal controls were enrolled and three color flow cytometry was used to detect the activation marker HLA DR , CD 38 and the coreceptor CCR 5 , CXCR 4 expression on T lymphocytes in whole blood samples taken from the patients and the controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we investigate the effects of CD 4 engagement on the redistribution and localization of chemokine receptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , adhesion molecules , and lipid raft components including cholesterol , GM 1 , and glycosyl phosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) anchored proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Tryptophan deprivation during DC activation also regulated the expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , as well as DC responsiveness to chemokines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sequence analysis and infectious recombinant viruses containing peripheral nerve derived C2V3 sequences indicated a predominance of CCR 5 dependent and macrophage tropic HIV 1 , although dual tropic viruses using both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were identified . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 AND CCR 5 expression in normal term human placenta ] . ^^^ In the present study , the CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression was investigated in 8 samples of normal human placenta obtained from term pregnancies , with low obstetric risk , by using Immunocitochemical techniques ( Biotin Avidin Peroxidase ) . ^^^ The most relevant finding in this study was the demonstration that CXCR 4 and CCR 5 differential expression in trophoblast , stroma and endothelium represents , as far as we know , the first report of the presence of these receptors in all layers of placental tissue . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Non syncytium inducing ( NSI ) , macrophage tropic viruses utilize CCR 5 and are called R 5 viruses ; syncytium inducing ( SI ) isolates use CXCR 4 and are known as X 4 viruses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , his virus population is dual tropic for cells that express CCR 5 or CXCR 4 coreceptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HR 1 mutations had minimal effect on virus sensitivity to other classes of entry inhibitors , including those targeting CD 4 binding ( BMS 806 and a CD 4 specific monoclonal antibody [ MAb ] ) , coreceptor binding ( CXCR 4 inhibitor AMD 3100 and CCR 5 inhibitor TAK 779 ) , or fusion ( T 1249 ) , indicating that ENF resistant viruses can remain sensitive to other entry inhibitors in vivo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Obviously , SI / NSI phenotypes were closely linked to the capability of HIV 1 to use coreceptor CXCR 4 , but not CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We focus on two chemokine receptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , which are important in HIV cell invasion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although there was little difference between the two CD 4 bearing T cell population in the expression level of CD 4 molecules and chemokine receptors such as CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , SIV replicated more efficiently in CD 4 ( + ) 8 ( + ) T cells than in CD 4 ( + ) T cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interaction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) gp 120 envelope glycoprotein with the primary receptor , CD 4 , promotes binding to a chemokine receptor , either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Syncytium formation in MT 2 cells and CCR 5 or CXCR 4 coreceptor usage were determined for all isolates . ^^^ The panel consists of 49 nonsyncytium inducing isolates that use CCR 5 as a major coreceptor and 11 syncytium inducing isolates that use only CXCR 4 or both coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Coreceptor usage for these two strains showed a larger coreceptor repertoire for SIVagm . sab92018 , which is able to efficiently use CXCR 4 in addition to CCR 5 , than for SIVagm . ver644 , which showed a classical CCR 5 coreceptor usage pattern . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In terms of receptor binding the chimeric protein retains specificity for human CD 4 but , in relation to the membrane fusion event , it appears to lose the Env coreceptor specificity of the parental HIV 1 strains : NL 43 for CXCR 4 and JRFL for CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A majority of FluA specific CD8+ T cells expressed high levels of CXCR 3 , and moderate levels of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , whereas a limited proportion expressed CCR 7 , CCR 6 and CXCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cryptic nature of a conserved , CD 4 inducible V 3 loop neutralization epitope in the native envelope glycoprotein oligomer of CCR 5 restricted , but not CXCR 4 using , primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains . ^^^ The external subunit of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) envelope glycoprotein ( Env ) , gp 120 , contains conserved regions that mediate sequential interactions with two cellular receptor molecules , CD 4 and a chemokine receptor , most commonly CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
There are several compounds that are at different developmental stages in the pipeline to counter HIV entry , among them : ( 1 ) the attachment inhibitor dextrin 2 sulfate ; ( 2 ) the inhibitors of the glycoprotein ( gp ) 120 / CD4 interaction PRO 542 , TNX 355 and BMS 488043 ; ( 3 ) the co receptor inhibitors subdivided in those targeting CCR 5 ( SCH 417690 [ SCH D ] , UK 427857 GW 873140 , PRO 140 , TAK 220 , AMD 887 ) and those targeting CXCR 4 ( AMD 070 , KRH 2731 ) ; and ( 4 ) the fusion inhibitors enfuvirtide ( T 20 ) and tifuvirtide ( T 1249 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Small molecule chemokine antagonists acting as HIV entry inhibitors also were described in the last period , which interact both with the CXCR 4 coreceptor ( such as AMD 3100 ; AMD 3465 ; ALX 40 4C ; T 22 , T 134 and T 140 ) , or which are antagonist of the CCR 5 coreceptor ( TAK 779 , TAK 220 , SCH C , SCH D , E 913 , AK 602 and NSC 651016 in clinical trials ) , together with new types of fusion inhibitors possessing the same mechanism of action as enfuvirtide ( such as T 1249 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we show that relative to R3B Env , R3A Env enhances viral entry of T cells , increases fusion induced cytopathicity , and shows elevated binding efficiency for both CD 4 and CXCR 4 , but not CCR 5 , in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 and CCR 5 regulation and expression patterns on T and monocyte macrophage cell lineages : implications for susceptibility to infection by HIV 1 . ^^^ Furthermore , since CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression on human leukocytes designate these cells as HIV 1 potential targets , the expression of the major HIV 1 coreceptors are also dynamically modeled / quantified as function of the stage of cell differentiation . ^^^ Understanding the role of in vivo alterations in CD 4 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 densities on HIV 1 cell entry may help the development of optimal control strategies for AIDS pathogenesis . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We observed changes in the frequencies of CD 8 ( bright ) T cells expressing different chemokine receptors in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes of rhesus macaques during the acute phase of the pathogenic SIVmac 251 infection ; the frequency of CD 8 ( bright ) T cells expressing CXCR 4 decreased , while the frequency of those expressing CCR 5 increased . ^^^ Whereas during the acute phase of the infection with pathogenic SIV ( 2 wk postinfection ) no correlate of disease protection was identified , once the viral load set points were established ( 2 mo postinfection ) , we found that the levels of cycling and of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 positive CD 8 ( bright ) T cells were correlated with the extent of viral replication and therefore with SIV infection outcome . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We recently reported that , because these SHIVs exclusively use the CXCR 4 coreceptor for cell entry , they target naive CD 4 ( + ) T cells for depletion in infected monkeys , whereas SIVs , which use CCR 5 , not CXCR 4 , cause the selective loss of memory CD 4 ( + ) T lymphocytes in vivo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Except pooled serum from HIV 1 infected individuals , monoclonal anti envelope antibodies or antibodies / antagonists against CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 were not able to prevent infection by the 92UG046 T 8 isolate . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Over the course of infection , the coreceptor usage of the HIV virus changes from a preference for CCR 5 to a preference for CXCR 4 in approximately 50 % of infected individuals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
FP 21399 has been reported to interfere with the ability of the HIV envelope glycoproteins to use CXCR 4 and CCR 5 as co receptors when entering CD 4 cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The anti HIV activity of new membranotropic compounds , i . e . of the polycarboxylate matrix and of its derivatives modified by adamantane and norbonene , was studied in respect of HIV 1 strains , whose tropicity to coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 was different , as well as in respect of HIV 1 variants resistant to azidothymidine ( AZT ) in a continuous culture of human lymphoid cells ( MT 4 ) and in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood from healthy donors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The CCR 5 and CXCR 4 chemokine receptors function as coreceptors essential for HIV infection . ^^^ Administration of THC for 5 days increased the percentage of PBL expressing CCR 5 and , to a lesser extent , CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This gp 120 induced inhibition was strictly dependent on CXCR 4 or CCR 5 and lipid rafts but not on CD 4 or 5 ( H ) 3 expressing BCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Gp 120 binding to the main cell receptor , CD 4 , on the surface of cells expressing this molecule , and interaction with the cell chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , are among the key events for HIV 1 infection . ^^^ The features of the potential gp 120 interacting sites on the two chemokine co receptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , are also discussed , and co receptor blocking molecules under clinical trial are also reported . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on CD4+ T cells and plasma chemokine levels during treatment of active tuberculosis in HIV 1 coinfected patients . ^^^ We examined the expression of chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on CD4+ T cells and plasma chemokine levels of macrophage inflammatory protein ( MIP ) 1alpha , MIP 1beta , regulated on activation normal T expressed and secreted ( RANTES ) , and stromal cell derived factor ( SDF ) 1alpha among TB patients with HIV coinfection during the first 2 months of anti TB treatment . ^^^ Levels of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression on CD4+ T cells as well as plasma levels of chemokines remained persistently elevated during anti TB treatment . ^^^ These results suggest that increased expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on an activated CD4+ T cell population coupled with persistently elevated chemokines may provide a suitable condition for continuous replication of HIV associated with TB coinfection . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Treatment of Jurkat T cells , peripheral blood lymphocytes from HIV negative donors , or human osteogenic seroma ( HOS ) cells expressing CD 4 , CXCR 4 or CCR 5 with T tropic gp 120 , M tropic gp 120 , or agonistic antibodies against CD 4 , CXCR 4 or CCR 5 . ^^^ The increase in TRAIL death receptor expression and acquisition of TRAIL sensitivity requires the chemokine coreceptor CXCR 4 but not CCR 5 or the CD 4 receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The importance of the chemokine co receptors , such as CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , for HIV entry may help to explain the limitations of earlier approaches using recombinant soluble CD 4 or polyanionic compounds to interfere non specifically with HIV glycoprotein function . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The R 5 isolate grew in Delta32 / Delta32 CCR 5 PBMC in the absence or presence of AMD 3100 , a CXCR 4 specific inhibitor , indicating that it uses a receptor other than CCR 5 or CXCR 4 on primary cells . ^^^ CM 9 used CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , Bob / GPR15 , CXCR 6 , CCR 3 , and CCR 8 on transfected cells and was able to replicate in the absence or presence of AMD 3100 in Delta32 / Delta32 CCR 5 PBMC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These compounds were equally potent inhibitors of both X 4 and R 5 viruses tested in CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expressing cell lines , respectively , indicating that their anti HIV 1 activity is not dependent on the coreceptor tropism of the virus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Meanwhile , their coreceptor usage was determined with two cell lines : Magi and GHOST ( 3 ) stably expressing CD 4 and the chemokine receptor CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ CONCLUSION : The neutralization sensitivity of HIV isolates is linked with the phenotype of isolates , in which syncytium inducing ( SI ) or CXCR 4 tropic ( X 4 ) viruses are more easily neutralized than non syncytium inducing ( NSI ) or CCR 5 tropic ( R 5 ) viruses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The HIV 1 envelope protein gp 120 was able to induce COX 2 mRNA and protein in several human neuroblastoma cell lines , which express CXCR 4 and CCR 5 but not CD 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are the main coreceptors used by the T cell tropic ( CXCR 4 using , X 4 ) and macrophage tropic ( CCR 5 using , R 5 ) HIV 1 strains , respectively , for entering their CD4+ target cells . ^^^ Besides some modified chemokines with antiviral activity , several low molecular weight CCR 5 and CXCR 4 antagonistic compounds have been described with potent antiviral activity . ^^^ Both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 chemokine receptor inhibitors will be needed in combination and even in combinations of antiviral drugs that also target other aspects of the HIV replication cycle to obtain optimum antiviral therapeutic effects . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The therapeutic potential in targeting CCR 5 and CXCR 4 receptors in infectious and allergic pulmonary disease . ^^^ CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are best known for their roles in human immunodeficiency virus 1 ( HIV 1 ) infection , but both are attractive targets in the context of overt inflammatory and remodeling responses in the lung . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 function as coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) and are attractive targets for the development of anti HIV drugs . ^^^ Compared to the bicyclam AMD 3100 , AMD 3465 was even 10 fold more effective as a CXCR 4 antagonist , while showing no interaction whatsoever with CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The role of coreceptors other than CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) disease is controversial . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for chemokine receptors on ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) recovered from the patient ' s sample failed to express messenger RNA for CXCR 4 but did express messenger RNA for CCR 1 , CCR 4 , and CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Conditional expression of F 12 Vif prevents replication and spreading of both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 strains of HIV 1 in human primary T lymphocyte and T cell lines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The goal of this study was to determine whether cultured primary HGECs express significant levels of the major HIV 1 co receptors CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and / or CCR 5 to allow fusion interactions with HIV 1 . ^^^ The expression of CD 4 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 was assessed in cultured HGECs by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) and flow cytometry using specific antibodies . ^^^ Cultured primary HGECs express CXCR 4 but not CD 4 or CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : CXCR 4 and CCR 3 coreceptors were expressed at significantly higher levels than CCR 5 within the female endo and ectocervix and distal end of the male urethra . ^^^ Increased levels of cell surface expressed CXCR 4 compared to CCR 5 was confirmed in samples obtained from the female genital tract by FACS analysis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD4 CCR 5 or CXCR 4 cells form syncytia , that is , plaques that can be stained with hematoxylin and enumerated by light microscopy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The most important chemokine receptors in this respect are beta chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) and alpha chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
GHOST ( 3 ) cells were derived from the human osteosarcoma cell line , HOS , and have been engineered to stably express CD 4 and one or another of the chemokine receptors CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , CXCR6 / STRL33 / Bonzo , or the orphan receptor GPR15 / BOB . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human macrophages expressing TRIM5alpha ( rh ) were also found to be phenotypically and functionally normal , expressing the characteristic surface markers CD 14 , CD 4 , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , MHC 2 , and B7 . 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of the HIV 1 coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 was also determined , and cytokine and beta chemokine levels in the genital mucosa were assessed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Moreover , HIV 1 strains that utilize the CXCR 4 chemokine receptor for infectivity are able to undergo reverse transcription , integration , viral DNA transcription , and viral release , whereas viral strains that utilize CCR 5 do not undergo these early replicative events , and are only released unmodified from these cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the course of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) disease , CCR 5 utilizing HIV type 1 ( HIV 1 ) variants ( R 5 ) , which typically transmit infection and dominate its early stages , persist in approximately half of the infected individuals ( nonswitch virus patients ) , while in the other half ( switch virus patients ) , viruses using CXCR 4 ( X 4 or R5X4 ) emerge , leading to rapid disease progression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
For both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 as coreceptors , increasingly long times of coincubation at 23 degrees C reduced the efficacy of the coreceptor binding inhibitors in blocking fusion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
All the examined isolates of HIV 1 types A and A / B were shown to be characterized by a low virus specific activity and to be used as secondary CCR 5 and CXCR 4 protein receptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
ST chemokine ( CCL2 / MCP 1 , CCL5 / RANTES , CCL7 / MCP 3 , CCL8 / MCP 2 , CCL14 / HCC 1 , CCL15 / HCC 2 , CCL16 / HCC 4 ) , chemokine receptor ( CCR 1 , CCR2b , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 ) , and CD 13 expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry and two colour immunofluorescence . ^^^ RESULTS : Abundant expression of CCR 1 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 was found in all forms of arthritis , with a specific increase of CCL 5 and CCL 15 in RA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
At least nine chemokine receptors ( CXCR 1 , CXCR 2 , CXCR 3 , CXCR 4 , CX3CR1 , CCR 1 , CCR 3 , CCR 4 and CCR 5 ) have been described to be expressed by human mast cells of different origins . ^^^ Because of the expression of CCR 3 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on mast cell progenitors , these cells are susceptible to HIV infection and mast cells might therefore be a persistent HIV reservoir in AIDS . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 and CCR 5 shRNA transgenic CD34+ cell derived macrophages are functionally normal and resist HIV 1 infection . ^^^ BACKGROUND : Stable simultaneous knock down of the HIV 1 coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 is a promising strategy to protect cells from both R 5 macrophage tropic and X 4 T cell tropic as well as dual tropic viral infections . ^^^ Our previous work with a bispecific lentiviral vector containing CXCR 4 and CCR 5 shRNAs showed efficacy in down regulating both coreceptors and conferring viral resistance to both X 4 and R 5 tropic strains of HIV 1 in cultured cell lines . ^^^ RESULTS : The bispecific XHR lentiviral vector harboring CXCR 4 and CCR 5 shRNA expression cassettes was efficient in transducing CD34+ cells . ^^^ CONCLUSION : These studies have demonstrated for the first time that a bispecific lentiviral vector could be used to stably deliver shRNAs targeted to both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptors into CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and derive transgenic macrophages . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Secondly , Env interactions with the co receptor molecules can be targeted by CCR 5 antagonists including SCH D , maraviroc ( UK 427857 ) and aplaviroc ( GW 873140 ) , and the CXCR 4 antagonist AMD 070 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The viral macrophage inflammatory protein 2 ( vMIP 2 ) encoded by Kaposi ' s sarcoma associated herpesvirus has unique biological activities in that it blocks the cell entry by several different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) strains via chemokine receptors including CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCR 5 , but not CD 4 or CXCR 4 expression levels , were lower and the surface expression of globotriaosylceramide was negligible on activated patients ' cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To test if protective haplotypes exert their effect by modulating CR expression , we measured the protein expression of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on circulating CD4+ T cells and CD14+ monocytes in 71 ES and 92 controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 serve as co receptors for the human immunodeficiency