Pubmed abstracts for Protein-Protein Interaction search result :

Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.62323045
Northern blot and in situ hybridization studies have demonstrated that CTGF is coordinately expressed with TGF beta in every fibrotic disorder examined to date . 0.62323045^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.74355129
Here we show that CTGF directly binds BMP 4 and TGF beta 1 through its CR domain . 0.74355129^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The increased response to TGF beta 1 was shown to be mediated through PDGF like protein induction ; TGF beta 1 treated scleroderma fibroblasts produced greater amounts of 36 kD PDGF like protein , which was reported previously as connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , than did TGF beta 1 treated normal fibroblasts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is a 36 to 38 kDa peptide that is selectively induced by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) in fibroblastic cell types . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is a M ( r ) 38 , 000 cysteine rich peptide , the synthesis and secretion of which are selectively induced by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We reported previously that transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) selectively induced high levels of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) mRNA and protein in human skin fibroblasts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Concerns regarding possible risks of the long term suppression of TGF beta function point to connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) as a possible alternative target . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In situ hybridization analysis indicated that connective tissue growth factor mRNA was strongly expressed in the fibroblasts at the site of TGF beta injection , which suggested that fibroblasts were activated by TGF beta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In situ hybridization analysis indicated that connective tissue growth factor mRNA was strongly expressed in the fibroblasts at the site of TGF beta injection , which suggested that fibroblasts were activated by TGF beta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Identification of glycosylated 38 kDa connective tissue growth factor ( IGFBP related protein 2 ) and proteolytic fragments in human biological fluids , and up regulation of IGFBP rP 2 expression by TGF beta in Hs578T human breast cancer cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have investigated the signaling pathways controlling the TGF beta induction of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) gene expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND : Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , which is regulated by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , has recently been implicated in skin fibrosis and atherosclerosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of mRNAs for TGF beta 1 , TGF beta 2 , TGF beta receptor type 2 , and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) was significantly greater in anterior polar type than in nuclear type cataracts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Skin fibrotic disorders are understood to develop under the influence of some growth factors , such as transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) , or connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is a cysteine rich peptide synthesized and secreted by fibroblastic cells after activation with transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) that acts as a downstream mediator of TGF beta induced fibroblast proliferation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is a 38 kDa cysteine rich peptide , whose synthesis and secretion are selectively induced by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) in connective tissue cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) stimulates alpha ( 1 ) ( 1 ) collagen mRNA synthesis in human lung fibroblasts through a mechanism that is partially sensitive to cycloheximide and that may involve synthesis of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We examined the possible involvement of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) in the apoptosis induced by transforming growth factor beta ( 1 ) ( TGF beta ( 1 ) ) in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells ( HASC ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Regulation of lysyl oxidase , collagen , and connective tissue growth factor by TGF beta 1 and detection in human gingiva . ^^^ In addition , TGF beta 1 regulation of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) was assessed in human gingival cells and tissues . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is a peptide secreted by cultured endothelial cells and fibroblasts when stimulated by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , and is overexpressed during fibrotic processes in coronary arteries and in skin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is overexpressed in a variety of fibrotic disorders , presumably secondary to the activation and production of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , a key inducer of fibroblast proliferation and matrix synthesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The liver tissues were obtained from naive mice and mice infected with replication deficient adenovirus , adenovirus expressing transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGFbeta 1 ) , and adenovirus expressing connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : To clone the partial cDNA sequence of rat connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) and investigate the mRNA expression of CTGF and transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) in rat experimental liver fibrosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) has been shown to mediate many actions of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) in the fibrotic response in several diseases . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is up regulated by TGF beta 1 during wound healing . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
On day 70 , the ECM composition was expanded by increased deposition of fibronectin , whereas connective tissue growth factor , fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) 1 , and FGF 2 mRNA expression levels were elevated in addition to TGF beta 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Representative growth factors are platelet derived growth factor ( PDGF ) , basic fibroblast growth factor ( b FGF ) , transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) was first identified as a 38 kDa cysteine rich protein which can be specifically induced by TGF beta and was recently found to be expressed abundantly in atherosclerotic lesions , but only marginally in normal vascular tissues . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In normal adult fibroblasts , transforming growth factor beta ( TGFbeta ) induces the expression of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Bleomycin also mildly upregulated mRNA expression of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) coordinately in normal skin fibroblasts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Other strategies aim at inhibition of the profibrogenic cytokines TGF beta or connective tissue growth factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The gene encoding connective tissue growth factor ( ccn 2 ; ctgf ) , which promotes fibrosis , is not normally expressed in dermal fibroblasts unless TGFbeta is present . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , a recently described profibrotic cytokine , acts downstream and in concert with TGF beta to stimulate the fibrotic process and is involved in the fibrosis seen in scleroderma . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) expression is regulated by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) and strong up regulation occurs during wound healing ; in situ hybridization data indicate that there are high levels of CTGF expression in fibrotic lesions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , a novel fibrogenic protein induced by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , is upregulated in various clinical and experimental nephropathies , but the significance of CTGF in the profibrotic action of TGF beta is still poorly defined . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
AIMS : To determine mechanisms regulating the production of connective tissue growth factor ( CCN 2 ; CTGF ) and transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) in the mouse uterus . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Whether TGF beta increases the transcription of a second growth factor , connective tissue growth factor 1 ( CTGF ) , which could mediate myofibroblast differentiation , was evaluated . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Since connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is a key factor regulating extracellular matrix production , abrogation of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) induced CTGF production by PPAR gamma activation may be one of the mechanisms through which PPAR gamma agonists inhibit neointima formation after vascular injury . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
An analysis of lung tissue by reverse transcriptase mediated polymerase chain reaction showed corresponding decreases in the transcription of transforming growth factor beta 1 and connective tissue growth factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It is possible that many of the fibrogenic effects of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) are mediated by connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Of the many effects of TGF beta on fibroblast properties induction of the connective tissue growth factor / Cyr61 / NOV ( CCN ) family members , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) may be particularly relevant to fibrosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : To analyze the involvement of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) in the transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) pathway during acute necrotizing pancreatitis ( ANP ) in humans and rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The drug induced a dramatic eightfold downregulation of procollagen 1 mRNA , and suppression of the fibrogenic factors transforming growth factor beta 1 and connective tissue growth factor by 60 70 % . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We examined the effects of TGF beta 1 , beta 2 , beta 3 , basic fibroblast growth factor , platelet derived growth factor , and connective tissue growth factor by applying them locally to the open wound every 2 days . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These include the role of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) and their receptors in the fibrotic process in scleroderma and the overview of the transcription factors involved in regulation of the human alpha 2 ( 1 ) collagen ( COL1A2 ) gene . