| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.7760368 |
| Here we show that myosin Va , an actin based vesicle motor , binds to one of its cargoes , the melanosome , by interacting with a receptor protein complex containing Rab27a and melanophilin , a postulated Rab27a effector . 0.7760368^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.89857571 |
| Myosin Va isoforms containing exon F are able to colocalize with and influence melanosome distribution by indirect interaction with rab27a and direct interaction with melanophilin . 0.89857571^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.82457756 |
| Although Rab27a binds to myosin Va / melanophilin complex , it did not affect the melanophilin induced activation of myosin Va . 0.82457756^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Molecules recently identified that participate in this process consist of Rab27a , myosin Va and melanophilin . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Lectins used were PNA , DBA , SBA , BPA , UEA 1 , GS 1 , GS 2 and MPA . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Two forms of glutamine synthetase , GSI and GSII , are found in Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium species . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Most rhizobia contain two glutamine synthetase ( GS ) enzymes : GSI , encoded by glnA , and GSII , encoded by glnII . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Rhizobium leguminosarum , biovar viceae , strain RCC 1001 contains two glutamine synthetase activities , GSI and GSII . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Another characteristic of these species is that they possess two glutamine synthetase isozymes , known as GSI and GSII . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| It specifically aggregated and inactivated gramicidin S synthetases 1 ( GS 1 ) and 2 ( GS 2 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In plants GS is an octameric enzyme and is located either in the cytoplasm ( GS 1 ) or in the chloroplast ( GS 2 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The GS enzyme is either located in the cytoplasm ( GS 1 ) or in the chloroplast ( GS 2 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Interestingly , an opposite regulation of GS 1 and GS 2 by Pro and Glu was shown . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The GS enzyme is either located in the cytoplasm ( GS 1 ) or in the chloroplast ( GS 2 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Rab27a enables myosin Va dependent melanosome capture by recruiting the myosin to the organelle . ^^^ Genetic evidence suggests that Rab27a , the product of the ashen locus , functions with myosin Va in this process . ^^^ Rab27a colocalizes with end stage melanosomes in wild type cells , and is most concentrated in melanosome rich dendritic tips , where it also colocalizes with myosin Va . ^^^ These results argue that Rab27a serves as a myosin Va ' receptor ' , and add to the growing evidence that Rab GTPases regulate vesicle motors as well as SNARE pairing . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Two different gene loci are responsible for this rare , autosomal recessive disease : the myosin Va gene and the RAB27A gene . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Slac 2 a / melanophilin , the missing link between Rab 27 and myosin Va : implications of a tripartite protein complex for melanosome transport . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The leaden gene product is required with Rab27a to recruit myosin Va to melanosomes in melanocytes . ^^^ Melanocytes from Griscelli syndrome patients and respective murine models ashen ( Rab27a mutant ) , dilute ( myosin Va mutant ) , and leaden exhibit perinuclear clustering of melanosomes . ^^^ Recent work suggests that Rab27a is required to recruit myosin Va to melanosomes , thereby tethering melanosomes to the peripheral actin network and promoting melanosome retention at the tips of melanocytic dendrites . ^^^ We show that Rab27a , but not myosin Va , can be localized to melanosomes in leaden melanocytes , suggesting that the leaden gene product acts downstream of , or in parallel to , Rab27a in melanocytes to promote recruitment of myosin Va to melanosomes . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We have utilized primary melanocytes to examine the interdependencies between rab27a , myosin Va , and melanophilin . ^^^ The localization of rab27a to melanosomes did not require the function of either myosin Va or melanophilin , but leaden function was required for the association of myosin Va with melanosomes . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Melanophilin links Rab27a and myosin Va function in melanosome transport . ^^^ We also show that melanophilin associates with Rab27a and myosin Va on melanosomes in melanocytes , and present evidence that a domain within the carboxyl terminal region of melanophilin interacts with the carboxyl terminal tail of the melanocyte specific splice isoform of myosin Va . ^^^ Thus , melanophilin can associate simultaneously with activated Rab27a and myosin Va via distinct regions , and serve as a linker between these proteins . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The movement of melanosomes from post Golgi compartments to the periphery of melanocytes is known to be regulated by factors including myosin Va and at least one Rab protein , Rab27a . ^^^ Rab27a orchestrates the transport of melanosomes by recruitment of the actin motor , myosin Va , onto melanosomes . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Melanophilin directly links Rab27a and myosin Va through its distinct coiled coil regions . ^^^ Cosedimentation assays using recombinant proteins reveal that melanophilin directly binds to Rab27a and myosin Va through its N terminal and its first C terminal coiled coil region , respectively . ^^^ Moreover , we show that Rab27a , melanophilin , and myosin Va form a ternary complex in the human melanocyte cell line HMV 2 . ^^^ These findings suggest that melanophilin has a role in bridging Rab27a on melanosomes and myosin Va on actin filaments during melanosome transport . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Slac 2 c ( synaptotagmin like protein homologue lacking C 2 domains c ) , a novel linker protein that interacts with Rab 27 , myosin Va / VIIa , and actin . ^^^ In addition , we discovered that the most C terminal conserved region of Slac 2 a ( amino acids 400 590 ) and Slac 2 c ( amino acids 670 856 ) , which is not essential for myosin Va binding , directly binds actin and that expression of these regions in PC 12 cells and melanoma cells colocalized with actin filaments at the cell periphery , suggesting a novel role of Slac 2 a / c in capture of Rab 27 containing organelles in the actin enriched cell periphery . . ^^^ Slac 2 a ( synaptotagmin like protein ( Slp ) homologue lacking C 2 domains a ) / melanophilin is a melanosome associated protein that links Rab27A on melanosomes with myosin Va , an actin based motor protein , and formation of the tripartite protein complex ( Rab27A . ^^^ As with other Slac 2 members and the Slp family , the Slp homology domain of Slac 2 c was found to interact specifically with the GTP bound form of Rab27A / B both in vitro and in intact cells , and the C terminal domain of Slac 2 c interacted with myosin Va and myosin VIIa . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Rab27a and its rabphilin like effector protein , Melanophilin , recruit myosin Va to melanosomes and appear to serve as the membrane receptor . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Three proteins , Rab27A , myosin Va , and Slac 2 a / melanophilin ( a linker protein between Rab27A and myosin Va ) , are known to be essential for proper actin based melanosome transport in melanocytes . ^^^ Although Slac 2 a directly interacts with Rab27A and myosin Va via its N terminal region ( amino acids 1 to 146 ) and the middle region ( amino acids 241 to 405 ) , respectively , the functional importance of the putative actin binding domain of the Slac 2 a C terminus ( amino acids 401 to 590 ) in melanosome transport has never been elucidated . ^^^ In this study we showed that formation of a tripartite protein complex between Rab27A , Slac 2 a , and myosin Va alone is insufficient for peripheral distribution of melanosomes in melanocytes and that the C terminal actin binding domain of Slac 2 a is also required for proper melanosome transport . ^^^ When a Slac 2 a deletion mutant ( DeltaABD ) or point mutant ( KA ) that lacks actin binding ability was expressed in melanocytes , the Slac 2 a mutants induced melanosome accumulation in the perinuclear region , possibly by a dominant negative effect , the same as the Rab27A binding defective mutant of Slac 2 a or the myosin Va binding defective mutant . ^^^ Our findings indicate that Slac 2 a organizes actin based melanosome transport in cooperation with Rab27A , myosin Va , and actin . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Mutations in the gene encoding the molecular motor protein Myosin Va ( MyoVa ) cause GS 1 and the dilute mutant in mice , whereas mutations in the gene encoding the small GTPase Rab27a are responsible for GS 2 and the ashen mouse model . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The GTPase Rab27A interacts with myosin VIIa and myosin Va via MyRIP or melanophilin and mediates melanosome binding to actin . ^^^ In contrast , the Rab27A binding domain of MyRIP and a MyRIP construct that interacts with myosin Va but not with actin increased the mobility of SGs . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In this study we discovered that missense mutations ( I1510N , M1513K and D1519G ) in the globular tail ( GT ) of myosin Va partially impair the binding of Slac 2 a / melanophilin , a linker protein between myosin Va and Rab27A on the melanosome . ^^^ The myosin Va GT binding site in Slac 2 a was mapped to the region ( amino acids 147 240 ) adjacent to the N terminal Rab27A binding site , but it is distinct from the myosin Va exon F binding site ( amino acids 320 406 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The Rab 27 and effector complex then interacts with proteins that are essential for membrane transport and fusion , such as syntaxin 1a and Munc 18 1 for granuphilin and myosin Va for melanophilin . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This distribution is due to the interaction with the cortical actin cytoskeleton mediated by a tripartite complex of Rab27a , melanophilin , and myosin Va . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| At the periphery , melanosomes interact with the actin cytoskeleton via a tripartite complex formed by the small GTPase Rab27a , melanophilin and myosin Va , an actin based motor . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| RT PCR analysis demonstrates that transcripts for Rab27a and Rab27b and Slac 2 c ( a protein that links Rab27a / b to myosin Va / VIIa ) are expressed in testis . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Better understood is the case of the melanosome where Rab27a recruits a specific effector called melanophilin , which in turn binds myosin Va . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The synaptotagmin like protein homologue lacking C 2 domains a ( Slac 2 a ) / melanophilin was recently identified as the `` missing link ' ' between the small GTPase Rab27A and the actin based motor protein myosin Va . ^^^ We further found that endogenous calpains selectively cleave Slac 2 a , but not Rab27A or myosin Va , in melanocytes . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Our immunofluorescence and yeast two hybrid screening studies reveal that Rab27b can form a tripartite complex on the melanosome membrane with Melanophilin , a Rab27a effector , and protein products of Myosin Va transcripts that contain exon F . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Slac 2 c / MyRIP , an in vitro Rab27A and myosin Va / VIIa binding protein , has recently been proposed to regulate retinal melanosome transport in retinal pigment epithelium cells by directly linking melanosome bound Rab27A and myosin VIIa ; however , the exact function of Slac 2 c in melanosome transport has never been clarified . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In mouse melanocytes , myosin Va is recruited onto the surface of melanosomes by a receptor complex containing Rab27a that is present in the melanosome membrane and melanophilin ( Mlp ) , which links myosin Va to Rab27a . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Functional analysis of slac 2 a / melanophilin as a linker protein between Rab27A and myosin Va in melanosome transport . ^^^ Slac 2 a / melanophilin regulates melanosome transport in mammalian skin melanocytes by linking melanosome bound Rab27A and an actin based motor protein , myosin Va . ^^^ Mutations in the slac 2 a / mlph gene cause the abnormal pigmentation ( i . e . , perinuclear melanosome aggregation in melanocytes ) in human Griscelli syndrome type 3 and in leaden mice because of the inability to form the tripartite protein complex consisting of Rab27A , Slac 2 a , and myosin Va . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Identification and biochemical analysis of Slac 2 c / MyRIP as a Rab27A , myosin Va / VIIa , and actin binding protein . ^^^ In vitro Slac 2 c simultaneously directly interacts with both Rab27A and an actin based motor protein , myosin Va , via its N terminal SHD and middle region , respectively , consistent with the fact that the overall structure of Slac 2 c is similar to that of Slac 2 a / melanophilin , a linker protein between Rab27A and myosin Va in the melanosome transport in melanocytes . ^^^ In this chapter we describe the methods that have been used to analyze the protein protein interactions of Slac 2 c , specifically with Rab27A , myosin Va / VIIa , and actin . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Mouse coat colour mutants reveal a critical role for the small GTPase Rab27a , which recruits myosin Va through its effector protein melanophilin / Slac2a . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Rabbit serum containing antibodies against purified gs 1 , gs 2 , gs 3 and gs 4 antigens of avian myeloblastosis virus reveals gs 1 antigen in MC 29 hepatoma extract . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The patients were further classified into 3 subgroups , based on patterns of sulfobromophthalein ( BSP ) kinetics , as follows : GS 1 ( 15 patients ) had normal BSP metabolism ; GS 2 ( 5 patients ) had a defect in BSP metabolism beyond the stage of initial hepatic uptake ; and GS 3 ( 6 patients ) had a defect in the initial hepatic uptake of BSP ( Gastroenterology 63 : 472 481 , 1972 ) . ^^^ Both kICG and VICG were significantly reduced , compared to normal controls , in the GS 3 group with defective BSP uptake , but did not differ significantly from normal in the GS 1 and GS 2 groups . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Both G 1 and Gs 1 are almost simultaneously transported , trimmed , and processed into G 2 and Gs 2 species which possess carbohydrate side chains of the complex type , making both glycoproteins resistant to endoglycosidase H cleavage . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The lectins used were Con A , GS 2 , STA , WGA , s WGA , GS 1 , MPA , VVA , PNA , RCA 1 , DBA , SJA , UEA 1 , Lotus A and LPA . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These results indicate that the transcriptional activator NtrC is required for the expression of Amt , NR and GSII , but not GSI or nitrogenase in Bradyrhizobium ( Parasponia ) sp . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The predicted amino acid sequence of this precursor shows higher homology to GS 2 protein sequences from other species than to a leaf GS 1 polypeptide sequence , indicating that the cDNA isolated encodes the chloroplastic isoform ( GS 2 ) of tobacco GS . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In the present study we report on the histotopographical distribution of lectin binding sites in the trophoblasts of day 18 to day 40 bovine embryos , using the FITC labeled lectins BPA , Con A , DBA , GS 1 , GS 2 , MPA , PNA , SBA , UEA 1 and WGA . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Changes in the lectin binding of mouse Leydig cells during fetal and postnatal development were examined by light and electron microscopy using eight different biotinylated lectins ( ConA , WGA , RCA 1 , UEA 1 , GS 1 , PNA , SBA and GS 2 ) . ^^^ At the electron microscopic level , gold particles representing the GS 1 or GS 2 binding sites were distributed primarily along the cell surface membrane , including that of microvilli , as well as in the cytoplasm . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Cryostat sections from rat gracilis muscles were incubated with different biotinylated lectins : Con A ( Concanavilin A ) , WGA ( Wheat germ agglutinin ) , SBA ( soybean agglutinin ) , GS 1 and GS 2 ( Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin ) , LCA ( Lens culinaris agglutinin ) , PNA ( peanut agglutinin ) and PSA ( Pisum sativum agglutinin ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Dolichos biflorus agglutinin ( DBA ) and Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin 1 ( GS 1 ) were negative in the seminiferous epithelium , but soybean ( Glycine max ) agglutinin ( SBA ) , Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin 2 ( GS 2 ) and peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) agglutinin ( PNA ) were positive in the acrosomal vesicle of the Golgi phase spermatids and in the acrosome of the cap , acrosome and maturation phase spermatids . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Nine biotinylated lectins [ concanavalin A ( con A ) , wheat germ agglutin ( WGA ) , Lens culinaris A ( LCH A ) , Pisum sativum ( PSA ) , Phaseolus vulgaris ( PHA E and PHA L ) , Ulex europaeus 1 ( UEA 1 ) , Griffonia simplicifolia ( GSI and GSII ) ] were used to investigate the lectin binding of human trophoblast in normal , tubal , and molar pregnancy . ^^^ Binding of lectins to extravillous trophoblast was more restricted than to villous trophoblast , occurring predominantly with con A , PHA E , PHA L , WGA , GSI , and GSII . ^^^ GSI and GSII bound preferentially to extravillous trophoblast , showing only focal reactivity with villous trophoblast . ^^^ Reactivity in molar pregnancy also generally mirrored that observed in normal pregnancy ; however , reactivity of GSII with villous trophoblast was more consistent than that observed in normal pregnancy , and GSI showed uniform binding to proliferating syncytial areas . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The N terminal sequence of GS 2 has been matched with the amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence 71 bp downstream of the stop codon of the GS 1 gene except that the first initiator methionine was not detected . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| A fragment encoding proline activating domain ( grs 2 pro ) of gramicidin S synthetase 2 ( GS 2 ) was found in an 8 . 1 kilobase pairs ( kb ) DNA fragment of Bacillus brevis Nagano , which contained the full length of GS 1 gene ( grs 1 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The two frankial GSs , GSI and GSII , were present in vesicles at levels similar to those detected in vegetative hyphae from N 2 fixing cultures as shown by enzyme assay and two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We describe the cloning of the glutamine synthetase 1 ( GS 1 ) gene based on cross homology with the glutamine synthetase 2 ( GS 2 ) gene in Drosophila melanogaster . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In common with other plant symbionts , Frankia spp . , the actinomycete N 2 fixing symbionts of certain nonleguminous woody plants , synthesize two glutamine synthetases , GSI and GSII . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Streptomyces hygroscopicus , which produces the glutamine synthetase inhibitor phosphinothricin , possesses at least two genes ( glnA and glnB ) encoding distinct glutamine synthetase isoforms ( GSI and GSII ) . ^^^ A comparison of its predicted amino acid sequence with the protein data bases revealed that it encoded a GSII type enzyme which had previously been found only in various eucaryotes ( 47 to 50 % identity ) and nodulating bacteria such as Bradyrhizobium spp . ( 42 % identity ) . glnB had only 13 to 18 % identity with eubacterial GSI enzymes . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The glutamine synthetase ( GSIII ) activity expressed in a K . pneumoniae glnA strain from pMW5a shows a ratio of biosynthetic to transferase activity 10 ( 3 ) fold higher than that observed for GSI or GSII . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Both clones were more closely related to cDNAs for the chloroplast form of GS ( GS 2 ) from pea and Phaseolus vulgaris than to cDNAs for the cytosolic form ( GS 1 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Measurement was initiated either just after termination of a behavioral seizure ( GS 1 ) or 30 s after seizure termination ( GS 2 ) to determine dynamic metabolic changes in the postictal phase . ^^^ Although glucose utilization of the neocortex was remarkably depressed in both GS 1 and GS 2 , that of the hippocampus significantly increased in GS 1 and then decreased in GS 2 as compared with control . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Gs 1 and Gs 2 were separated by ion exchange chromatography of the water soluble fractions . ^^^ Gs 1 and Gs 2 were ( 1 6 ) beta D glucopyranans branched at O 3 ( 10 12 % ) with beta D Glcp ( 1 3 ) beta D Glcp side chains . ^^^ Gs 2 may have approximately 2 % more chain branching than Gs 1 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The GS 2 complex was not phosphorylated by cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase , and antibodies to the protein and carbohydrate components of GS 2 did not cross react with the purified cyclic AMP regulated glycogen synthase ( GS 1 ) from A . suum muscle . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Immunoprecipitates from cells grown in the presence of [ 35S ] methionine contained two 35S labeled polypeptides , designated GS 1 and GS 2 , separable by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . ^^^ However , the turnover of 32P on the GS 2 subunit was significantly faster ( t1 / 2 approximately 30 min ) than that on the GS 1 subunit ( t1 / 2 approximately 2 h ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The glnT locus codes for an operon encoding polypeptides of 57 , 000 , 48 , 000 , 35 , 000 , 29 , 000 , and 28 , 000 daltons . glnA and glnII insertion mutants were glutamine prototrophs , lacked the respective GS form ( GSI or GSII ) , grew normally on different nitrogen sources ( Asm+ ) , and induced normal , nitrogen fixing nodules on Medicago sativa plants ( Nod+ Fix+ ) . ^^^ A glnA glnII double mutant was a glutamine auxotroph ( Gln ) , lacked both GSI and GSII forms , but nevertheless induced normal Fix+ nodules . glnT insertion mutants were prototrophs , contained both GSI and GSII forms , grew normally on different N sources , and induced normal Fix+ nodules . glnII and glnT , but not glnA , expression in R . meliloti was regulated by the nitrogen regulatory genes ntrA and ntrC and was repressed by rich N sources such as ammonium and glutamine . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The B . fragilis GS subunit is approximately 270 and 400 amino acids longer than the GSI and GSII subunits , respectively , of other prokaryotes and eukaryotes . ^^^ The GSI and GSII holoenzymes are dodecamers and octamers respectively , whereas the GS of B . fragilis is a hexamer . ^^^ Although GSI and GSII subunits show amino acid similarity in five conserved regions , this similarity is not strongly conserved in the B . fragilis GS . ^^^ It also lacks the Trp residue associated with the active site in GSI and GSII enzymes from other prokaryotes and eukaryotes . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Lectins of Bauhinia purpurea ( BPA ) , Canavalin ensiformis ( Con A ) , Griffonia simplicifolia 1 ( GS 1 ) , Griffonia simplicifolia 2 ( GS 2 ) , Maclura pomifera ( MPA ) , Arachis hypogaea ( PNA ) , Glycine max ( SBA ) , Ulex europaeus 1 ( UEA 1 ) and Triticum vulgaris ( WGA ) were used to evaluate cell surface carbohydrates in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections of normal human cervix uteri . ^^^ The patterns of GS 1 and GS 2 binding reflected squamous epithelial maturation . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The cell surface carbohydrate profile of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections of neoplastic cervical squamous epithelium was evaluated using lectins of Bauhinia purpurea ( BPA ) , Canavalin ensiformis ( Con A ) , Griffonia simplicifolia 1 ( GS 1 ) , Griffonia simplicifolia 2 ( GS 2 ) , Maclura pomifera ( MPA ) , Archis hypogaea ( PNA ) , Glycine max ( SBA ) , Ulex europaeus 1 ( UEA 1 ) and Triticum vulgaris ( WGA ) . ^^^ Variable alterations were seen in lectin binding patterns in CIN with seven lectins ( GS 1 , GS 2 , MPA , PNA , SBA , UEA 1 and WGA ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Since these two regions hybridize to genomic DNA of R . leguminosarum they are probably the structural genes for GSI and GSII , and the availability of these genes will make it possible to test this hypothesis . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The two GS activities are regulated on the basis of the requirement for low ( GSI ) or high ( GSII ) ammonium assimilation . ^^^ When GSI is inactivated , GSII is induced . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| At the polypeptide level , chloroplast GS ( GS 2 ) and cytosolic GS ( GS 1 and GSn ) are distinct and show an organ specific distribution . ^^^ In vitro translation products encoded by three different GS cDNA clones , correspond to the mature GS 2 , GS 1 , and GSn polypeptides present in vivo . pGS 185 encodes a precursor to the chloroplast GS 2 polypeptide as shown by in vitro chloroplast uptake experiments . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The lectins GSI and GSII produced 80 90 % of non competitive inhibition of the activity . 50 % of inhibition by GSI was obtained at 2 micrograms / ml . ^^^ The Km for p NPP did not change but the Vmax of activity was clearly reduced for both GSI and GSII lectins . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The binding characteristics of ten FITC labeled plant lectins ( Con A , MPA , BPA , PNA , WGA , SBA , UEA 1 , DBA , GS 1 , GS 2 ) to lavaged rat alveolar macrophages were assessed by flow cytometry . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| With lectins from Bauhinia purpurea ( BPA ) , Dolichos biflorus ( DBA ) , Glycine max ( SBA ) , Griffonia simplicifolia ( GS 1 , GS 2 ) , and Triticum vulgaris ( WGA ) , fluorescence was emitted at high concentrations , while Arachis hypogaea ( PNA ) and Ulex europaeus ( UEA 1 ) agglutinins did not show fluorescence . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated lectins include : concanavalin A ( Con A ) , Dolichos biflorus agglutinin ( DBA ) , Griffonia simplicifolia 1 ( GS 1 ) , Griffonia simplicifolia 2 ( GS 2 ) , Arachis hypogaea agglutinin ( PNA ) , Maclura pomifera agglutinin ( MPA ) , Ricinus communis agglutinin 1 ( RCA 1 ) , Glycine max agglutinin ( SBA ) , Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 ( UEA 1 ) , and wheat germ agglutinin ( WGA ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Regarding their secretory granules , two cell types ( GS 1 and GS 2 ) have been identified . ^^^ Secretory granules of both cell types show a large , electron dense core which is homogeneous in the GS 1 type and irregularly shaped in the GS 2 type . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Lectins studied were concanavalin A ( Con A ) , Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinins 1 and 2 ( GS 1 and GS 2 ) , wheat germ agglutinin ( WGA ) , Ulex europaeus ( UEA 1 ) , peanut agglutinin ( PNA ) , Ricinis communis toxin ( RCA 60 ) and agglutinin ( RCA 120 ) , soybean agglutinin ( SBA ) , Bauhinia purpurea agglutinin ( BPA ) , Dolichos biflorus agglutinin ( DBA ) , and Maclura pomifera agglutinin ( MPA ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Seven of the lectins ( MPA , ConA , RCA , WGA , UEA , GS 1 and GS 2 ) showed a pattern of increasing fluorescence intensity from basal to superficial cells of the urothelium whereas PNA , DBA and SBA showed more uniform binding throughout the urothelium . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Perineurial staining was intense with Canavalia ensiformis ( Con A ) , Triticum vulgaris ( WGA ) , Maclura pomifera ( MPA ) ; moderate with Glycine max ( SBA ) , Griffonia simplicifolia 1 ( GS 1 ) and GS 2 ; weak with Ulex europaeus ( UEA ) , Dolichos biflorus ( DBA ) , and Ricinus communis ( RCA ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| FITC conjugated lectins , Con A , DBA , GS 1 , GS 2 , PNA , MPA , RCA 1 , SBA , UEA 1 , WGA were used for demonstration of lectin bindings of human synovial lining cells , obtained from the patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) , osteoarthritis ( OA ) , aseptic necrosis ( AN ) , and traumatic injury ( TI ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Two subgroups of GS patients , GS 1 and GS 2 , were differentiated according to their ability to handle R SV and NA . ^^^ Compared with a control group , the alteration of the half life both of NA and R SV was less marked in GS 1 than in GS 2 . ^^^ UCB plasma concentration after NA and R SV loading was more greatly increased in GS 2 than in GS 1 patients . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Some properties of glutamine synthetase 1 ( GSI ) and GSII are described for a fast growing Rhizobium sp . ( Rhizobium trifolii T 1 ) , a slow growing Rhizobium sp . ( Rhizobium japonicum USDA 83 ) , and Agrobacterium tumefaciens C 58 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Two forms of glutamine synthetase are found in members of the genus Rhizobium , a heat stable glutamine synthetase 1 ( GSI ) and a heat labile GSII . ^^^ Recombinants lose GSI activity , but retain GSII activity and grow well with ammonia as the sole nitrogen source . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In contrast , chloroplast glutamine synthetase ( GS 2 ) was considered to be a different protein in view of its low level of recognition by barley GS 1 antibodies . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| However , ORS 571 exhibited two unique physiological aspects of this pathway : ORS 571 had only GS 1 , whereas all other Rhizobiaceae studied had both GS 1 and GS 2 , and both NADPH and NADH dependent GOGAT activities were present . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Pantothenic acid lacking GS 2 belonged to group 5 of mutant enzymes , which could activate all amino acids related to gramicidin S ; their complementary enzyme , gramicidin S synthetase 1 ( GS 1 ) , lacked racemizing activity . ^^^ To ascertain whether 4 ' phosphopantetheine is involved in the formation of D phenylalanyl L prolyl diketopiperazine ( DKP ) and gramicidin S , combinations were tested of intact GS 1 from the wild strain with various mutant GS 2 either containing or lacking pantothenic acid . ^^^ Only the combinations of wild type GS 1 with mutant GS 2 containing pantothenic acid could synthesize DKP . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The transfer of phenylalanine from gramicidin S synthetase 1 ( GS 1 ) to gramicidin S synthetase 2 ( GS 2 ) was studied by the use of combinations of wild type GS 1 with various GS 2s from a wild strain and gramicidin S non producing mutant strains of Bacillus brevis Nagano . ^^^ Other mutant GS 2s containing 4 ' phosphopantetheine , except GS 2 from BII 3 ( proline activation lacking ) accepted D phenylalanine from intact GS 1 . ^^^ To ascertain more directly whether 4 ' phosphopantetheine is involved in the transfer of D phenylalanine from GS 1 to GS 2 , pepsin digests of GS 2 that accepted [ 14C ] phenylalanine were analyzed by Sephadex G 50 column chromatography and thin layer chromatography ( TLC ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The fractions GS 1 and GS 2 , and GS 4M and GS 5M , which were obtained by fractionation of the polysaccharide on Sephacryl S 200 and Dowex 1 X 2 ( Cl form ) , respectively , gave almost the same chemical composition as the original polysaccharide , except in the peptidoglycan content , indicating that this polysaccharide is a series of complexes composed of essentially equal , sulfated polysaccharide chains and peptidoglycan fragments in their various ratios . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In gramicidin S synthetase 2 ( GS 2 ) , about four sulfhydryl groups react rapidly with 5 , 5 ' dithiobis ( 2 nitrobenzoic acid ) ( DTNB ) or N ethylmaleimide ( NEM ) , and are essential for gramicidin S formation in the presence of gramicidin S synthetase 1 ( GS 1 ) . ^^^ These sulfhydryl groups are protected against DTNB and NEM reactions by the preincubation of GS 2 with amino acid substrates in the presence of ATP and MgCl 2 , like the sulfhydryl groups that react rapidly with DTNB or NEM and are required for the catalytic activity of GS 1 and isoleucyl tRNA synthetase . ^^^ In GS 2 , GS 1 , and isoleucyl tRNA synthetase , the sulfhydryl group that reacts rapidly with NEM and is required for the catalytic activity is involved in the amino acid binding as a thioester . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GSI is the typical bacterial GS , GSII is similar to the eukaryotic GS and is found together with GSI in plant symbionts and Streptomyces , while GSIII has been found in two unrelated anaerobic rumen bacteria . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The evolution of the prokaryotic glutamine synthase ( GS ) genes , namely the GSI and GSII isoforms , has been investigated using the second codon positions , which have previously proven to behave as a good molecular clock . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Two isoforms of glutamine synthetase ( EC 6 . 3 . 1 . 2 ) , cytoplasmic ( GS 1 ) and chloroplastic ( GS 2 ) were isolated from shoots of 14 day old Triticale seedlings , and purified 260 fold and 248 fold , respectively . ^^^ Both crude extracts and homogeneous GS 1 and GS 2 preparations required divalent metal ions ( Mg2+ , Mn2+ , Co2+ ) for their activities . ^^^ Mg2+ was the most effective activator , the highest activity of GS 1 being reached at 5 mM , and that of GS 2 at 20 mM MgCl 2 . ^^^ Molecular masses of GS 1 and GS 2 were 305000 Da and 385200 Da , respectively . ^^^ It seems that native protein of GS 1 is built from eight identical subunits of Mm 38000 Da and that of GS 2 of the same number of subunits but of Mm of about 48000 Da . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| R . meliloti is unusual in having three distinct types of GS , including a unique GS , GSIII , that differs considerably from both GSI , which resembles other bacterial GS proteins and GSII , which resembles the GS found in eukaryotes . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Glutamine synthetase ( GS ) , an essential enzyme in ammonia assimilation and glutamine biosynthesis , has three distinctive types : GSI , GSII and GSIII . ^^^ Genes for GSI have been found only in bacteria ( eubacteria ) and archaea ( archaebacteria ) , while GSII genes only occur in eukaryotes and a few soil dwelling bacteria . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Two glutamine synthetases , GSI and GSII , are found in most rhizobia . ^^^ Activity was also inhibited by methionine sulfoximine , a transition state analog , but the concentration needed to inhibit GSIII was 50 to 100 times higher than that needed to inhibit GSI or GSII . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Leaves of the plants transformed with the antisense GS 1 construct showed a significant decrease in the level of both GS 1 and GS 2 polypeptides and GS activity , but did not show any significant decrease in the level of endogenous GS mRNA . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Two types of GS genes are known at present : the GSI gene found so far only in prokaryotes and the GSII gene found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Frankia alni CpI 1 has two glutamine synthetases ( GSs ) , GSI and GSII . ^^^ While the functional significance of maintaining two GSs adjacent to one another remains unclear , this arrangement in F . alni provides support for the recently proposed origin of GSI and GSII as resulting from a gene duplication early in the evolution of life . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The derived amino acid sequence was more homologous to cytosolic ( GS 1 ) ( 78 82 % ) than to chloroplastic ( GS 2 ) ( 71 75 % ) glutamine synthetase in angiosperms . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Genetic and biochemical characterization of the two glutamine synthetases GSI and GSII of the phosphinothricyl alanyl alanine producer , streptomyces viridochromogenes T494 . ^^^ Measurement of the GS activity in cultures grown with different nitrogen sources revealed that GSI ( heat stable ) and GSII ( heat labile ) were always expressed together , with GSI as the predominant activity . ^^^ It could be proposed that GSI , but not GSII is inactivated by adenylylation under conditions of nitrogen excess . ^^^ GSI and GSII activities are inhibited by amino acids and by nucleotides . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The transcript of the single putative chloroplastic GS 2 gene was found to accumulate primarily in green tissues , whereas the transcripts of the five putative GS 1 genes were shown to accumulate preferentially in roots . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Homology search for the deduced amino acid sequence of grs 2 pro gene revealed that the 870th glycine was conserved in adenylate forming enzymes , and its flanking sequence was highly conserved among the aminoacyl adenylate forming enzymes , such as antibiotic peptide synthetases : gramicidin S synthetase 1 and 2 ( GS 1 , GS 2 ) , tyrocidine synthetase 1 ( TS 1 ) , and delta ( L alpha aminoadipyl ) L cysteinyl D valine synthetase ( ACVS ) ; and other aminoacyl adenylation enzymes : alpha aminoadipate reductase ( LYS 2 ) , EntF , and AngR . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Mutants carrying Asn > Asp mutations at each of the two consensus signals for N linked glycosylation in the N terminal domain of SFFVAP L env ( gs 1 and gs 2 ) , the gs 1 2 double mutant , and the gs 0 quadruple mutant ( mutated at all four signals utilized for N linked glycosylation in SFFVAP L env ) were made . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The ventral compartment contains thick GS 1 , and the dorsal compartment has slender sensilla GS 2 . ^^^ Ultrastructurally , both GS 1 and GS 2 are double walled sensilla with a longitudinal slit channel system and are innervated by two neurons . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| A wide variety of glycoconjugate residues were detected in the cytoplasm of some antimesometrial and mesometrial decidual cells with lectins from Canavalia ensiformis ( Con A ) , Lens culinaris ( LcH ) culinaris ( LcH ) , Pisum sativum ( PSA ) , Griffonia simplicifolia 2 ( GS 2 ) , Triticum vulgaris ( WGA ) , Griffonia simplicifolia 1 ( GS 1 ) , Maclura pomifera ( MPA ) and Phaseolus vulgaris ( PHA E and PHA L ) . ^^^ A range of lectins ( Con A , LcH , PSA , GS 2 GS 1 and PHA L ) reacted with some blood vessels in the metrial gland at day 12 of pregnancy : this may indicate activation changes associated with the transendothelial passage of GMG cells at this stage . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To elucidate the role of glutamine synthetase ( GS ) in nitrogen assimilation in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii we used maize GS 1 ( the cytosolic form ) and GS 2 ( the chloroplastic form ) cDNAs as hybridization probes to isolate C . reinhardtii cDNA clones . ^^^ Genomic DNA blot analysis indicated that GS 1 is encoded by a single gene , whereas two genomic fragments hybridized to the GS 2 cDNA probe . ^^^ Expression of both GS 1 and GS 2 genes is regulated by light , but perhaps through different mechanisms . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The first codes for a typical prokaryotic GS type 1 and the second one codes for a GS type 3 , different in amino acid sequence to the prokaryotic GSI and the eukaryotic GSII . ^^^ Biosynthetic activity of GSIII required the same substrates and cofactors as GSI and GSII enzymes . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The predominant activity was that of cytosolic GS 1 ; the relative proportion of plastidic GS 2 activity changed , however , depending on the growth conditions . ^^^ Growth with NH4+ as the sole N source or growth in constant darkness resulted in a significant decrease in GS 1 activity , whereas GS 2 activity was much less effected and thus contributed as much as 25 % of total root GS activity . ^^^ The isoenzymes GS 1 and GS 2 were active both in the octameric and tetrameric states . ^^^ Both oligomers of GS 2 and octameric GS 1 were active under all growth conditions applied whereas tetrameric GS 1 was not active when the roots were grown under light dark changes with NO 3 as the major N source . ^^^ The GS 2 subunits were most probably identical to two of the GS 1 subunits . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Patients with GS were divided in two subgroups ( GS 1 and GS 2 ) according to whether glucuronidation was greater than or less than 50 % . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The patients with GS were divided into 2 subgroups ( GS 1 and GS 2 ) according to whether glucuronidation was more or less than 50 % . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We discuss the relative contributions of light and metabolic cues on the regulation of members of the GS gene family ( chloroplastic GS 2 and cytosolic GS 1 ) in Arabidopsis . ^^^ Suc induction of mRNA for GS 2 and GS 1 occurs in a time and dose dependent manner . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The sequence had significant similarity to bacterial glnE genes , and included a motif typical of the C terminal adenylyltransferase domain of glnE . glnE from S . coelicolor lies on the Asel C fragment of the chromosome and is localized near glnA ( encoding glutamine synthetase 1 , GSI ) and glnII ( encoding GSII ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Two peptide toxins ( named grammistins Gs 1 and Gs 2 ) with hemolytic and ichthyotoxic activities were isolated from the skin secretion of the soapfish Grammistes sexlineatus . ^^^ Grammistin Gs 2 showed 6 11 10 higher hemolytic activity and 10x higher ichthyotoxicity than grammistin Gs 1 . ^^^ The complete amino acid sequences of Gs 1 comprising 25 residues and Gs 2 comprising 24 residues were determined . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Glutamine synthetase exists in at least two related forms , GSI and GSII , the sequences of which have been used in evolutionary molecular clock studies . ^^^ GSI has so far been found exclusively in bacteria , and GSII has been found predominantly in eukaryotes . ^^^ The sequences of equivalent internal fragments of the GSI and GSII genes for the type strains of 16 species of rhizobia have been determined and analyzed . ^^^ The GSI and GSII data sets do not produce congruent phylogenies with either neighbor joining or maximum likelihood analyses . ^^^ The GSI phylogeny is broadly congruent with the 16S rDNA phylogeny for the same bacteria ; the GSII phylogeny is not . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The presence of GSI like genes in higher plants : support for the paralogous evolution of GSI and GSII genes . ^^^ The question of whether GSI and GSII genes are orthologues or paralogues remains a point of controversy . ^^^ The discovery of GSI like genes in higher plants supports the paralogous evolution of GSI and GSII genes , which has implications for the use of GS in molecular studies on evolution . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The proposed mechanism shown in Scheme 1 begins with P 450 catalyzed formation of an oxirene , rearrangement to a reactive cyclobutenyl ketone , and a 1 , 4 Michael addition with endogenous glutathione to produce two isomeric adducts , GS 1 and GS 2 . ^^^ Epimerization of GS 1 to GS 2 was also observed when N acetylcysteine was omitted from the incubation . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The glutamine synthetase 2 ( GSII , encoded by glnII ) activity detectable in crude extracts from Streptomyces coelicolor is low compared to the activity of glutamine synthetase 1 ( GSI , encoded by glnA ) and to that of GSII from S . viridochromogenes . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Proteins corresponding to cytosolic GS ( GS 1 ) or plastidic GS ( GS 2 ) were found in both the MC and BSC fractions . ^^^ While equal levels of GS 1 ( 40 kDa ) and GS 2 ( 44 kDa ) polypeptides were present in the BSC fraction , the GS 1 protein level in the MC fraction was 1 . 8 fold higher than the GS 2 protein pool . ^^^ Following separation of the GS isoforms by anion exchange chromatography of MC or BSC soluble protein extracts , the relative GS 1 activity in the MC fraction was found to be higher than the relative GS 2 activity . ^^^ In the BSC fraction , the relative GS 1 activity was very similar to the relative GS 2 activity . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In barley leaves , GS 2 protein was detected in the mesophyll chloroplasts and GS 1 was found in the mesophyll and vascular cells . ^^^ N nutrition strongly influenced this distribution , with a marked increase in GS 1 concentration in the vascular cells in response to nitrate and ammonium , and an increase in mesophyll GS 2 concentration in nitrate grown seedlings . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| There are two major isoforms of GS in plants , a cytosolic form ( GS 1 ) and a chloroplastic form ( GS 2 ) . ^^^ In leaves , GS 2 functions to assimilate ammonia produced by nitrate reduction and photorespiration , and GS 1 is the major isoform assimilating NH 3 produced by all other metabolic processes , including symbiotic N 2 fixation in the nodules . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Patients with GS 0 have a mean survival rate of 30 . 0 months , with GS 1 23 . 1 months , with GS 2 12 . 1 months , and with GS 3 9 . 0 months ( p=0 . 0001 ) . ^^^ Moreover , mean survival with a KPS = or > 70 was 29 . 0 in GS 0 , 26 . 0 in GS 1 , 10 . 0 in GS 2 , and 0 in GS 3 patients ( p < 0 . 