| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.54467889 |
| However , even though beta arrestin 1 binds directly to the carboxyl terminal tail of mGluR1a and redistributes with mGluR1a to endosomes , neither beta arrestin 1 nor beta arrestin 2 seems to contribute to mGluR1a desensitization in HEK 293 cells . 0.54467889^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Overall , beta arrestin 2 exhibits 78 % amino acid identity with beta arrestin 1 . ^^^ The capacity of purified beta arrestin 1 , beta arrestin 2 , and arrestin to inhibit the coupling of phosphorylated receptors to their respective G proteins were assessed in a reconstituted beta 2AR Gs system and in a reconstituted rhodopsin GT system . beta Arrestin 2 was equipotent to beta arrestin 1 and specifically inhibited beta 2AR function . ^^^ Conversely , arrestin inhibited rhodopsin coupling to GT , whereas beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 were at least 20 fold less potent in this system . beta Arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 are predominantly localized in neuronal tissues and in the spleen . ^^^ In the central nervous system , beta arrestin 2 appears to be even more abundant than beta arrestin 1 . ^^^ Immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue distribution of beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 in rat brain shows extensive , but heterogenous , neuronal labeling of the two proteins . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Both cell types also express beta ARK 1 and the associated inhibitory proteins beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 , as assessed by immunoblotting . ^^^ Like the beta 2AR , the beta 1AR appears to bind either beta arrestin 1 or beta arrestin 2 and to react with rhodopsin kinase , beta ARK 1 , beta ARK 2 , and GRK5 . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The arrestin / beta arrestin gene family includes arrestin ( also known as S antigen ) , beta arrestin 1 , and beta arrestin 2 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The four members of the arrestin / beta arrestin gene family identified so far are arrestin , 10 arrestin , beta arrestin 1 , and beta arrestin 2 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In the present study , we have investigated the expression of the individual isoforms of beta arrestin and of beta ARK in left ventricles from failing and control human hearts . mRNAs for all four proteins , beta arrestin 1 , beta arrestin 2 , beta ARK 1 , and beta ARK 2 , were identified in human heart . ^^^ Quantitation by reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions showed that in heart failure there were no changes of the mRNA levels for beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 , a slight ( < 50 % ) increase of the mRNA for beta ARK 2 , and a threefold increase for beta ARK 1 mRNA . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Divergence in amino acid sequence at the carboxyl terminus of S antigen ( rod photoreceptor arrestin ) and beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 ( beta adrenergic receptors ) suggests that receptor specificity may be coded within this region . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Similar attenuation of the receptor mediated PI response was also observed for the wild type alpha1BAR , but not for its truncated mutant , when the receptor was coexpressed with beta arrestin 1 or beta arrestin 2 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We report the cloning of trout red blood cell arrestin which shows 76 , 82 and 52 % identity with bovine beta arrestin 1 , beta arrestin 2 and retinal arrestin respectively . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| When probed with rat beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 cDNAs , beta arrestin 1 mRNAs of approximately 7 . 5 and 2 . 5 kb long , but no ( or possibly faint ) approximately 2 . 4 kb beta arrestin 2 mRNA , were observed , suggesting that in the thyroid , beta arrestins appear to be predominantly of beta arrestin 1 isoform . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Our two dimensional isoelectric focusing gels using rat spinal cord and heart tissues demonstrate isoelectric heterogeneity of rat beta arrestin 1 , suggesting that beta arrestin 1 is subject to post translational modification unlike beta arrestin 2 . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| However , upon coexpression of arrestin 2 ( beta arrestin 1 ) or arrestin 3 ( beta arrestin 2 ) , internalization of the alpha2b AR was dramatically enhanced and redistribution of receptors to clathrin coated vesicles and endosomes was observed . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| SP stimulated a similar redistribution of immunoreactive beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The efficiency of GPCR signaling is tightly regulated and ultimately limited by the coordinated phosphorylation of the receptors by specific GPCR kinases and the subsequent interaction of the phosphorylated receptors with beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| By analysis of ET ( A ) and ET ( B ) receptor internalization in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells in the presence of overexpressed betaARK , beta arrestin 1 , beta arrestin 2 , or dynamin as well as dominant negative mutants of these regulators , we have demonstrated that both ET receptor subtypes follow an arrestin and dynamin / clathrin dependent mechanism of internalization . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Differential affinities of visual arrestin , beta arrestin 1 , and beta arrestin 2 for G protein coupled receptors delineate two major classes of receptors . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Here , we identify specific arginine residues ( Arg ( 394 ) and Arg ( 396 ) ) in the beta arrestin 2 C terminus that mediate beta arrestin binding to AP 2 and show , in vitro , that these domains in beta arrestin 1 and 2 interact equally well with AP 2 independently of clathrin binding . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The binding of in vitro translated beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 to the third intracellular loop and the carboxyl tail of beta ( 1 ) AR is lower than that of beta ( 2 ) AR . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Whereas beta arrestin 2 is a very strong activator of JNK 3 signaling , beta arrestin 1 is very weak in this regard . ^^^ More detailed analysis of the carboxyl terminal domains of the beta arrestins indicated that beta arrestin 2 , but not beta arrestin 1 , contains a sequence ( RRSLHL ) highly homologous to the conserved docking motif present in many MAP kinase binding proteins . ^^^ Replacement of the beta arrestin 2 RRS residues with the corresponding KP residues present in beta arrestin 1 dramatically reduced both JNK 3 interaction and enhancement of JNK 3 phosphorylation . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Myocardial GRK 2 , GRK 5 , beta arrestin 1 , and beta arrestin 2 mRNA levels , but not that of GRK 3 , were induced in the failing hearts . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Expression of either beta arrestin 1 or beta arrestin 2 reduced angiotensin stimulated phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis but paradoxically increased angiotensin stimulated ERK1 / 2 phosphorylation . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These results suggest that , analogous to beta arrestin 1 , phosphorylation / dephosphorylation of beta arrestin 2 regulates clathrin mediated internalization of the beta ( 2 ) adrenergic receptor . ^^^ In contrast to beta arrestin 1 , which is phosphorylated by ERK 1 and ERK 2 , phosphorylation of beta arrestin 2 at Thr 383 is shown to be mediated by casein kinase 2 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The preference for beta arrestin 2 by TRHR 2 was supported by the impairment of TRHR 2 trafficking in mouse embryonic fibroblasts ( MEFs ) from either a beta arrestin 2 knockout or a beta arrestin 1 / 2 knockout , while TRHR 1 trafficking was only abolished in MEFs lacking both beta arrestins . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Subcellular localization of beta arrestins is determined by their intact N domain and the nuclear export signal at the C terminus . beta Arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 play a key role in the regulation of G protein coupled receptor mediated signaling , whereas the subcellular distribution of beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 has been shown to be quite different . ^^^ In this study , we found that although both beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 are able to interact with ubiquitin protein isopeptide ligase ( E 3 ) Mdm 2 , only expression of beta arrestin 2 leads to the relocalization of Mdm 2 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm . ^^^ Further study reveals that beta arrestin 2 but not beta arrestin 1 shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus in a leptomycin B sensitive manner . ^^^ In the corresponding region of beta arrestin 1 , there is a single amino acid difference ( Glu instead of Leu in beta arrestin 2 ) , and mutation of Glu to Leu conferred to beta arrestin 1 similar subcellular distribution to that of beta arrestin 2 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Differential regulation of beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 gene expression in rat brain by morphine . ^^^ In the current study , we investigated the potential regulatory effects of morphine administration on beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 mRNA levels in different brain regions in rat using in situ hybridization method . ^^^ Our results showed that the acute morphine administration ( 10 mg / kg ) resulted in approximately 30 % reduction in both beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 mRNA levels in hippocampus while the chronic morphine treatment ( 10 mg / kg , b . i . d . , for 9 days ) caused no significant change in level of either beta arrestin mRNA . ^^^ In locus coeruleus , both acute and chronic morphine treatments resulted in significant decreases ( over 50 % ) in beta arrestin 1 mRNA level but failed to induce any change in the level of beta arrestin 2 gene expression . ^^^ The acute morphine administration had no significant effect on beta arrestin 1 or beta arrestin 2 mRNA level in periaqueductal gray and cerebral cortex . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| V2R ubiquitination is not observed in a beta arrestin 1 , 2 deleted mouse fibroblast cell line and is restored following introduction of beta arrestin 2 , thus indicating that beta arrestin 2 is required for the ubiquitination of V2R . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In particular , the desensitization of the majority of GPCRs is mediated by the binding of two arrestin isoforms , beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 , that exhibit overlapping substrate specificity . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In contrast , expression of beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 by osteoblastic cells varied between cell lines . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Here we show that the angiotensin 2 type 1A receptor mediated activation of extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 ( ERK1 / 2 ) in HEK 293 cells is increased when the cellular level of beta arrestin 1 is down regulated by RNA interference but is decreased or eliminated when the cellular level of beta arrestin 2 is diminished . ^^^ These results are the first to demonstrate reciprocal activity of beta arrestin isoforms on a signaling pathway and suggest that physiological levels of beta arrestin 1 may act as `` dominant negative ' ' inhibitors of beta arrestin 2 mediated ERK activation . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Moreover , the sequestered receptor was co localized in endocytic vesicles with beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Previous studies also showed that expression of a dominant negative fragment of beta arrestin 1 reduces PAR 2 stimulated internalization , ERK1 / 2 activation , and cell migration ; however , this reagent may block association of many proteins , including beta arrestin 2 with clathrin coated pits . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| When overexpressed in cells , beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 each associated with the LDLR , as judged by co immunoprecipitation , and augmented LDLR endocytosis by approximately 70 % , as judged by uptake of fluorescent LDL . ^^^ However , physiologic expression levels of only beta arrestin 2 , and not beta arrestin 1 , enhanced endogenous LDLR endocytosis ( by 65 % ) in stably transfected beta arrestin1 / beta arrestin 2 double knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts ( MEFs ) . ^^^ Concordantly , when RNA interference was used to suppress expression of beta arrestin 2 , but not beta arrestin 1 , LDLR endocytosis was reduced . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The AT ( 1 ) R is a class B GPCR that recruits both beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 , forming stable complexes that cotraffic to deep core endocytic vesicles . beta Arrestins contain one amphipathic and potentially amphitropic ( membrane targeting ) alpha helix ( helix 1 ) that may promote translocation to the membrane or influence receptor internalization or trafficking . ^^^ Here , we investigated the trafficking and function of beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 mutants bearing substitutions in both the hydrophobic and positively charged faces of helix 1 . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In mouse P 6 cells ( overexpressing human IGF 1R ) absence of beta arrestin 1 , but not of beta arrestin 2 , blocked ubiquitination of IGF 1R . ^^^ However , because depletion of beta arrestin 1 almost completely eliminated degradation , and IGF 1 induced down regulation of the receptor in these cells , whereas beta arrestin 2 only had a partial effect , beta arrestin 1 seems to the more important isoform in affecting the expression of IGF 1R . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In this study we investigated the role of beta arrestins in lysophosphatidic acid ( LPA ) receptor stimulated ERK1 / 2 activation using fibroblast lines derived from wild type , beta arrestin 1 , beta arrestin 2 , and beta arrestin 1 / 2 knock out mice . ^^^ Introducing FLAG epitope tagged beta arrestin 2 into the beta arrestin 1 / 2 null background restored EGF receptor independent ERK1 / 2 activation , indicating that beta arrestin 2 expression confers ERK1 / 2 activation via a distinct mechanism . ^^^ In beta arrestin 2 expressing cells , three of the seven LPA stimulated transcriptional responses observed in the beta arrestin 1 / 2 null background were lost . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Although beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 are important for these effects induced by opioids with high intrinsic efficacy such as etorphine and fentanyl , morphine tolerance may be mediated mainly via beta arrestin 2 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 are differentially required for phosphorylation dependent and independent internalization of delta opioid receptors . ^^^ Beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 preferentially bind to the phosphorylated GPCRs in response to agonist stimulation , resulting in receptor internalization and desensitization . ^^^ Fluorescence and co immunoprecipitation studies indicated that both the wild type DOR and the phosphorylation deficient mutant receptor could bind and recruit beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 to the plasma membrane in an agonist stimulated manner . ^^^ Moreover , double stranded RNA mediated interference experiments showed that either beta arrestin 1 or beta arrestin 2 subtype specific RNAi only partially inhibited agonist induced internalization of the wild type DOR . ^^^ However , agonist induced internalization of the phosphorylation deficient DOR was not affected by beta arrestin 1 specific RNAi but was blocked by RNAi against beta arrestin 2 subtype . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To define the importance of receptor phosphorylation and beta arrestin binding in desensitization , and to determine whether beta arrestin binding and receptor endocytosis are required for receptor dephosphorylation , we expressed TRH receptors in fibroblasts from mice lacking beta arrestin 1 and / or beta arrestin 2 . ^^^ At 30 min , endogenous beta arrestins reduced TRH stimulated inositol phosphate production by 48 % ( beta arrestin 1 ) , 71 % ( beta arrestin 2 ) , and 84 % ( beta arrestins 1 and 2 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Co expression of beta arrestin 2 and beta arrestin 1 prevented beta arrestin 1 accumulation into the nucleus , suggesting that hetero oligomerization may have functional consequences . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Phosphorylated receptors bind the multifunctional adaptor proteins beta arrestin 1 and beta arrestin 2 with high affinity . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This later phase of ERK1 / 2 activation at 30 60 min was blocked by depletion of cellular beta arrestin 2 and beta arrestin 1 by small interfering RNA . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| However , whereas the beta arrestin 1 mediated TSHR internalization reached its maximum 20 min after TSH stimulation , the beta arrestin 2 mediated TSHR internalization already reached its maximum 5 min after TSH stimulation . ^^^ In summary , contrary to data obtained for the beta2AR , the constitutive activation of the TSHR does not influence the desensitization and time course for internalization of the receptor , and in agreement with findings for the FSH and LH receptors , these results characterize the TSH receptor as a member of the class A of G protein coupled receptors , which have a higher affinity to beta arrestin 2 than beta arrestin 1 and do not colocalize with beta arrestins in endosomes . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Arr 2 is 401 residues in length , and shares 47 % sequence identity with the Drosophila Arr 1 protein and 42 % with human arrestin . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We have isolated cDNA clones encoding two arrestin isoforms of the dipteran visual system , Calliphora arrestin 1 ( Arr 1 ) and arrestin 2 ( Arr 2 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Analysis of the light response in these mutants shows that the Arr 1 and Arr 2 proteins are mediators of rhodopsin inactivation and are essential for the termination of the phototransduction cascade in vivo . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| LPA ( 1 ) endocytosis was also inhibited in beta arrestin 1 and 2 null mouse embryo fibroblasts ( beta arrestin 1 / 2 KO MEFs ) , but was restored upon re expression of wild type beta arrestin 2 . beta arrestin attenuates LPA signaling as LPA ( 1 ) dependent phosphoinositide hydrolysis was significantly elevated in beta arrestin 1 / 2 KO MEFs and was reduced to wild type levels upon re expression of wild type beta arrestin . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Compared to wild type , approximately 64 % Rh 1 metarhodopsin was recovered in flies deficient in arrestin 1 ( arr 1 ( 1 ) mutant ) , approximately 38 % in flies deficient in arrestin 2 ( arr 2 ( 3 ) mutant ) , and approximately 6 % in flies deficient in both arrestin 1 and arrestin 2 ( arr 1 ( 1 ) , arr 2 ( 3 ) double mutant ) . ^^^ Further , reconstitution experiments in total head homogenates showed that metarhodopsin produced in the arr 1 ( 1 ) , arr 2 ( 3 ) double mutant could be stabilized upon the addition of exogenous arrestin 2 . ^^^ To test whether arrestin was also required to stabilize metarhodopsin in intact photoreceptor cells , metarhodopsin was generated in arr 1 ( 1 ) , arr 2 ( 3 ) double mutant flies by in vivo illumination , and after a wait period of 20 min , converted back into rhodopsin by further illumination with red light . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Two closely related clones ( ARR 1 and ARR 2 ) , corresponding to one of the extracted candidates , were isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The adiposity rebound ratio ( ARR ) was 3 . 2 for ARR 1 ( M2 . 9 % , F . 5 % ) and 2 . 0 for ARR 2 ( M1 . 7 % , F2 . 4 % ) in obese children and 3 . 5 for ARR 1 ( M 3 . 5 , F3 . 5 ) and 2 . 5 for ARR 2 ( M2 . 8 , F2 . 8 ) in overweight children respectively . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In addition , oxa 10 and aadA 1 genes were expressed from their own promoter sequence present upstream of the oxa 10 cassette . arr 2 coded for a protein that shared 54 % amino acid identity with the rifampin ADP ribosylating transferase encoded by the arr 1 gene from Mycobacterium smegmatis DSM 43756 . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Arabidopsis ARR 1 and ARR 2 response regulators operate as transcriptional activators . ^^^ The genes coding for the response regulators ARR 1 and ARR 2 have previously been identified by in silico screening of an expression sequence tag database and subsequent cloning from both Arabidopsis cDNA and genomic libraries . ^^^ ARR 1 and ARR 2 were localized in the nuclei of plant cells regardless of the presence or absence of their signal receiver domain . ^^^ Both ARR 1 and ARR 2 promoted expression of a reporter gene in plant cells through their own target sequence . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| PURPOSE : To determine the protein and transcript levels for rhodopsin ( Rh 1 ) , arrestin 1 ( Arr 1 ) , and arrestin 2 ( Arr 2 ) over a 12 h light / 12 h dark cycle in the retina of the fruit fly , Drosophila melanogaster . ^^^ Proteins were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( PAGE ) and subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies directed to rhodopsin , NinaA , Arr 1 , and Arr 2 . ^^^ Northern blots were incubated with riboprobes corresponding to the rhodopsin gene ( ninaE ) , arrestin 1 ( arr 1 ) , and arrestin 2 ( arr 2 ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The short signalling circuit reaches the nuclear target genes by enabling nuclear response regulators ARR 1 , ARR 2 and ARR 10 as transcription activators . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Although Arabidopsis thaliana has 11 type B ARR family members , except for ARR 1 and ARR 2 , no biological information is available with regard to others . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These ARR family members were phylogenetically classified into three sub families , the largest of which includes the well characterized ARR 1 , ARR 2 , and ARR 11 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We have isolated and characterized three adjacent Saccharomyces douglasii genes that share remarkable structural homology ( 97 % amino acid sequence identity ) with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARR 1 ( ACR 1 ) , ARR 2 ( ACR 2 ) and ARR 3 ( ACR 3 ) genes involved in arsenical resistance . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Physiological analysis of peripheral olfactory sensitivity reveals decreased responsiveness to a host of chemically distinct odorants in flies deficient for arrestin 1 ( arr 1 ) , arrestin 2 ( arr 2 ) , or both . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In order to further investigate arrestin function in photoreceptor physiology and survival , we studied Arr 2 ' s partner photoreceptor arrestin , Arr 1 , in developing and adult Drosophila compound eyes . ^^^ RESULTS : We report that Arr 1 , but not Arr 2 , is essential for normal , light induced rhodopsin endocytosis . ^^^ Also distinct from Arr 2 , Arr 1 is essential for light independent photoreceptor survival . ^^^ Photoreceptor cell death caused by loss of Arr 1 is strongly suppressed by coordinate loss of Arr 2 . ^^^ We further find that Rh 1 C terminal phosphorylation is essential for light induced endocytosis and also for translocation of Arr 1 , but not Arr 2 , from dark adapted photoreceptor cytoplasm to photosensory membrane rhabdomeres . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To characterize their role in plant growth and development , we isolated T DNA insertions within six of the genes ( ARR 1 , ARR 2 , ARR 10 , ARR 11 , ARR 12 , and ARR 18 ) from the largest subfamily of type B ARRs and also constructed various double and triple combinations of these mutations . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P32121 and P49407 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|