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transforming growth factor beta 1 rapidly induced connective tissue growth factor mRNA levels ( 5 fold within 4 h ) in skin fibroblasts , but not keratinocytes , and this induction was attenuated 80 % by ultraviolet irradiation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) has long been regarded as a pivotal growth factor in the formation and maintenance of connective tissues and as a major driving influence in many progressive fibrotic diseases , attention has focused recently on the role of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) in fibrosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study we examined the coordinated expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , its signaling receptors , and its downstream mediator connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) and their impact on tumor progression and fibrogenesis in esophageal carcinomas . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is one of the candidate factors mediating downstream events of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , but its role in fibrogenic properties of TGF beta and in tubulointerstitial fibrosis has not yet been clarified . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND / AIMS : Connective tissue growth factor is a mitogenic , chemotactic , and cell matrix inducing factor for fibroblasts , and is exclusively and directly induced by transforming growth factor beta 1 . ^^^ In skin fibrosis , connective tissue growth factor is thought to be a downstream effector of transforming growth factor beta 1 that is directly involved in the proliferation of connective tissue cells and the accumulation of matrix . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is a matrix signaling molecule stimulated by TGF beta that in part mediates alpha 1 ( 1 ) collagen mRNA expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The presence of mRNAs for GM CSF , TGF beta , bone morphogenetic protein 2A , basic fibroblast growth factor receptor , endothelin 2 , macrophage stimulating 1 ( MSP 1 ) , thymosin beta 10 , connective tissue growth factor , macrophage inflammatory protein 2 alpha ( MIP 2alpha ) , IL 6 , IL 11 , IL 13 and IFN gamma mRNA were successfully detected by Atlas Arrays . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , there is evidence that glucocorticoids influence the expression of such growth factors as vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , which are known to influence the development or progression of renal diseases . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Temporal and spatial expression of connective tissue growth factor ( CCN 2 ; CTGF ) and transforming growth factor beta type 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) at the utero placental interface during early pregnancy in the pig . ^^^ AIMS : To determine the localisation and distribution of connective tissue growth factor ( CCN 2 ; CTGF ) and transforming growth factor beta type 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) in uterine tissues from cycling and early pregnant pigs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) and its downstream mediator , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , are potent stimulators for connective tissue formation during wound healing . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Gene expression of adhesion molecules , interleukin 1alpha ( IL 1alpha ) , IL 1beta , monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 , macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha ( MIP 1alpha ) , MIP 2 , transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , Flt 1 , and Flk 1 was enhanced at the wound site . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transfection of endoglin in fibroblasts suppressed the TGF beta mediated induction of connective tissue growth factor promoter activity . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
FSH and TGF beta superfamily members regulate granulosa cell connective tissue growth factor gene expression in vitro and in vivo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , we characterized the expression of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) and transforming growth factor beta ( TGFbeta ) with the development of fibrosis in heart from PKCbeta2Tg mice at 4 16 weeks of age . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , we established a new collagenase perfusion method through thoracic aorta cannulation to isolate PSCs , and we studied gene expression of TGF beta 1 , type 1 collagen , and connective tissue growth factor using primary cultured PSCs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) are ubiquitously expressed in various forms of tissue fibrosis , including fibrotic diseases of the kidney . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The effects of IL 4 are added to these of transforming growth factor B ( TGF B ) and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) that stimulate collagen synthesis by fibroblasts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND : The induction of excess matrix in renal fibrosis seems to be mediated , at least in part , by the transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) mediated induction of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) in mesangial cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We evaluated mRNA levels and protein distribution of transforming growth factor beta 1 , connective tissue growth factor and collagens in muscle of golden retriever muscular dystrophy dogs at different ages . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , which is induced by TGF beta , has been reported to mediate stimulatory actions of TGF beta ECM synthesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Potential targets for therapy include transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , IL 4 , IL 13 , MCP 1 , and endothelin , among others . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The induction of TbetaRs was parallel to the increased induction of phosphorylated Smad 2 ( pSmad 2 ) and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , indicative of TGF beta mediated connective tissue synthesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We investigated the mechanism of the anti fibrotic effects of hepatocyte growth factor ( HGF ) in the kidney , with respect to its effect on connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , a down stream , profibrotic mediator of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) . ^^^ Hepatocyte growth factor counteracts transforming growth factor beta 1 , through attenuation of connective tissue growth factor induction , and prevents renal fibrogenesis in 5 / 6 nephrectomized mice . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human gamma delta T lymphocytes express and synthesize connective tissue growth factor : effect of IL 15 and TGF beta 1 and comparison with alpha beta T lymphocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Renal expression of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) and transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) were determined by immunohistochemistry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TGF beta induces its downstream mediator connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , which stimulates fibronectin matrix synthesis , a process that requires the presence of alpha5beta1 integrin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) has been shown to be closely related to the pathogenesis of SSc as follows : ( 1 ) CTGF mRNA expression was observed in the fibrotic lesions but not in the early nonfibrotic lesions or atrophic lesions . ( 2 ) Serum CTGF protein concentrations were significantly elevated , and correlated with skin sclerosis and lung fibrosis . ( 3 ) In our animal model , TGF beta induced subcutaneous fibrosis and subsequent CTGF application caused persistent fibrosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Incubation of murine mesangial cells with TGF beta ( 50 200 pM ) increased cell associated collagen type 4 and fibronectin , soluble collagen type 4 , thrombospondin , and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Compared with wild type cells , transgenic fibroblasts proliferated more rapidly , produced more extracellular matrix , and showed increased expression of key markers of TGFbeta activation , including plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 , connective tissue growth factor , Smad 3 , Smad 4 , and Smad 7 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is an important downstream mediator of TGF beta 1 induced collagen synthesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Many of the fibrogenic effects of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) might be mediated by connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^ C Jun NH 2 terminal kinase mediates expression of connective tissue growth factor induced by transforming growth factor beta 1 in human lung fibroblasts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : To study the expression of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) mRNA and transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGFbeta 1 ) mRNA in immunity induced liver fibrosis rats and the effect of HanDanGanLe on them . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : The expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen ( PCNA ) , epithelial cell growth factor ( EGF ) , alpha smooth muscle actin ( alpha SMA ) , fibronectin ( FN ) , collagen type 3 and 4 , transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) and connective tissue growth factor in renal biopsy samples of patients with MD ATN ( 4 patients ) and A ATN ( 5 patients ) were compared with immunohistochemical SP method . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Recently , it has been demonstrated that connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is a downstream mediator of TGF beta and acts to stimulate wound contraction and fibrosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In vitro experiments showed that angiotensin 2 ( Ang 2 ) treatment induced proliferation and collagen synthesis , and upregulated the profibrogenic cytokines , TGF beta 1 and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , in rat primary HSCs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Renal expression of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) and transforming growth factor beta ( 1 ) ( TGF beta ( 1 ) ) were determined by immunohistochemistry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is upregulated in a variety of fibrotic disorders , probably secondary to the activation and production of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It also reduced diabetes induced increases in gene expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , and collagen 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