0001 ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The proposed tests , which are called the GS 1 test and the GS 2 test , are constructed by applying an orthonormal score vector to a generalized score test under an rth order log linear model . ^^^ It is shown that the Cochran Armitage test should not be used under the existence of extra Poisson variability ; that , for detecting monotone trend , the GS 1 test is superior to the others ; and that the GS 2 test has high power to detect an umbrella response . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The mean ( SD ) value of f ( 0 , mode ) at BLT was 114 . 9 ( 14 . 8 ) Hz ; this increased to 138 . 8 ( 19 . 6 ) Hz at GSI ( P < 0 . 000 ) , decreased to 135 . 9 ( 19 . 6 ) Hz at GSII and to 130 . 0 ( 21 . 5 ) Hz at GSIII ( P=0 . 012 ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Thus , the overexpression of cytosolic GS 1 in leaf mesophyll cells seems to provide an alternate route to chloroplastic GS 2 for the assimilation of photorespiratory ammonium . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Three new gelsedine type oxindole alkaloids , GS 1 , GS 2 , and GS 3 , and one new iridoid , GSIR 1 , were isolated from the stems and leaves of cultivated Carolina jasmine ( Gelsemium sempervirens AIT . f . ) and their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Griscelli syndrome ( GS ) is caused by mutations in the MYO5A ( GS 1 ) , RAB27A ( GS 2 ) , or MLPH ( GS 3 ) genes , all of which lead to a similar pigmentary dilution . ^^^ In addition , GS 1 patients show primary neurological impairment , whereas GS 2 patients present immunodeficiency and periods of lymphocyte proliferation and activation , leading to their infiltration in many organs , such as the nervous system , causing secondary neurological damage . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Three GS genes have been identified , one gene encoding plastidic GS ( GS 2 ) and two encoding cytosolic GS ( GS 1 ) that are differentially expressed in the plant at cellular and organ levels . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The ESI of the compounds in DMSO and DMSO containing 0 . 1 % formic acid was promoted by using the TIS gas ( GS 2 ) combined with the nebulizer gas ( GS 1 ) , and TIS source temperature set to 250 degrees C . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Two grammistins ( Gs 1 and Gs 2 ) and six grammistins ( Pp 1 , Pp 2a , Pp 2b , Pp 3 , Pp 4a and Pp 4b ) have already been isolated from Grammistes sexlineatus and Pogonoperca punctata , respectively . ^^^ In this study , five grammistins ( Gs A E ) , together with grammistins Gs 1 and Gs 2 , were further isolated from G . sexlineatus by gel filtration and reverse phase HPLC . ^^^ Grammistins Gs A E , Gs 1 and Gs 2 could release carboxyfluorescein entrapped within liposomes made of either phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylglycerol / phosphatidylcholine ( 3 : 1 ) , demonstrating their membrane lytic activity . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In order to improve our understanding of the regulation of nitrogen assimilation and recycling in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L . ) , we studied the localization of plastidic ( GS 2 ) and cytosolic ( GS 1 ) glutamine synthetase isoenzymes and of glutamate dehydrogenase ( GDH ) during natural senescence of the flag leaf and in the stem . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Three paralogous gene families ( GSI , GSII , and GSIII ) have been identified and are broadly distributed among prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| They were randomly divided into 3 groups ( Gs 1 , Gs 2 , Gs 3 ) . ^^^ Gs 1 was treated with curettage using Gracey curettes , Gs 2 was treated with scaling and root planing using Odontoson M , while in Gs 3 scaling and root planing with Odontoson M irrigated with a 10 % iodised solution were performed . ^^^ RESULTS : No statistical significant differences between Gs 1 and Gs 2 were observed . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The present study aims at a better understanding of the mechanism of transfection mediated by two sugar based gemini surfactants GS 1 and GS 2 . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Increasing cadmium concentration in the medium leads particularly to a decrease in NO 3 accumulation , together with a decrease in the activity of glutamine synthetase and in the quantity of plastidic isoform ARNm ( GS 2 ) , and , on the contrary , to an increase of the cytosolic isoform ARNm ( GS 1 ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Unlike MYO5A , the GTP binding protein RAB27A appears to be involved in the control of the immune system , as all patients with RAB27A mutations , but none with the MYO5A mutation , developed HS . ^^^ In addition , RAB27A deficient T cells exhibited reduced cytotoxicity and cytolytic granule exocytosis , whereas MYO5A defective T cells did not . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Collectively , our studies identify Rab27a as a critical gene for organelle specific protein trafficking in melanocytes and platelets and suggest that Rab27a functions in both MyoVa dependent and independent pathways . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This phenotype is similar to that observed by others in melanocytes derived from the ashen and dilute mutant mice , which bear mutations in the Rab27a and MyoVa loci , respectively . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Genetic studies suggest that these genes function in the same or overlapping pathways and are supported by biochemical studies showing that d encodes an actin based melanosome transport motor , MyoVa , whereas ash encodes Rab27a , a protein that localizes to the melanosome and is postulated to serve as the MyoVa receptor . ^^^ Collectively , our data show that Mlph is a critical component of the melanosome transport machinery and suggest that Mlph might function as part of a transport complex with Rab27a and MyoVa . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Evidence that Griscelli syndrome with neurological involvement is caused by mutations in RAB27A , not MYO5A . ^^^ The RAB27A and MYO5A gene products interact with each other and function in vesicle trafficking . ^^^ The patients have normal MYO5A genes but exhibit a homozygous 67 . 5 kb deletion that eliminates RAB27A mRNA and immunocytofluorescence detectable protein . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: Q9Y4I1 and P51159 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Sequencing , mapping and nucleotide variation of porcine coat colour genes EDNRB , MYO5A , KITLG , SLC45A2 , RAB27A , SILV and MITF . ^^^ |
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