virus 1 ( HIV 1 ) and thus , are important cellular components during HIV 1 cell entry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The third variable region ( V 3 ) of the HIV 1 envelope glycoprotein gp 120 is involved in gp 120 binding to the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , which serve as co receptors in HIV 1 infection . ^^^ The sequence of V 3 determines whether the virus binds to CCR 5 and infects predominantly macrophages ( R 5 virus ) or to CXCR 4 and infects mostly T cells ( X 4 virus ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Functional assays demonstrate that substitution of the V 3 loop of the pathogenic CXCR 4 tropic ( X 4 ) SHIV ( SF33A2 ) molecular clone with the corresponding sequences from the CCR 5 tropic ( R 5 ) SHIV ( SF162P3 ) isolate resulted in a switch of coreceptor usage from CXCR 4 to CCR 5 . ^^^ Moreover , nave T cells that expressed high levels of CXCR 4 were rapidly depleted in X 4 SHIV ( SF33A2 ) infected macaques , whereas R 5 SHIV ( SF33A2 ( V 3 ) ) infection mainly affected memory T cells that expressed CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using cultured cerebellar granule neurons , we determined whether two strains of gp 120 , gp120IIIB and gp120BaL , which bind to CXCR 4 and CCR 5 chemokine receptors , respectively , induce cell death . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The HIV 1 Tat protein selectively enhances CXCR 4 and inhibits CCR 5 expression in megakaryocytic K 562 cells . ^^^ Indeed , in contrast to the CD34+ progenitors , the lineage committed HPCs express high levels of the HIV 1 co receptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ However , Tat co treatment profoundly effected both CXCR 4 and CCR 5 gene expression and protein levels in megakaryocytic cells . ^^^ In PMA stimulated cells , Tat increased CXCR 4 and decreased in CCR 5 expression , this was potentiated in cells chronically exposed to Tat . ^^^ In megakaryocytic cells , Tat differentially effected CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVES : To evaluate the protective efficacy of cellulose acetate 1 , 2 benzenedicarboxylate ( CAP ) formulated in a glycerol based gel against infection with CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) and CCR 5 ( R 5 ) viruses in the simian / human immunodeficiency virus ( SHIV ) / rhesus macaque model of HIV 1 transmission . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As with the HIV , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 co receptors , we found no differences in CXCR 4 expression between HIV and AIDS patients . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Virus quasispecies isolated from PBMCs from nonresponders used both CC chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) and CX chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) for entry , in contrast to virus isolated from PBMCs from discordant responders , which predominantly used CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) into the cell is initiated by the interaction of the viral surface envelope protein with two cell surface components of the target cell , CD 4 and a chemokine coreceptor , usually CXCR 4 or CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV uptake by CD 4 ( + ) T cells was dependent on cellular contacts mediated by the binding of gp 120 to CD 4 but was independent of the expression of the appropriate HIV coreceptor , CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Interleukin ( IL ) 4 is a key T helper 2 cytokine that downregulates and upregulates CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , respectively , the main coreceptors for HIV . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Activating huPBL in vitro in the presence of 10 ( 8 ) M cocaine increased expression of CC chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The culture supernatants were then harvested and used to treat human peripheral blood monocyte derived macrophages and a HeLa cell line , which expresses CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 receptors ( MAGI cells ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To address the question of B cell migration into the inflamed synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) , peripheral blood naive B cells , memory B cells and plasma cells were analyzed for cell surface expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR 3 , CXCR 4 , CXCR 5 , CCR 5 , CCR 6 , CCR 7 and CCR 9 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Host cell range , or tropism , combined with coreceptor usage defines viral phenotypes as macrophage tropic using CCR 5 ( M R 5 ) , T cell line tropic using CXCR 4 ( T X 4 ) , or dually lymphocyte and macrophage tropic using CXCR 4 alone or in combination with CCR 5 ( D X 4 or D R5X4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The antiviral activity appeared to be mediated , at least partially , by the down regulation of the expression of CD 4 and the HIV 1 co receptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 1 cell entry is mediated by sequential interactions of the envelope protein gp 120 with the receptor CD 4 and a coreceptor , usually CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , depending on the individual virion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Enhanced replication of R 5 HIV 1 over X 4 HIV 1 in CD 4 ( + ) CCR 5 ( + ) CXCR 4 ( + ) T cells . ^^^ To enter human cells , HIV 1 usually uses CD 4 and 1 of 2 coreceptors : CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ Interestingly , even though CCR 5 is expressed on far fewer T cells than is CXCR 4 , many patients in early and late stage HIV disease maintain high levels of CCR 5 tropic ( R 5 ) viruses . ^^^ We hypothesized that such high R 5 viral loads may be sustained because , relative to CXCR 4 tropic ( X 4 ) HIV 1 infection , R 5 HIV 1 infection of permissive CD 4 ( + ) CCR 5 ( + ) CXCR 4 ( + ) T cells results in the production of significantly more infectious virus particles per target cell . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A molecular mechanism involved both in HIV entry and fusion steps has been disclosed in detail : The interaction of an HIV envelope protein , gp 120 , with chemokine receptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , which were identified as major co receptors in association with CD 4 , triggers conformational changes in the gp 120 gp41 ( another envelope protein ) complex , and subsequently forms the trimer of hairpins structure of gp 41 followed by virus cell membrane fusion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The three cell lines were shown to express on their surface the CXCR 4 and GalCer molecules , but not the CD 4 and CCR 5 ones . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are the two most relevant receptors and by inhibition of each of them a delayed onset of disease could be achieved . ^^^ As both receptors are used at different stages of disease due to the domination of different HIV strains , a dual blockage of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 could be highly valuable for inhibiting viral transmission and replication . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because the cellular receptors for HIV 1 include chemokine receptors such as CXCR 4 and CCR 5 it is possible that the virus may interfere with SDF 1 / CXCR4 signaling in the brain including disruption of the formation of new granule neurons in the adult brain . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A cyclic chimeric dodecapeptide ( cCD ) mimicking the conformation specific domains of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 was prepared in which Gly Asp links the amino and carboxyl termini of two combined pentapeptides ( S 169 G173 of CCR 5 ; E 179 R183 of CXCR 4 ) derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) coreceptors . ^^^ The immunization of Balb / c mice with cCD conjugated with a multiple antigen peptide ( cCD MAP ) induced seven cCD specific monoclonal antibodies ( mAbs , CPMAb 1 to 7 ) that reacted with native CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 are required for HIV 1 to enter cells , and the progression of HIV 1 infection to AIDS involves a switch in the co receptor usage of the virus from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 . ^^^ In the present study , we demonstrate using ribozymes that a depletion of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 mRNAs can be achieved simultaneously in human PBMCs ( peripheral blood mononuclear cells ) , cells commonly used by the virus for infection and replication . ^^^ Ribozyme activity leads to an inhibition of the cell surface expression of both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , resulting in a significant inhibition of HIV 1 replication when PBMCs are challenged with the virus . ^^^ In addition , we show that small single stranded antisense RNAs can also be used to silence CCR 5 and CXCR 4 genes when delivered to PBMCs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In line with earlier reports , HIV 2 isolates could use several alternative receptors in addition to the major coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ Intrapatient evolution from CCR 5 use to CXCR 4 use was documented for the first time . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The coexpression of CKRs ( CCR 2 , CCR 3 , CCR 5 , CXCR 3 , and CXCR 4 ) and intracellular cytokines ( interleukin 10 [ IL 10 ] , IL 4 , tumor necrosis factor alpha [ TNF alpha ] , and gamma interferon [ IFN gamma ] ) on T CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral cells from individuals with indeterminate ( IND ) or cardiac ( CARD ) clinical forms of Chagas ' disease after in vitro stimulation with Trypanosoma cruzi antigens , were evaluated in this study . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) infection by blocking the host cell coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 is an emerging strategy for antiretroviral therapy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 1 infects host cells by sequential interactions of its fusion protein ( gp 120 gp41 ) with receptors CD 4 , CXCR 4 and / or CCR 5 followed by fusion of viral and host membranes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CONCLUSION : These findings show that 1 ) constitutive expression of CCR 1 on macrophages remains high during AIA ; 2 ) CCR 2 and CCR 3 may play a role in initial recruitment of leukocytes to ST in AIA ; 3 ) macrophage expression of CCR 2 and CCR 5 may be important for sustaining inflammatory changes ; and 4 ) EC CXCR 4 may be a harbinger of inflammatory changes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Such T cells coexpressed the chemokine receptors CCR 7 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 and migrated in response to both inflammatory chemokines ( CCL 5 ) and homing chemokines ( CXCL 12 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The human chemokine receptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , are potential host targets for exogenous , small molecule antagonists for the inhibition of HIV 1 infection . ^^^ HIV 1 strains can be categorised by co receptor tropism their ability to utilise CCR 5 ( CCR 5 tropic ) , CXCR 4 ( CXCR 4 tropic ) or both ( dual tropic ) as a co receptor for entry into susceptible cells . ^^^ A switch from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 tropism occurs spontaneously in approximately 50 % of HIV infected patients and has been associated with , but is not required for , disease progression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Rapid depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes has been associated with a switch in viral coreceptor usage from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 in approximately 40 to 50 % of infected individuals . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) uses a chemokine receptor , usually CXCR 4 or CCR 5 , for entry into the target cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 1 envelope glycoprotein ( gp 120 ) has five variable loops , of which three ( V1 / V2 and V 3 ) influence the binding of either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , the two primary coreceptors for virus entry . ^^^ Minimal sequence changes in V 3 are sufficient for changing coreceptor use from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 in some HIV 1 isolates , but more commonly additional mutations in V1 / V2 are observed during coreceptor switching . ^^^ We have modeled coreceptor switching by introducing most possible combinations of mutations in the variable loops that distinguish a previously identified group of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 using viruses . ^^^ V1 / V2 mutations in the absence of V 3 mutations often increased the capacity of virus to utilize CCR 5 but were unable to confer CXCR 4 use . ^^^ HIV 1 envelope sequence evolution from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 use is constrained by relatively frequent lethal mutations , deep fitness valleys , and requirements to make the right amino acid substitution in the right place at the right time . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To better understand the interaction of the host with HIV 1 during active tuberculosis , we investigated in vivo expression of the HIV 1 coreceptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , and circulating levels of the inhibitory beta chemokines , macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha ( MIP 1alpha ) , macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta ( MIP 1beta ) , and regulated upon activation T cell expressed and secreted ( RANTES ) , in HIV positive individuals with and without active pulmonary tuberculosis . ^^^ We found a significant decrease from normal in the fraction of CD4+ T cells expressing CCR 5 and CXCR 4 in individuals infected with HIV . ^^^ However , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 expression did not differ significantly between HIV patients with and without tuberculosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Replicative fitness of CCR 5 using and CXCR 4 using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 biological clones . ^^^ CCR 5 tropic viruses cause the vast majority of new HIV 1 infections while about half of the individuals infected with HIV 1 manifest a co receptor switch ( CCR 5 ( R 5 ) to CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) ) prior to accelerated disease progression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These cells express CD 4 and low levels of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptors , but not DC SIGN . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A proof of the concept was shown by transforming the nonselective viral macrophage inflammatory protein 2 into new analogs with enhanced selectivity and potency for CXCR 4 or CCR 5 , two principal coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) 1 entry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Eleven HIV 2 and five HIV 1 primary isolates that use CCR 5 , CXCR 4 or both coreceptors to enter cells were included . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To initiate infection , the HIV 1 external envelope glycoprotein , gp 120 , sequentially interacts with two cellular receptors , CD 4 and a chemokine receptor ( or coreceptor ) like CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^ The differential use of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 defines three HIV 1 biological variants ( R 5 , R5X4 , X 4 ) , which vary in their prevalence during the disease course . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mycobacterium tuberculosis upregulates coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 while HIV modulates CD 14 favoring concurrent infection . ^^^ We determined the pattern of expression of CD11c , CD 14 , CD 40 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 and quantified IL 1beta , IL 6 , IL 8 , TNF alpha , and RANTES in tuberculosis patients and HIV patients . ^^^ CXCR 4 and CCR 5 expression was high in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and low in HIV infected patients ( p < 0 . 05 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Fusion mediated by primary HIV envelopes , including seven CCR 5 and four CXCR 4 tropic envelopes , also decreased with DC maturation . ^^^ Surprisingly , primary envelopes with CXCR 4 tropism mediated fusion to immature MDDCs with efficiencies similar to those of primary CCR 5 tropic envelopes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CD 4 , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 and apoptosis were determined by fluorescent antibody cell sorting . ^^^ A model fusion system comprising a cell line transfected with either CD 4 and CXCR 4 or CCR 5 , cocultured with a cell line expressing gp 120 from either X 4 , R 5 tropic HIV 1 or HIV 2 virions , was used . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : PEHRG 214 strongly neutralized a diverse range of primary HIV 1 isolates , encompassing subtypes A to E and both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 phenotypes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : We investigated the replication ability of CXCR 4 or CCR 5 ( R 5 ) tropic HIV 1 in thymic micro explants as well as in isolated thymic CD11clowCD14 DC , CD11chighCD14+ DC and plasmacytoid DC subsets . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Surprisingly , one late isolate from a progressor monkey did not use CCR 5 at all and used the CXCR 4 receptor with high efficiency . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) enters cells through the chemokine receptors CCR 5 ( R 5 virus ) and / or CXCR 4 ( X 4 virus ) . ^^^ All reported sequences using CCR 5 or CXCR 4 exclusively , or using both , were gathered from the Los Alamos HIV Database and analysed with regard to the V 3 N linked glycosylation motifs ( sequons ) and charge . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The most notable observation is that of 69 V 3 region sequences analyzed from 12 patients from diverse brain regions , 64 showed CCR 5 usage ( 93 % ) as opposed to only five using CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Peptide , peptidomimetic and small molecule drug discovery targeting HIV 1 host cell attachment and entry through gp 120 , gp 41 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV envelope binds to and signals through its primary cellular receptor , CD 4 , and through a coreceptor , either CC chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) or CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Antiviral agents interfering with receptor ( i . e . , CD 4 ) or coreceptor ( e . g . , CCR 5 and / or CXCR 4 ) engagement comprise a special subset of viral entry inhibitors . ^^^ This review focuses on compounds blocking viral attachment to CD 4 , CCR 5 or CXCR 4 , highlights the challenges they present , and attempts to offer possible solutions . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The two chemokine receptors most relevant to this process are CC chemokine receptor 5 ( CCR 5 ) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 ( CXCR 4 ) since a delayed onset of disease can be achieved by inhibition of either receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Between host genetic factors identified and analyzed for their role in HIV 1 transmission and disease progression are polymorphisms in the genes encoding chemokine receptors and CCR 5 , CCR 2 and SDF 1 a natural ligand for CXCR 4 receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Envs from both subjects used CCR 5 and CXCR 4 for entry into transfected cells . ^^^ Most R5X4 Envs were lymphocyte tropic and used CXCR 4 exclusively for entry into peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) , but a subset was dually lymphocyte and macrophage tropic and used either CCR 5 or CXCR 4 for entry into PBMC and monocyte derived macrophages . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CXCR 4 and CCR 5 mediate homing of primitive bone marrow derived hematopoietic cells to the postnatal thymus . ^^^ Lineage depleted cells that had homed to the thymus expressed abundant CXCR 4 and CCR 5 mRNA , alone of 17 chemokine receptors evaluated by QPCR . ^^^ Thymic homed cells were distinct from cells that had homed to bone marrow in expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 by mRNA quantification and cell surface expression of protein . ^^^ Abrogation of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 function by genetic , antibody , or pharmacologic means impaired homing of lineage depleted cells to the thymus , although not in a synergistic manner , implying interdependency of these receptors in the homing process . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This CD40L related molecule is produced by monocytes upon CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 engagement by gp 120 and cooperates with IL 4 and IL 10 to up regulate MCLRs on B cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Hemin induced HO 1 induction in the CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and CD 4 coexpressing GHOST ( 3 ) cells was consistent with the inhibition of Tat dependent activation of long terminal repeat promoter leading to reduced GFP expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RATIONALE : To assess the effect of Vpr R77Q , R77A and R80A mutations on the efficiency of CCR 5 ( R 5 ) and CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) tropic HIV 1 replication and cytopathicity in human lymphoid tissue ( HLT ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
DATA SYNTHESIS : New modalities for treating HIV , including the CXCR 4 and CCR 5 receptor inhibitors , have so far shown promise in trial . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Following the cross linking of CCR 5 , monocytes synthesized high levels of M CSF , RANTES , MIP 1 alpha , and MIP 1 beta associated with a readily detectable down modulation of CD 14 , CD 4 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Entry of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) into target cells is mediated by the viral Envelope glycoprotein ( Env ) and its coordinated interaction with a receptor ( CD 4 ) and a coreceptor ( usually the chemokine receptors CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ) . ^^^ We discuss the different CCR 5 and CXCR 4 based antiretroviral drugs that have been developed thus far , highlighting the most promising drug candidates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Whole saliva had no effect on the expression level of the cellular receptors ( CD 4 , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As one approach to understand the molecular interactions that support HIV virion binding to human mucosal surfaces , we have examined the distribution of the primary HIV receptor CD 4 , the alternate HIV receptors heparan sulfate proteoglycan ( HS ) and galactosyl ceramide ( GalCer ) and