AIM : To determine the expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) and its downstream effector connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) in the anal sphincter of a patient irradiated for prostate cancer . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 , connective tissue growth factor , and TGF beta 1 were upregulated in MRL / lpr mice compared with MRL / + mice and were normalized by Crry Ig treatment , suggesting that the product of these genes may contribute to the progressive glomerulosclerosis in MRL / lpr mice in a complement dependent fashion . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Muscle cells derived from asthmatic subjects proliferate faster , release a different profile of matrix proteins , produce more connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) in response to TGFbeta stimulation and these changes may impact on airway smooth muscle contraction and proliferation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , we tested the hypothesis that Ac SDKP reversal of hypertension induced cardiac fibrosis involves a decrease in transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) and / or connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND : Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is a cysteine rich growth factor induced by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) and is thought to play a critical role in TGF beta stimulated extracellular matrix accumulation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In concert with TGF beta , other metabolic mediators such as connective tissue growth factor and reactive oxygen species promote the accumulation of excess matrix . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By quantitative real time PCR analysis and immunostaining , LAP treatment also abrogates the upregulation of cutaneous TGF beta 1 and connective tissue growth factor mRNAs and type 1 collagen synthesis in Scl GVHD . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We therefore immunochemically investigated the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic syndrome and found that connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) might be involved and transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) might not be involved in this case . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We performed immunocytochemical staining and Western and Northern blot analysis in the stimulated HSC by HCV core protein to identify the expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 ( TGFbeta R 2 ) , alpha smooth muscle actin ( alpha SMA ) and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Therefore , attention is limited to factors that may be important in the development of early diabetic glomerulopathy , including transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , insulin like growth factor ( IGF ) 1 , vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) A , and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : When mice were administered carbon tetrachloride ( 300 microL / kg body weight ) twice a week for 12 weeks , knockout mice showed extensive liver fibrosis with an enhanced expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 and connective tissue growth factor compared with wild type mice ( P < 0 . 05 ) . ^^^ In cultured hepatic stellate cells , adiponectin suppressed platelet derived growth factor induced proliferation and migration and attenuated the effect of transforming growth factor beta 1 on the gene expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 and connective tissue growth factor and on nuclear translocation of Smad 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of mRNAs encoding TGF beta 1 , p27kip1 , and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) in carotid artery increased after balloon injury . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The increase in renal TGF beta 1 mRNA and protein levels in UUO was unaltered with NPC 31169 treatment ; however , connective tissue growth factor mRNA was reduced . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) mediates TGF beta 1 pro fibrogenic effects in vitro , but its in vivo role is unknown . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Microarray and western blot analysis revealed a higher antifibrotic potential of ramipril in terms of downregulation of TGFbeta , connective tissue growth factor , metalloproteinases and extracellular matrix proteins . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor synergistically with transforming growth factor beta 1 to promote renal fibrosis ] . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : To assess the expression of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , and the signaling pathway for the regulation of CTGF by transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta ( 1 ) ) in podocytes . ^^^ Transforming growth factor beta 1 modulates connective tissue growth factor expression via Smad 2 signaling pathway in podocyte in vitro ] . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TGF beta , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , collagen type 4 , and fibronectin mRNA were upregulated in the disease control group , and anti factor 5 neutralizing antibody injection suppressed these mRNA expressions in glomeruli . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , the expression of connective tissue growth factor is enhanced by both TGF beta ( 2 ) and S1P . ^^^ In summary , our data show that S1P trans activates the TGF beta receptor and triggers activation of Smads followed by activation of connective tissue growth factor gene transcription and inhibition of IL 1beta induced expression of iNOS , sPLA ( 2 ) , and MMP 9 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It is possible that connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) serves as either an independent regulator or a downstream effector of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) on the proteoglycan synthesis in vascular endothelial cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
All of the known genes responsive to TGFbeta , such as collagen and connective tissue growth factor , were upregulated . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) expression is increased in diabetic nephropathy and is a downstream mediator of TGF beta actions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To understand more about desmoplasia in pancreatic cancer , the expression of mRNA for type 1 and 3 collagens and potent desmoplastic inducing growth factors transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) , platelet derived growth factor ( PDGF ) A and C and epidermal growth factor ( EGF ) was analysed by quantitative RT PCR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is reported to be a target gene of transforming growth factor beta ( TGFbeta ) and bone morphogenetic protein ( BMP ) in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Regulation of TGF beta 1 induced connective tissue growth factor expression in airway smooth muscle cells . ^^^ Transforming growth factor ( TGF ) beta may play an important role in airway remodeling , and the fibrogenic effect of TGF beta may be mediated through connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) release . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : To investigate the molecular mechanism for transforming growth factor beta ( 1 ) ( TGF beta ( 1 ) ) on regulation of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) gene promoter in pancreatic stellate cells ( PSCs ) . ^^^ The study of regulation of connective tissue growth factor gene promoter by transforming growth factor beta 1 in pancreatic stellate cells ] . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
At various time points , corneas were processed for histology and stained for nuclei ; F actin ; ED A fibronectin ; alpha smooth muscle actin ; TGF beta 1 , beta 2 , and beta receptor 2 ; and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is a newly described protein that stimulates transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGFbeta 1 ) and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) are important profibrotic growth factors , which interact in the pathogenesis of fibrosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : AA Na 40 microg / ml , with or without 10 % S YRS , was co cultured with hRIFs , then the hRIFs mRNA of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 ( PAI 1 ) , tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 ( TIMP 1 ) and type 1 collagen ( Col 1 ) in the cultured cells were detected by RT PCR , and their protein expression monitored with ELISA and Western blot respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
No modulation by fibrogenic cytokines for example , transforming growth factor beta 1 or connective tissue growth factor or by antagonizing IL 1 receptors was observed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is a secreted cytokine that plays a fundamental role in the development of tissue fibrosis by mediating many of the profibrotic effects of TGF beta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transforming growth factor beta ( 1 ) ( TGF beta ( 1 ) ) and , more recently , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) are recognized to play key roles in mediating the fibrogenic response , independently of the primary renal insult . ^^^ Integrated actions of transforming growth factor beta 1 and connective tissue growth factor in renal fibrosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
After 12 months , there was a significant inverse correlation between the rate of renal function decline and urinary expression of connective tissue growth factor ( r = 0 . 471 , P = 0 . 010 ) and collagen 1 ( r = 0 . 399 , P = 0 . 032 ) , but not TGF beta or MCP 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) has been reported to play an important role in mediating the profibrotic effects of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) in various renal diseases . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The overexpression of TGFbeta regulated genes , such as connective tissue growth factor , may play a role in increasing fibrosis in aging muscle . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is one of the candidate factors that are thought to mediate the downstream profibrotic action of TGF beta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Treatment with SB 431542 prevented TGFbeta induced stimulation of collagen , fibronectin , plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 , and connective tissue growth factor gene expression , TGFbeta autoinduction , and myofibroblast transdifferentiation , and it could reverse stimulation even when added to the cultures after TGFbeta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is a cysteine rich mitogenic peptide that is implicated in various fibrotic disorders and induced in fibroblasts after activation with transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Immunochemistry / immunofluorescence , quantitative real time PCR and enzyme immunoassay were used to evaluate the 3 TGF beta isoforms , their receptors , collagen 1 deposition , connective tissue growth factor expression , and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 levels . ^^^ In contrast , TGF beta receptor 1 and connective tissue growth factor were both consistently downregulated in asthma , regardless of severity . ^^^ Decreased expression of TGF beta receptor 1 and connective tissue growth factor in all asthma severity groups suggests a degree of activation of the TGF beta pathway in airway tissue of all asthmatic compared with normal airways . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As concern has been raised regarding anti TGFbeta therapy , which can potentially disrupt the maintenance of anterior chamber associated immune deviation , the authors explored the levels of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 ( TIMP 1 ) , matrix metalloproteinase 9 ( MMP 9 ) , and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) in aqueous humour to determine if these may represent alternative therapeutic targets . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
PURPOSE : To study whether glaucomatous extracellular matrix ( ECM ) modifications in the lamina cribrosa might be induced by TGF beta 2 , the effect of TGF beta 2 on the expression of collagen types 1 ( Col 1 alpha 1 ) , 3 ( Col 3 alpha 1 ) , and 4 ( Col 4 alpha 2 ) ; fibronectin ( FN ) ; tissue transglutaminase ( TGM 2 ) ; connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) ; and thrombospondin ( TSP 1 ) in cultured human optic nerve head ( ONH ) astrocytes was investigated . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Incubation with activin A significantly stimulated TGF beta 1 , PAI 1 and connective tissue growth factor RNA expression and increased production of extracellular matrix proteins in mesangial cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We also found that DHEA induced the expressions of transforming growth factor beta 1 and connective tissue growth factor mRNA in cultured fibroblasts and aged skin , which may play a role in the DHEA induced changes of procollagen and MMP 1 expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The present study examined the influence of streptozotocin induced diabetes on the renal expression of bradykinin ( BK ) B 2 receptors ( B2KR ) , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , and TGF beta type 2 receptor ( TGF betaRII ) and assessed the signaling mechanisms through which B2KR activation may promote glomerular injury . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) are involved in several fibrotic disorders and play a critical role in fibrogenesis , thereby changing the physiological function of the organs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Na+ / Ca2+ exchanger activity modulates connective tissue growth factor mRNA expression in transforming growth factor beta 1 and Des Arg 10 kallidin stimulated myofibroblasts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , tissues derived from affected individuals showed increased expression of both collagen and connective tissue growth factor , as well as nuclear enrichment of phosphorylated Smad 2 , indicative of increased TGFbeta signaling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
There were also pro inflammatory and profibrotic responses , including increased IL 1beta ( interleukin 1beta ) expression in intact epidermis , TNF alpha ( tumour necrosis factor alpha ) in regions of angiogenesis , CTGF ( connective tissue growth factor ) in medial layers of arteries , and TGF beta ( transforming growth factor beta ) in glomerular tufts , tubular epithelial cells and interstitial endothelial cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TGF beta 1 induced connective tissue growth factor ( CCN 2 ) expression in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells requires Ras / MEK / ERK and Smad signalling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is induced by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) via Smad activation in mesangial cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The inhibitory effects of Sm ( 50 400 microg / ml ) on TGF beta 1 induced alpha smooth muscle actin ( alpha SMA ) secretion and the mRNA expressions of fibrosis related genes , including alpha SMA , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 ( TIMP 1 ) , were assessed . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) has been reported to play an important role in the fibrosis of various tissues by stimulating connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Cluster analysis revealed a remarkable selectivity in the mode of action exerted by TGF beta on IL 1 regulated genes : antagonistic on pro inflammatory genes whereas additive on growth regulators such as vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expressions of fibrosis related molecules transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 ( TGFbetaRII ) , alpha smooth muscle actin ( alpha SMA ) and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) were analyzed via histological or molecular methods . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this model , the expressions of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta ) , platelet derived growth factor ( PDGF ) AA , PDGF BB and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) were investigated with and without CMV . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is secreted by fibroblasts stimulated with transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , a downstream mediator of TGF beta induced fibrosis , has more recently been implicated in peritoneal membrane scarring . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The NRG targets are FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B , Early growth response 1 , 5 jun avian sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog , Activating transcription factor 3 , Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ 31636 fis , Jun B proto oncogene , Forkhead box C 1 , Platelet / endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 , NADPH dependent retinol dehydrogenase / reductase , Dual specificity phosphatase 5 , NGF inducible protein TIS 21 , Connective tissue growth factor , Jun D proto oncogene , Serum response factor , Cullin 1 , 5 myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene , Transient receptor potential channel 1 , Low density lipoprotein receptor , Transforming growth factor beta 1 , Nucleoporin 88 kDa , and Pleckstrin homology like domain A 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Smoke caused upregulation of gene expression of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , a mediator of TGF beta fibrogenic effects , within 2 h , and upregulation of procollagen gene expression at 24 h ; both changes could be prevented by the TGF beta antagonist fetuin ( alpha 2 HS glycoprotein ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Immunoreactive TGF beta 1 , connective tissue growth factor , HGF receptor , c Met , and fibronectin all increased in remnant ( 2 . 85 + / 0 . 51 , 3 . 83 + / 0 . 55 , 2 . 56 + / 0 . 31 , and 2 . 80 + / 0 . 39 fold sham respectively , n = 4 8 , p < 0 . 05 ) , and SC 58236 blunted the increases ( to 1 . 45 + / 0 . 34 , 1 . 85 + / 0 . 13 , 1 . 75 + / 0 . 30 , and 1 . 60 + / 0 . 32 fold sham ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : To investigate the mechanism by which connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) enhances transforming growth factor beta ( 1 ) ( TGF beta ( 1 ) ) mediated myofibroblastic activation in renal interstitial fibroblast NRK 49F . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CsA induced EMT was also associated with increased expression of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) suggesting that this molecule may serve as downstream mediator of TGF beta 1 pro fibrotic activity in this setting . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Fibrosis can be caused by profibrotic cytokines , such as transforming growth factor beta ( TGFbeta ) , interleukin 4 ( IL 4 ) , platelet derived growth factor ( PDGF ) , and connective tissue growth factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) and its downstream effector Connective Tissue Growth Factor ( CTGF / CCN2 ) , are well known fibrogenic activators and we previously showed that the Rho / ROCK pathway controls CTGF expression in intestinal smooth muscle cells isolated from patients with delayed radiation enteritis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Then the cell proliferation and cytotoxicity of HKC were determined by MTF and lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) release assay respectively , the antigen expression of cytokeratin and alpha smooth muscle actin on HKC was detected by immunocytochemistry , the mRNA expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 ( PAI 1 ) , tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 ( TIMP 1 ) and type 1 Collagen ( Col 1 ) of HKC was measured by RT PCR , and their protein expression was measured by ELISA or Western blot . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
EMT , a crucial phenotypic alteration of tubular epithelial cells , was observed in acatalasemic mice by electron microscopy and was associated with upregulation of EMT related alpha smooth muscle actin ( alpha SMA ) , transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , and fibroblast specific protein 1 ( FSP 1 ) gene expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 ( PAI 1 ) , tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 ( TIMP 1 ) and type 1 collagen ( Col 1 ) in kidney tissue were determined by RT PCR and immunohistochemical method , respectively . ^^^ Transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 ( PAI 1 ) , tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 ( TIMP 1 ) and type 1 collagen ( Col 1 ) in kidney tissue were determined by RT PCR and immunohistochemical method , respectively . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Atorvastatin also dose dependently reduced TGF beta 1 and AngII induced increases in alpha ( 1 ) procollagen mRNA ( P < 0 . 01 for both ) , as well as gene expression of the profibrotic peptide connective tissue growth factor . 4 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have recently reported that TGF beta increased connective tissue growth factor expression in airway smooth muscle cells isolated from patients with asthma . ^^^ In this study , we examined fibronectin and collagen production and signal transduction pathways after stimulation with TGF beta and connective tissue growth factor . ^^^ In both asthmatic and nonasthmatic airway smooth muscle cells , TGF beta and connective tissue growth factor led to the production of fibronectin and collagen 1 . ^^^ TGF beta induction of fibronectin and collagen was in part mediated by an autocrine action of connective tissue growth factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , a TGF beta inducible molecule , has recently been reported to promote fibroblast proliferation , migration , adhesion and extracellular matrix formation , both in vivo and in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TGF beta may direct cells to assume a pro fibrotic phenotype or it may do so indirectly after stimulating synthesis of other fibrogenic molecules such as connective tissue growth factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TGF beta 1 induces IL 8 and MCP 1 through a connective tissue growth factor independent pathway . ^^^ Evidence suggests that connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is an important downstream mediator of the profibrotic effects of TGF beta ( 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is a downstream mediator of TGF beta activity that is associated with scar and fibrosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVE : To observe the effects of hepatocyte growth factor ( HGF ) on TGF beta 1 triggered tubular epithelial myofibroblast transdifferentiation ( TEMT ) and on the expression of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Secretion of CTGF ( connective tissue growth factor ; CCN 2 ) by PTECs ( proximal tubule epithelial cells ) and EMT ( epithelial mesenchymal transdifferentiation ) of PTECs to myofibroblasts in response to TGFbeta are critical Smad dependent events in the development of tubulo interstitial fibrosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
AIMS / HYPOTHESIS : We quantified the glomerular expression of thrombospondin 1 ( THBS 1 , also known as TSP 1 ) , transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGFB 1 , also known as TGF beta 1 ) and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) at each stage of diabetic nephropathy . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , fibronectin ( FN ) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 ( PAI 1 ) were detected by real time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT PCR ) at the end of the experiment . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : High glucose stimulated a striking increase in BRPC gremlin mRNA levels in parallel with increases in mRNA for the growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , transforming growth factor beta ( TGFbeta ) , and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) and changes in other genes including fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 ( PAI 1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of type 4 collagen , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , and transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) was significantly increased in high fat and type 2 diabetes groups compared to controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