the co receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 in palatine tonsil . ^^^ In contrast , HS , GalCer , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 were all expressed on the reticulated epithelium lining the tonsillar crypts . ^^^ We have observed extensive variability , both across tissue sections from any tonsil and between tonsils , in the distribution of epithelial cells expressing either CXCR 4 or CCR 5 in the basal and suprabasal layers of stratified epithelium . ^^^ The general expression patterns of CXCR 4 , CCR 5 and HS were similar in palatine tonsil from children and adults ( age range 3 20 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Purifying selection of CCR 5 tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants in AIDS subjects that have developed syncytium inducing , CXCR 4 tropic viruses . ^^^ Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) infection is established by virus variants that use the CCR 5 co receptor for entry ( CCR 5 tropic or R 5 variants ) , whereas viruses that use CXCR 4 as co receptor ( CXCR 4 tropic or X 4 variants ) emerge during disease progression in approximately 50 % of infected subjects . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The binding affinity of KP to CD 4 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 was evaluated on CD 4 CCR5 or CD 4 CXCR4 transfected astroglioma cell lines . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Among the many chemokine receptors that can mediate HIV 1 entry in vitro , only CCR 5 and CXCR 4 are of frontline pharmacological importance . ^^^ Several small molecule antagonists of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 that block chemokine binding and HIV 1 entry have been identified in recent years . ^^^ We have also summarized the recent insights into how small molecule antagonists interact with CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , focusing on drug development programs that are well documented in the scientific literature . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Treatment with HMBA did not alter expression of the HIV coreceptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , in PBMCs but down regulated CD 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of leukocyte markers ( CD 3 , CD 4 , CD 8 , CD4 / CD8 ratio , CD 16 , CD 19 , and CD 14 ) and chemokine receptors ( CXCR 1 , CXCR 4 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CCR 7 ) was studied in 73 effusions by using flow cytometry . ^^^ CXCR 4 , CCR 5 , and CCR 7 were expressed abundantly on leukocytes , but all receptors were expressed rarely on cancer cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The V 3 loop of the HIV 1 envelope glycoprotein gp 120 is involved in binding to the CCR 5 and CXCR 4 coreceptors . ^^^ These data suggest that the 447 52D bound V 3 ( MN ) and the 0 . 5beta bound V 3 ( IIIB ) structures represent alternative V 3 conformations responsible for selective interactions with CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , respectively . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As assessed by FACS analysis , the hES CD 34 cell derived macrophages displayed characteristic cell surface markers CD 14 , CD 4 , CCR 5 , CXCR 4 , and HLA DR suggesting a normal phenotype . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Some of them are also involved in infectious disease , since two chemokine receptors , CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , are used by the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) to gain entry to cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The bridging sheet region of the gp 120 subunit of the HIV 1 Env protein interacts with the major virus coreceptors , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^ We found that coreceptor binding site mutations had greater effects on CXCR 4 mediated fusion and infection than when CCR 5 was used as a coreceptor , perhaps related to differences in coreceptor affinity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The last decade has driven an in depth knowledge of the HIV entry process , unravelling the multiple engagements of the HIV envelope proteins with the cellular receptorial complex that is composed of a primary receptor ( CD 4 ) and a co receptor ( CCR 5 or CXCR 4 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we analyzed the expression and role of selected chemokines ( CXCL 12 and CCL 4 ) and their receptors ( CXCR 4 and CCR 5 ) in regulating thymocyte migration in conjunction with extracellular matrix during acute T . cruzi infection . ^^^ We found increased chemokine deposition in the thymus of infected mice when compared to controls , accompanied by enhanced co localization with fibronectin as well as up regulated surface expression of CXCR 4 and CCR 5 in thymocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , we apply this methodology to a training set of 279 subtype C sequences of known phenotypes ( 228 non syncytium inducing [ NSI ] CCR 5 ( + ) and 51 SI CXCR 4 ( + ) sequences ) to derive a C PSSM predictor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Retrocyclin 1 ( 4 microm ) completely blocked fusion mediated by HIV 1 Envs that used CXCR 4 or CCR 5 but had little effect on cell fusion mediated by HIV 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus Envs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A better knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the entry process has led to the development of agents , which may inhibit each of the different steps of the viral entry process : attachment of the gp 120 to the CD 4 cell receptor ; binding of the gp 120 to CCR 5 or CXCR 4 coreceptors ; and the fusion of viral and cell membranes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Thus , retroviral vectors derived from murine leukemia virus ( MLV ) , which have been pseudotyped with HIV 1 envelope proteins holding different V 3 loops , enable selective gene delivery into either CXCR 4 or CCR 5 positive cultured cells . ^^^ Here , we tested the distribution of CD4 / CCR5 tropic [ MLV ( HIV ) ] pseudotype vectors in transgenic mice expressing CD 4 and either CXCR 4 or CCR 5 of human origin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV enters cells via the CD 4 molecule , chemokine co receptors ( CXCR 4 , CCR 5 ) , and other cell surface proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Abbreviations used in this paper : CP , chronic periodontitis ; CCR 5 , chemokine receptor 5 ; CXCR 4 , C 10 C receptor 4 ; DCs , dendritic cells ; DC SIGN , DC specific ICAM 3 grabbing non integrin ; DDC , dermal dendritic cells ; LCs , Langerhans cells ; LP , lamina propria ; MR , mannose receptor . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Viral isolates from 14 of the 15 rapid progressors used the CCR 5 coreceptor , whereas 1 ( 02ZARP1 ) used both the CXCR 4 and CCR 5 coreceptors . ^^^ Among the 25 slow progressors , 22 isolates used CCR 5 only , 2 used CXCR 4 only , and 1 used both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Most HIV 1 isolates depend on CCR 5 or CXCR 4 to infect target cells , and efficient use of other coreceptors is rare . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Nine rhesus macaques in groups of three received a single dose of the injectable progestin based contraceptive Depo Provera 5 weeks prior to challenge intravaginally with varying doses of a mixture of the pathogenic CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) SHIV ( SF33A ) and CCR 5 ( R 5 ) SHIV ( SF162P3 ) isolates . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this review we focus on the chemokine receptor inhibitors targeting CCR 5 and CXCR 4 that are the main HIV co receptors for viral entry . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We used Biacore technology to measure directly the binding of natural ligands and small molecules to the chemokine receptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ Our solubilization conditions maintained high affinity binding of chemokines SDF 1alpha and RANTES to CXCR 4 and CCR 5 , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Surprisingly , receptor mutagenesis demonstrated that the cytoplasmic tail of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , which is critical for basal and ligand mediated endocytosis , was completely dispensable for this Nef activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Entry of HIV 1 into target cells involves interactions of the viral envelope protein ( Env ) with CD 4 and a coreceptor , usually CCR 5 or CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Others target the HIV coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 , and are now in clinical trials . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cytokine secretion was detected when CXCR 4 but not CCR 5 was inhibited with a specific antibody , implying that cytokine secretion is primarily mediated via CCR 5 in astrocytes triggered with HIV 1 ( 96ZM651 ) gp 120 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated possible interactions between HIV 1 receptor ( CD 4 ) and the main coreceptors CXCR 4 and CCR 5 . ^^^ However , this interaction might explain the adaptation of HIV 1 to CXCR 4 as an alternative to CCR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
HIV 2 replication rates increased with progressive infection and with switch from CCR 5 to CXCR 4 usage . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : Colorectal explant CD 4 T cells expressed higher CCR 5 and CXCR 4 levels compared with blood . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
At 24 h after infection , while the chemokine receptors CX3CR and CCR 7 were unaffected , CCR 1 , CCR 2 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 were downmodulated on the cell surface and retained intracellularly . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This review discusses mechanisms underlying the neurotropism of HIV , focusing on the role of the HIV envelope glycoproteins and their interactions with CD 4 and the chemokine receptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Flow cytometry and immunostaining studies were performed , which demonstrated that the HIV 1 receptors CD 4 , CCR 5 and CXCR 4 were not expressed by villous trophoblast cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Since their discovery in 1996 , the two main coreceptors used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV 1 ) to enter human cells ( CCR 5 and CXCR 4 ) have been the subject of numerous scientific articles . ^^^ Therefore , in addition to providing a brief update of the most important aspects described above , we discuss here how an accurate quantification of HIV coreceptor usage is essential for the successful management of HIV infected individuals in this new era of entry inhibitors , mainly CCR 5 or CXCR 4 antagonists . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also show that this differential HIV 1 replication did not depend on differences in cell proliferative capabilities , cell surface expression of CD 4 , CXCR 4 , and CCR 5 , or in the amount of PCR products of reverse transcription , DNA synthesis , and translocation of preintegration complex into the nucleus in cord and adult T lymphocytes and MDM . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Finally , anti CD3 / 28 expanded CD 4 ( + ) T cells uniformly exhibited a central memory phenotype , absence of CCR 5 expression , marked CXCR 4 expression in vitro , low levels of caspase 3 but also of Bcl 2 expression . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The pattern of viral replication of SIVagm . sab , which uses both CCR 5 and CXCR 4 co receptors was similar to those of the other viruses . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CONCLUSION : We will describe current HIV 1 vector delivered genetic disruption mechanisms that target HIV 1 chemokine coreceptors , such as RNA interference , ribozymes , zinc fingers , intrakines , and intrabodies , and frame the use of these gene delivery chemokine receptor disruption mechanisms in the context of current small molecule blocker / antagonists of CCR 5 and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunophenotypic analysis showed that repopulating mucosal CD4+ T cells were predominantly of a memory phenotype and expressed CD 11 alpha , alpha ( E ) beta 7 , CCR 5 , and CXCR 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of CXCR 5 and CCR 7 , associated with secondary lymphoid organ homing as well as CXCR 4 and CCR 10 , involved in organ specific homing and CXCR 3 , CCR 5 and CCR 1 , which are involved in inflammation events , suggested a role of chemokine receptors in tissue specific homing of stem cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Sera from vaccinated military personnel inhibited , and their PBMCs were partially resistant to , infection by HIV 1 strains tropic to CCR 5 ( R 5 ) , but not to CXCR 4 ( X 4 ) , chemokine receptor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Because of the differential expression of HIV 1 coreceptors CCR 5 and CXCR 4 on distinct T cell subsets , the residual replication of R 5 and X 4 viruses could have different impacts on T cell homeostasis during immune reconstitution on HAART . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A dual tropic primary HIV 1 isolate that uses fusin and the beta chemokine receptors CKR 5 , CKR 3 , and CKR 2b as fusion cofactors . ^^^ A dual tropic primary HIV 1 isolate ( 89 . 6 ) utilizes both Fusin and CKR 5 as entry cofactors . ^^^ Cells expressing the 89 . 6 env protein form syncytia with QT 6 cells expressing CD 4 and either Fusin or CKR 5 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The chemokine receptor CCR 5 ( ref . 1 ) was recently demonstrated to be a co receptor for macrophage tropic ( M tropic ) HIV 1 strains , and the orphan receptor LESTR ( also called fusin ) allows infection by strains adapted for growth in transformed T cell lines ( T tropic strains ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We tested whether the primary SI strains used either Lestr ( fusin ) or CCR 5 as coreceptors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Our results suggest that ( 1 ) DS interacts with specific amino acid residues in the gp 120 molecule , ( 2 ) the virus is able to overcome the inhibitory effect of DS on viral infectivity , ( 3 ) cross resistance developed against those polyanionic compounds that are structurally related to DS , and ( 4 ) the molecular determinants of HIV cell tropism , syncytium inducing ability , coreceptor ( fusin / CC CKR 5 ) utilization , and polyanion resistance seem to be located in the env genome of HIV and specifically in the V 3 loop domain . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The C C chemokine receptor , CC CKR 5 , and a chemokine receptor homologue , named fusin , have been shown to be the major cofactors for HIV 1 entry in macrophages and T cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two co receptors , fusin and chemokine receptor 5 ( CKR 5 ) , have been found to help HIV enter cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The roles of CKR 5 and fusin in HIV disease development are discussed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P61073 and P51681	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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