ET 1 further induced connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , as did TGF beta 1 , however , to lower levels . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CML BSA induced a mildly profibrogenic pattern , increasing connective tissue growth factor , transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) 1 , and procollagen alpha 1 ( 1 ) mRNA , whereas expression of matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP ) 1 , 2 , 3 , and 12 was unaffected . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Many of the effects of TGF beta are mediated by connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The role of connective tissue growth factor , transforming growth factor beta 1 and Smad signaling pathway in cornea wound healing . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
STUDY DESIGN : Collagen content and the expression of transforming growth factor beta and its isoforms transforming growth factor beta 1 and transforming growth factor beta 3 , connective tissue growth factor , basic fibroblast growth factor , vascular endothelial growth factor , platelet derived growth factor , and tumor necrosis factor alpha in myometrium of lower uterine segment were assessed in 19 otherwise healthy term patients with one previous cesarean delivery who were not in labor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , a downstream mediator of transforming growth factor beta 1 , mediates mesangial cell / fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix production by renal cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Microarray and real time RT PCR analyses revealed activation of matricellular protein genes , including those for thrombospondin 1 , connective tissue growth factor and tenascin C , but not transforming growth factor beta 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
OBJECTIVES : To clarify the correlation of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) expression and fibronectin ( FN ) synthesis after transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) stimulation in human prostate stromal cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) is recognized as a potent downstream mediator of TGF beta 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ; CCN 2 ) is considered to serve as downstream midiator of TGF beta action in tissue fibrosis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
It is interesting that D+SRL was associated with a significant reduction of renal TGF beta 1 and glomerular connective tissue growth factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Renal expression of several genes that encode proteins associated with senescence and / or apoptosis ( TGF beta 1 , connective tissue growth factor , p 53 , alpha synuclein , and forkhead box O 1 ) increases in the same progression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Protein expression of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , and collagens 3 and 4 was detected by immunohistochemistry . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both TGFbeta and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , which is induced by TGFbeta , were expressed in grafts with CR but were not expressed in grafts without CR . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
BACKGROUND : Previous studies found that transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) induces mesothelial production of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , which may be downstream mediators of TGF beta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : Our results demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of the myofibroblast marker alpha SMA in cells from one HGF family ( designed as HGF Family 2 ) , which are also characterized by an elevated expression of type 1 collagen , TGF beta 1 and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) is the most potent fibrogenic cytokine while connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) mediates the production of TGF beta induced ECM in activated HSC . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As compared with DS / L rats , DS / H rats showed higher levels of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , p22phox and gp91phox mRNA expression , NADPH oxidase activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance ( TBARS ) contents in LV tissues . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Renal cortical and medullary mRNA expression of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) as well as the collagen contents were increased in aldosterone / salt treated hypertensive rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , Smad 3 , and Smad 7 are TGF beta target genes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The glomerular basement membrane was significantly thinned ( 167 versus 200 nm in wild type ) in 30 wk old mice , coinciding with focal glomerulosclerosis , tubulointerstitial fibrosis , and increased levels of TGF beta and connective tissue growth factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In sera of patients with CLD , we determined the concentration of connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , a secreted downstream mediator of the potent fibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Before and after transfection , real time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction , immunostaining , and Western blotting were used to examine the transcription and / or protein levels of SPARC , connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) , type 1 collagen , type 2 collagen , TGFbeta receptor 1 ( TGFbetaR 1 ) , and Smad 3 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Gene expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) and connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) was characterized with real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : CCN 2 was produced by activated PSCs , and its levels were enhanced by transforming growth factor beta 1 treatment . ^^^ CCN 2 promoter activity was stimulated by transforming growth factor beta 1 , platelet derived growth factor , alcohol , or acetaldehyde . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The induction of CCN 2 by TGFbeta 1 involves Ets 1 . ^^^ Endogenous Ets 1 binds this element of the CCN 2 promoter , and dominant negative Ets 1 and specific Ets 1 small interfering RNA block induction of CCN 2 expression by TGFbeta . ^^^ In the absence of added TGFbeta 1 , Ets 1 , but not the related fli 1 , synergizes with Smad 3 to activate the CCN 2 promoter . ^^^ Our results are consistent with the notion that Smad 3 and Ets 1 cooperate in the induction of the CCN 2 promoter by TGFbeta 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CCN 2 is induced by transforming growth factor beta ( TGFbeta ) in fibroblasts and is overexpressed in connective tissue disease . ^^^ CCN 2 has been proposed to be a downstream mediator of TGFbeta action in fibroblasts ; however , the role of CCN 2 in regulating this process unclear . ^^^ By using embryonic fibroblasts isolated from ccn 2 / mice , we showed that CCN 2 is required for a subset of responses to TGFbeta . ^^^ Affymetrix genome wide expression profiling revealed that 942 transcripts were induced by TGFbeta greater than 2 fold in ccn2+ / + fibroblasts , of which 345 were not induced in ccn 2 / fibroblasts , including pro adhesive and matrix remodeling genes . ^^^ Whereas TGFbeta properly induced a generic Smad 3 responsive promoter in ccn 2 / fibroblasts , TGFbeta induced activation of focal adhesion kinase ( FAK ) and Akt was reduced in ccn 2 / fibroblasts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TGF beta stimulation resulted in displacement of Fli 1 from the CCN 2 promoter and a transient inhibition of Fli 1 synthesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In the present study , we demonstrate that human foreskin fibroblasts produce high levels of CTGF mRNA and protein after activation with transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) but not other growth factors including PDGF , epidermal growth factor , and basic fibroblast growth factor . ^^^ Because of the high level selective induction of CTGF by TGF beta , it appears that CTGF is a major autocrine growth factor produced by TGF beta treated human skin fibroblasts . ^^^ Cycloheximide did not block the large TGF beta stimulation of CTGF gene expression , indicating that it is directly regulated by TGF beta . ^^^ Similar regulatory mechanisms appear to function in vivo during wound repair where there is a coordinate expression of TGF beta 1 before CTGF in regenerating tissue , suggesting a cascade process for control of tissue regeneration and repair . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We assayed 11 human invasive mammary ductal carcinomas by Northern blot and 7 out of 11 were positive for both CTGF expression and transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 , a principal CTGF inducer ) . ^^^ In every case we assayed , in which there was marked connective tissue involvement , both CTGF and TGF beta 1 messages were found . ^^^ The DMBA murine tumor lacked significant stroma and was negative for CTGF and TGF beta 1 expression by Northern blot , while the stromal rich DMBA MMTV tumor contained multifocal desmoplasia and was positive for both factors . ^^^ We performed in situ hybridization for CTGF and TGF beta 1 on the GI 101 and DMBA MMTV tumors . ^^^ CTGF message was observed only in the fibroblasts of the stroma , while TGF beta 1 mRNA hybridization was present in tumor epithelial cells and leukocytes . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The expression of CTGF in HCS cells was up regulated by the addition of TGF beta or BMP 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
This effect was obviously not mediated by the CTGF inducer transforming growth factor beta 1 , since expression of this factor was down regulated by the glucocorticoid . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The CTGF gene promotor contains a transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) response element . ^^^ Because TGF beta 1 expression is upregulated in several models of fibroproliferative lung disease , we asked whether CTGF is also upregulated in a murine lung fibrosis model and whether CTGF could mediate some of the fibrogenic effects associated with TGF beta 1 . ^^^ There was a greater than twofold increase in CTGF expression in both human and murine lung fibroblasts 2 , 4 , and 24 h after the addition of TGF beta 1 in vitro . ^^^ In vivo differences in the CTGF expression between the two mouse strains were not due to an inherent inability of BALB / c lung fibroblasts to respond to TGF beta 1 because fibroblasts from untreated BALB / c mouse lung upregulated their CTGF message when treated with TGF beta 1 in vitro . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Development of connective tissue fibrosis is prominent ( subpopulations of fibroblasts with disturbed regulation of collagen turnover by TGF beta , CTGF and collagen receptors ( alpha1beta1 , alpha2beta1 ) ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , the only known inducer of CTGF so far , as well as of the CTGF target genes collagen 1 alpha 1 , fibronectin and integrin alpha 5 revealed a strong correlation with the expression of CTGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
By using the ELISA , we confirmed that CTGF was specifically induced in human fibroblasts by TGF beta but not by PDGF , FGF , IGF 1 , or EGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CTGF is an immediate early growth responsive gene that has been shown to be a downstream mediator of TGFbeta actions in fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells . ^^^ TGFbeta increased CTGF transcript levels in 2 / 7 pancreatic cancer cell lines after 4 h of treatment and this elevation was sustained after 24 h . ^^^ Only treatment with TGFbeta was accompanied by a parallel induction of collagen type 1 transcription . 15 / 19 human pancreatic cancer tissues were shown to overexpress high levels of CTGF transcripts . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
High glucose stimulated expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , and addition of TGF beta 1 to mesangial cells triggered CTGF expression . ^^^ CTGF expression induced by high glucose was partially suppressed by anti TGF beta 1 antibody and by the protein kinase C inhibitor GF 109203X . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Intact CTGF was increased by cAMP but not by transforming growth factor beta ( TGFbeta ) . ^^^ CTGF messenger RNA ( mRNA ) was not changed by cAMP nor TGFbeta . ^^^ In the microvessel cells , TGFbeta increased and cAMP did not change CTGF mRNA levels , with neither TGFbeta nor cAMP increasing CTGF protein . ^^^ The discordance between protein and mRNA levels in large vessel and microvessel endothelial cells was mostly explained by the effects of cAMP and TGFbeta on media proteolytic activity ; in large vessel cells , cAMP inhibited degradation of CTGF , whereas in microvessel cells , TGFbeta and cAMP stimulated proteolytic activity against CTGF . ^^^ We conclude that in large vessel endothelial cells , cAMP increased intact CTGF protein by inhibiting degradation of CTGF , whereas TGFbeta stimulated neither CTGF mRNA nor protein ; in microvessel cells , TGFbeta increased CTGF mRNA , while both TGFbeta and cAMP stimulated CTGF degradation . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CTGF mRNA was completely absent in MCF 7 but strongly induced by treatment with transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) . ^^^ TGF beta by itself induced apoptosis in MCF 7 , and this effect was reversed by co treatment with CTGF antisense oligonucleotide . ^^^ Taken together , these results suggest that CTGF is a major inducer of apoptosis in the human breast cancer cell line MCF 7 and that TGF beta induced apoptosis in MCF 7 cells is mediated , in part , by CTGF . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The absence of TGF beta 1 mRNA could indicate that tumour derived factors induce the expression of CTGF . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TGFbeta stimulates CTGF production in both normal and systemic sclerosis fibroblasts with the latter found to be higher producers . ^^^ Moreover , an analysis of constitutive and TGFbeta induced CTGF gene activation showed altered and elevated transcriptional responses in systemic sclerosis cells compared with controls . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
While the significance of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) in liver fibrosis is well established , the role of CTGF in fibrosing hepatopathy is still unknown . ^^^ Northern blot analysis was used to examine the concomitant expression of CTGF and TGF beta 1 mRNAs , and the cellular localization of CTGF mRNA was studied by in situ hybridization . ^^^ RESULTS : Northern blot analysis showed 6 . 5 fold enhanced expression of CTGF mRNA and 7 . 8 fold enhanced expression of TGF beta 1 mRNA in liver cirrhosis in comparison with normal controls ( p < 0 . 01 ) . ^^^ There was a strong correlation between CTGF mRNA and TGF beta 1 mRNA as well as the degree of fibrosis ( p < 0 . 01 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Induction of CTGF mRNA was transient with maximal expression after 1 to 2 h , whereas induction of CTGF by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) increased over time . ^^^ Inhibition of proteins of the Rho family by toxin B abrogated basal as well as CTGF expression stimulated by LPA , 5 HT , and TGF beta . ^^^ Inhibition of the downstream mediator of RhoA , the Rho kinase by Y 27632 partially reduced induction of CTGF by LPA and TGF beta . ^^^ Proteins of the Rho family and an intact cytoskeleton were identified as critical determinants of CTGF expression induced by LPA and 5 HT , and also by TGF beta . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CTGF is transcriptionally activated by several factors although its stimulation by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) has attracted considerable attention . ^^^ CTGF acts to promote fibroblast proliferation , migration , adhesion , and extracellular matrix formation , and its overproduction is proposed to play a major role in pathways that lead to fibrosis , especially those that are TGF beta dependent . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Several lines of evidence suggest that CTGF is an important pro fibrotic molecule in renal disease and that CTGF contributes to TGF beta bioactivity in this setting . ^^^ In model systems in vitro , mesangial cell CTGF expression is induced by high extracellular glucose , cyclic mechanical strain and TGF beta . ^^^ Recombinant human CTGF augments the production of fibronectin and type 4 collagen by mesangial cells and the effects of high glucose on mesangial cell CTGF expression and matrix production are attenuated , in part , by anti TGF beta antibody . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To elucidate the role of CTGF in fibrovascular proliferative retinopathy , we investigated the regulation of CTGF gene expression in a cell line of retinal vascular endothelial cells ( RVEC ) stimulated with fetal calf serum ( FCS ) and angiogenic growth factors , including vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF ) , platelet derived growth factor BB ( PDGF BB ) , endothelial growth factor ( EGF ) , transforming growth factor beta 1 and beta 3 ( TGF beta 1 , TGF beta 3 ) , and insulin like growth factor 1 ( IGF 1 ) . ^^^ RESULTS : FCS , TGF beta 1 , TGF beta 3 , bFGF , and EGF induced an upregulation of CTGF gene expression in RVEC in a time dependent manner . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In vitro evidence for differential involvement of CTGF , TGFbeta , and PDGF BB in mesangial response to injury . ^^^ The kinetics of CTGF mRNA expression in anti Thy 1 . 1 nephritis suggested that CTGF regulation might contribute to glomerular response to injury downstream of transforming growth factor beta ( TGFbeta ) . ^^^ The present in vitro study addresses the possible role of CTGF in these different aspects of mesangial response to injury , and how CTGF activity might relate to effects of TGFbeta and platelet derived growth factor BB ( PDGF BB ) . ^^^ METHODS AND RESULTS : Immunostaining and ELISA showed that alphaSMA expression and transformation of MC into myofibroblast like cells was induced by TGFbeta , but not affected by PDGF BB , CTGF , or neutralizing anti CTGF antibodies . [ ( 3 ) H ] thymidine incorporation and Ki 67 staining demonstrated that , unlike PDGF BB , neither CTGF nor TGFbeta induced the proliferation of MC . ^^^ In contrast , both CTGF and TGFbeta induced MC migration , as evidenced by approximation of wound edges in scrape wounded , non proliferating rat MC monolayers . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Tissue sections were subjected to peroxidase immunohistochemistry and were stained with CTGF and TGF beta 1 polyclonal primary antibodies . ^^^ No strong association of CTGF staining with TGF beta 1 or CD 31 staining was found . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , exposure to TGF beta , increased glucose concentrations , or cyclic mechanical strain , all causal factors in glomerulosclerosis , markedly induced the expression of CTGF transcripts . ^^^ TGF beta also induced abundant quantities of a small molecular weight form of CTGF ( 18 kDa ) . ^^^ The induction of CTGF protein by a high glucose concentration was mediated by TGF beta , since a TGF beta neutralizing antibody blocked this stimulation . ^^^ These results suggest that CTGF upregulation is an important factor in the pathogenesis of mesangial matrix accumulation in both diabetic and non diabetic glomerulosclerosis , acting downstream of TGF beta . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : Both TNF alpha and TGF beta 1 could stimulate the expression of CTGF mRNA in HSC . ^^^ TGF beta 1 could induce the mRNA expression for CTGF just after 6 hours of treatment at 1microgram / L concentration . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Induction of CTGF mRNA was observed after treatment of the cells with transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) or , even more prominently , lysophosphatidic acid ( LPA ) . ^^^ Interference with RhoA signaling similarly inhibited the induction of CTGF by TGF beta . ^^^ The data thus demonstrate the regulatory functions of the small GTPase RhoA and of an intact cytoskeleton in the expression of CTGF after stimulation with LPA or TGF beta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Culture of primary human mesangial cells for 14 days in high glucose , or in low glucose supplemented with recombinant CTGF or transforming growth factor beta 1 , markedly increased CTGF mRNA levels and fibronectin synthesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
When coinjected subcutaneously with transforming growth factor beta ( TGFbeta ) , CTGF promotes sustained fibrosis in rats . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Human squamous cell carcinoma ( A 431 ) xenografts induced only a low level of neovascularization . ( 2 ) CTGF mRNA was strongly expressed in MDA 231 and in HT 1080 cells in vivo and in vitro , but not in A 431 cells . ( 3 ) CTGF protein was markedly produced in MDA 231 cells and HT 1080 cells and secreted into culture medium , and its production was greater during phases of growth rather than confluency . ( 4 ) Production of CTGF in bovine aorta endothelial cells was induced by CTGF , VEGF , bFGF and TGF beta . ( 5 ) Neovascularization induced by HT 1080 cells or MDA 231 cells on chicken chorioallantoic membrane was suppressed in the presence of neutralizing CTGF specific polyclonal antibody . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Mechanical stress was absolutely required for sustained high level expression ; TGF beta , which is also known to stimulate CTGF synthesis , was not sufficient on its own . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Many of these gene products are associated with developmental pathways including those of TGF beta ( Lefty A , NMA , follistatin ) , homeo domain ( HoxD 1 , Meis 2 , Meis 1 , Gbx 2 ) , IGF ( IGFBP 3 , IGFBP 6 , CTGF ) , Notch ( manic fringe , ADAM 11 ) , Hedgehog ( patched ) and Wnt ( Frat 2 , secreted frizzled related protein 1 ) signaling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) strongly stimulated CTGF mRNA expression , a direct mechanism observed in the absence of any intermediate protein synthesis . ^^^ PDGF induced CTGF stimulation might be related in part to TGF beta 1 secretion because CTGF mRNA up regulation observed after PDGF BB stimulation was abrogated in the presence of neutralizing TGF beta 1 antibody . ^^^ Transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) strongly stimulated CTGF mRNA expression , a direct mechanism observed in the absence of any intermediate protein synthesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The TGF beta is activated , upregulating expression of CTGF . ^^^ Under the influence of TGF beta and CTGF , RPE become myofibroblastic and fibrosis ensues . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Treatment with TGF beta 1 induced higher expression of MCP 1 but not CTGF in all three types of cells , with C cells being the most responsive . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In conclusion , our data provide evidence that novH is a new target of TGFbeta 1 ; unlike other members of the CCN ( cyr 61 , ctgf , nov ) family , however , its expression is repressed rather than induced . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Relative luciferase activity from a CTGF promoter with mutant TGF beta response element ( TbRE ) was 16 . 9 % lower than that from an intact promoter . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using CTGF antisense oligonucleotides , the results also indicate that the previously identified transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) induced hypertrophy in mesangial cells is CTGF dependent . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , we show that in fibroblasts , activation of the Ras / MEK / ERK pathway is required for the SMAD mediated induction of CTGF by TGFbeta 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TGFbeta induces CTGF through different signaling pathways and a specific TGFbeta responsive element in the CTGF promoter . ^^^ CTGF is thought to act both as a profibrotic marker and as a downstream effector of TGFbeta by mediating at least some of its profibrotic activities . ^^^ CTGF is an interesting target for future antifibrotic therapies as it is conceivable that inhibition of CTGF might block the profibrotic effects of TGFbeta , without affecting TGFbeta ' s anti proliferative and immunosuppressive effects . ^^^ In addition to TGFbeta , a number of other regulators of CTGF expression have been identified , including vascular endothelial growth factor , tumor necrosis factor alpha , shear stress , cell stretch and static pressure , H ( 2 ) O ( 2 ) , O ( 2 ) and NO . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
A growth factor ' downstream ' from the pro fibrotic effects of TGF beta , CTGF , is a likely critical mediator . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , when skin cells are exposed to transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , CTGF is induced in fibroblasts but not in epithelial cells . ^^^ We have begun to investigate the requirements for the fibroblast selective induction of CTGF by TGF beta . ^^^ Now we show that protein kinase C and Ras / MEK / ERK are necessary for the TGF beta induction of the CTGF promoter but not of a generic Smad responsive promoter ( SBE lux ) . ^^^ Induction of the CTGF promoter is antagonized by c Jun or by MEKK 1 , suggesting that a proper balance between the Ras / MEK / ERK and JNK MAPK cascades is necessary for TGF beta induction of CTGF . ^^^ We identify the minimal CTGF promoter element necessary and sufficient to confer TGF beta responsiveness to a heterologous promoter and show that a tandem repeat of a consensus transcription enhancer factor binding element , 5 ' GAGGAATGG 3 ' , is necessary for this induction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Human corneal fibroblasts were incubated with TGF beta 1 , beta 2 , and beta 3 isoforms , and CTGF mRNA and protein were measured . ^^^ Regulation of collagen synthesis by TGF beta and CTGF was assessed in human corneal fibroblasts with a neutralizing antibody and an antisense oligonucleotide to CTGF . ^^^ RESULTS : All three TGF beta isoforms stimulated expression of CTGF in human corneal fibroblasts , and CTGF was immunolocalized in the cells . ^^^ Both TGF beta and CTGF increased collagen synthesis in corneal fibroblasts . ^^^ Furthermore , CTGF antibody or antisense oligonucleotide blocked TGF beta stimulated collagen synthesis . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
The role of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) in fibrosis is well documented , and the emerging understanding that its fibrogenic actions are mediated through CTGF has provided an attractive target molecule for the modulation of matrix overproduction in fibrotic disease . ^^^ Northern and Western blot analysis revealed that CTGF mRNA and protein production by HPMC was up regulated by TGF beta , with mRNA levels significantly increasing above the control ( P < 0 . 01 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CTGF mRNA and protein were located predominantly in areas with leukocyte infiltration , myocardial , and vascular lesions and co localized with TGFbeta ( 1 ) , collagen 1 , and collagen 3 mRNA expressions . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Two of these genes , interleukin 11 and CTGF , encode osteolytic and angiogenic factors whose expression is further increased by the prometastatic cytokine TGF beta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
AGE also interact with specific receptors and binding proteins to influence the expression of growth factors and cytokines , including TGF beta 1 and CTGF , thereby regulating the growth and proliferation of the various renal cell types . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In normal dermal fibroblasts , CTGF is not expressed unless induced by proteins such as tumor growth factor beta ( TGFbeta ) . ^^^ Conversely , in fibroblasts cultured from fibrotic lesions CTGF mRNA and protein are constitutively expressed , even in the absence of exogenously added TGFbeta . ^^^ This element is distinct from the element necessary and sufficient for the induction of CTGF expression by TGFbeta in normal fibroblasts . ^^^ Thus , the constitutive overexpression of CTGF in SSc fibroblasts seems to be independent of TGFbeta signaling but dependent at least in part on Sp1 . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
At various time points , corneas were processed for histology and stained for nuclei , f actin , ED A fibronectin , alpha smooth muscle actin , TGF beta 1 , TGF beta 2 , TGF beta receptor 2 , and CTGF . ^^^ TGF beta 1 , TGF beta 2 , TGF beta receptor 2 , and CTGF were expressed in the band from day 2 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Upregulation of CTGF in this in vitro model was independent of TGF beta secreted into the growth medium . ^^^ We conclude that latent infection of epithelial cells by adenovirus E1A could contribute to airway remodeling in COPD by the viral E1A gene , inducing TGF beta 1 and CTGF expression and shifting cells to a more mesenchymal phenotype . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although TGF beta and CTGF stimulate new matrix deposition , their role and regulation during contractile scarring is unknown . ^^^ In this study , an in vitro model of collagen matrix contraction culminating from tractional forces generated by fibroblasts showed that both TGF beta ( 1 ) and CTGF stimulated contraction . ^^^ Using a specific anti sense oligodeoxynucleotide to CTGF the procontractile activity of TGF beta ( 1 ) was found to be mediated by CTGF . ^^^ During contraction fibroblasts produced similar levels of matrix metalloproteinases ( MMPs ) 2 and 9 with TGF beta ( 1 ) or CTGF and a modest increase in MMP 1 with CTGF only ( indicated by zymography and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ) . ^^^ This study demonstrates a new function for CTGF in mediating matrix contraction by fibroblasts involving MMPs and suggests a novel regulatory mechanism for TGF beta stimulated contraction . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Both TGF beta and PDGF BB strongly stimulated extracellular matrix synthesis in association with up regulation of endogenous CTGF , but TGF beta showed a predominant role . ^^^ In addition , blockade of endogenous CTGF using an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide significantly attenuated both TGF beta and PDGF BB induced extracellular matrix synthesis . ^^^ CTGF mediated matrix production via the TGF beta or PDGF BB pathway in PECs may , in part , play a role in the progression of scar formation in crescents . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We have demonstrated that both CTGF and IGF 1 expressions were increased in renal fibroblasts under hyperglycemic conditions , also in the absence of TGF beta signaling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
As expression of this protein is potently induced by transforming growth factor beta ( TGFbeta ) , it has been hypothesized that CTGF mediates several of the downstream actions of TGFbeta . ^^^ In particular , CTGF is profibrotic , as CTGF is overexpressed in fibrotic disease and synergizes with TGFbeta to promote sustained fibrosis in vivo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In this study , we analyzed the impact of strategies targeting the IGF IR on the regulation of VEGFs , which are of fundamental importance in angiogenesis , and TGFbeta , CTGF and Cyr 61 , which are factors primarily involved in skeletal growth control and angiogenesis . ^^^ IGF 1 increases expression of VEGF A , TGFbeta , CTGF and Cyr 61 mRNA . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Three experiments were performed : ( 1 ) CTGF and transforming growth factor ( TGF ) beta expression were measured quantitatively after GFS , using ELISA . ( 2 ) After GFS conjunctival bleb tissues were immunostained for the presence of CTGF and TGF beta . ( 3 ) Exogenous CTGF was injected into mitomycin C ( MMC ) treated filtering blebs and the scaring response compared to TGF beta and physiological saline injected blebs . ^^^ RESULTS : CTGF and TGF beta were expressed maximally by day 5 after surgery and were both shown to be present in the bleb tissues after GFS . ^^^ The addition of exogenous CTGF and TGF beta increased the rate of failure of GFS blebs . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Although there appears to be an interaction between TGF beta 1 and H 2 relaxin , this does not appear to involve a reduction in CTGF mRNA expression . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Many of the effects of CTGF are thought to be mediated by binding to integrins , whereas others may be because of its recently identified ability to interact with BMP 4 and TGF beta . ^^^ This interaction is likely to occur through the C terminal ( CT ) domain of CTGF , which is distinct from the BMP and TGF beta interacting domain . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Simvastatin reduces basal CTGF gene and protein expression in all fibroblast lines , overriding TGF beta induction through inhibition of the cholesterol synthesis pathway . ^^^ Signaling pathways driving simvastatin ' s effects on CTGF / TGF beta interaction were evaluated using transient reporter transfection of a CTGF promoter construct . ^^^ Inhibition of CTGF promoter activity by simvastatin was most marked at 10 muM concentration , reducing activity by 76 . 2 and 51 . 8 % over TGF beta stimulated cultures in IPF and normal fibroblasts , respectively . ^^^ Indeed , the specific Rho inhibitor C 3 exotoxin significantly ( P < 0 . 05 ) suppressed TGF beta induced CTGF promoter activity in transfected lung fibroblasts , a finding further supported by transfection of dominant negative and constitutively active RhoA constructs , thus demonstrating that simvastatin through a Rho signaling mechanism in lung fibroblasts can modulate CTGF expression and interaction with TGF beta . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of these molecules and CTGF itself was markedly up regulated by treatment with transforming growth factor beta 1 , a chondrogenic factor . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , the observed Hif 1 mediated hypoxic stimulation of Ctgf expression was found to occur independently of TGF beta ( 1 ) signaling . ^^^ Our findings have important implications for a number of fibrotic disorders in which hypoxia , CTGF , and TGF beta ( 1 ) are involved , including renal , dermal , hepatic , and pulmonary fibrosis . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CTGF expression is up regulated in a number of fibrotic diseases , including diabetic nephropathy , where it is believed to act as a downstream mediator of TGF beta function ; however , the exact mechanisms whereby CTGF mediates its effects remain unclear . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Using rat myoblasts as a model system , we have assessed the role of endoglin on regulating CTGF expression and ECM synthesis and accumulation in the presence or absence of TGF beta 1 . ^^^ TGF beta 1 treatment induced an increase in CTGF expression and collagen synthesis and accumulation in L6E9 myoblasts . ^^^ CONCLUSION : These results demonstrate that endoglin expression negatively regulates basal and TGF beta 1 induced CTGF and collagen expression and synthesis . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
IE 1 dependent stimulation of CTGF was partially mediated by TGF beta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
These genes encode for transcription factors ( EGR 1 and FOS ) , growth factors or related proteins ( CTGF , CYR 61 , CX3CL1 , TGFB 1 , and PDGFRA ) , and extracellular matrix protein ( COL1A1 ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
AGE treatment also significantly increased both TGF beta 1 and CTGF mRNA expression ; however , inhibition of TGF beta 1 mRNA expression by shRNA or neutralization of TGF beta 1 protein by anti TGF beta 1 antibody did not significantly prevent AGE increased expression of CTGF mRNA and protein . ^^^ These results suggest that AGE induced CTGF expression , predominantly through a TGF beta 1 independent pathway , plays a critical role in renal ECM accumulation leading to diabetic nephropathy . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Simvastatin significantly inhibited ( P < 0 . 05 ) CTGF gene and protein expression , overriding the induction by transforming growth factor beta 1 , a known potent inducer of CTGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We hypothesise that TGF beta acts on peritoneal mesothelial cells ( PMC ) via VEGF and CTGF as downstream mediators . ^^^ The CTGF mRNA expression and protein level of PMC was slightly increased at low concentration of TGF beta ( 50 pg / ml ) but decreased at a higher concentration ( 100 pg / ml or above ) . ^^^ The effect of TGF beta on PMC CTGF , but not VEGF , gene expression was inhibited by Smad decoy oligodeoxynucleotide . ^^^ Furthermore , CTGF gene expression in TGF beta stimulated PMC was inhibited by co administration of recombinant VEGF . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : Our data demonstrate that TGF beta induces PMC production of VEGF and CTGF via different signalling pathways . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : Oxidative stress induced mRNA expression of VEGF , CTGF , and TGF beta by RPE cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Expression of Smad 3 did not stimulate type 2 collagen synthesis or enhance that caused by TGF beta 1 or TAK1a , in contrast to its effects on its endogenous targets , CTGF and plasminogen activated inhibitor 1 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
On the mRNA level , TGF beta 1 , CTGF , and PDGF were decreased by rapamycin . p 27 and p 21 mRNA did not differ . ^^^ This is paralleled by decreased levels of TGF beta 1 , CTGF , and PDGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To explore if CTGF and collagen 1 are downstream targets for regulation by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , mesangial cells were treated with various concentration of TGF beta for 24 hours . ^^^ TGF beta produced a concentration dependent increase in the protein levels of CTGF and collagen 1 . ^^^ The increase in CTGF and collagen 1 induced by LDL was significantly inhibited by neutralizing anti TGF beta antibodies . ^^^ Inhibition of p 38 ( mapk ) or p42 / 44 ( mapk ) activities did not affect LDL induced TGF beta 1 , CTGF , and collagen 1 expression , whereas inhibition of c Jun NH 2 terminal kinase ( JNK ) suppressed LDL induced TGF beta , CTGF , and collagen 1 expression . ^^^ CONCLUSION : These findings implicate JNK pathway and TGF beta 1 as key players in LDL signaling leading to CTGF and collagen 1 expression in mesangial cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TGF beta , CTGF , and fibronectin mRNA were upregulated in the disease control group , and TJ 114 suppressed these mRNA expressions in glomeruli . ^^^ CONCLUSION : These results suggest that TJ 114 ameliorates ECM accumulation in experimental rat MsPGN , partly suppressing TGF beta and CTGF expression through the recovery of SOD activity . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Smad proteins are involved in Ang 2 induced CTGF and ECM overexpression independently of TGF beta . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
AT ( 1 ) double knockout mice show activation of Th 1 dependent pathways ( with increased expression of IFN alpha , IL 2 mRNA ) with increased expression of both monocyte ( MCP 1 mRNA ) and T cell ( RANTES mRNA ) chemokines , infiltration of CD 4 ( + ) and CD11b ( + ) cells , increased fibrosis associated mediators ( CTGF , TGF beta and TNF alpha mRNA ) and extracellular matrix ( collagens 1 and 3 mRNA and protein ) deposition compared with controls ( P < 0 . 05 for all markers ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RESULTS : CTGF was found to be up regulated at both the RNA and protein levels and occurred concurrently with an up regulation of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) . ^^^ Iloprost administration blocked CTGF induction in treated animals but did not affect TGF beta 1 expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Modulation of the TGFbeta / Smad signaling pathway in mesangial cells by CTGF / CCN2 . ^^^ We show that CTGF enhances the TGFbeta / Smad signaling pathway by transcriptional suppression of Smad 7 following rapid and sustained induction of the transcription factor TIEG 1 . ^^^ CTGF enhanced TGFbeta induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad 2 and Smad 3 in mesangial cells . ^^^ CTGF enhanced TGFbeta stimulated transcription of the SBE 4 Luc reporter gene and this was markedly reduced by TIEG 1 antisense oligonucleotides . ^^^ Expression of the TGFbeta responsive genes PAI 1 and Col 3 over 48 h was maximally stimulated by TGFbeta+CTGF compared to TGFbeta alone , while CTGF alone had no significant effect . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CTGF acts with the pro fibrotic cytokine TGFbeta to promote sustained fibrotic responses in vivo . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TGF beta ( 1 ) , CTGF , and procollagen alpha 1 ( 1 ) mRNA were localized by in situ hybridization , and TGF beta ( 1 ) and CTGF protein levels by immunohistochemistry . ^^^ There were temporal and regional differences in the expression of TGF beta ( 1 ) , CTGF , and collagen after MI . ^^^ Long term ACE inhibition reduced left ventricular mass and decreased fibrosis in the viable myocardium , but had no effect on cardiac TGF beta ( 1 ) or CTGF . ^^^ TGF beta ( 1 ) is involved in the initial , acute phase of inflammation and repair after MI , whereas CTGF is involved in the ongoing fibrosis of the heart . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Furthermore , stimulation of CTGF or thrombospondin by TGFbeta was not reduced by ILK deficiency . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CTGF is a mediator of TGF beta and angiotensin ( Ang ) 2 induced fibrosis . ^^^ The presence of neutralizing transforming growth factor ( TGF ) beta antibody did not modify ET 1 induced CTGF production , showing a TGF beta independent regulation . ^^^ Collectively , our results show that , in cultured VSMCs , ET 1 , independently of TGF beta and through the activation of several intracellular signals via ETA receptors , regulates CTGF . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CTGF has , among other factors , been implicated in mediating the downstream , profibrotic effects of transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) , though is precise role in interstitial fibrogenesis in the diabetic kidney has not yet been clarified . ^^^ RESULTS : We showed that glucose stimulated CTGF expression in cultured mProx 24 in both a dose and a time dependent manner , and that this effect was mediated by increased levels of TGF beta . ^^^ The induction of these molecules was both direct and indirect , the latter induction being mediated by mProx 24 cell derived CTGF , which , in turn , was induced by TGF beta that was produced by the mProx 24 cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Here , it was demonstrated that PTX inhibited not only TGF beta 1 induced CTGF expression but also CTGF induced collagen 1 ( alpha 1 ) [ Col 1 ( alpha 1 ) ] expression in normal rat kidney fibroblasts ( NRK 49F ) and alpha smooth muscle actin expression in normal rat kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells ( NRK 52E ) . ^^^ Activation of Smad3 / 4 was essential for TGF beta 1 induced CTGF transcription , but PTX did not interfere with TGF beta 1 signaling to Smad2 / 3 activation and association with Smad 4 and their nuclear translocation . ^^^ However , PTX was capable of blocking activation of TGF beta 1 induced Smad3 / 4 dependent reporter as well as CTGF promoter , suggesting that PTX affects a factor that acts cooperatively with Smad3 / 4 to execute transcriptional activation . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
RT PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of BMP 7 and TGF beta ( 1 ) downstream effector genes : CTGF and Smad 6 . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TGF beta 1 stimulated CTGF message expression in nontumor promoting prostate stromal cells . ^^^ These data suggest that CTGF is a downstream mediator of TGF beta 1 action in cancer associated reactive stroma and is likely to be one of the key regulators of angiogenesis in the tumor reactive stromal microenvironment . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Light microscopic immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect CTGF , transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) , vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , pancytokeratin , and smooth muscle actin ( SMA ) . ^^^ Immunohistochemical analysis of serial sections revealed colocalization of CTGF with TGF beta 1 and VEGF ; colocalization of CTGF with pancytokeratin and SMA was also found . ^^^ Colocalized TGF beta 1 and VEGF may also contribute the upregulation of CTGF . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
To explore the mechanisms by which LDL regulates CTGF and collagen 4 expression in HAECs , we determined first if CTGF and collagen 4 are downstream targets for regulation by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF beta ) . ^^^ The results demonstrated that TGF beta produced a concentration dependent increase in the protein levels of CTGF . ^^^ To assess whether the induction of CTGF in response to LDL is mediated via autocrine activation of TGF beta , HAECs were treated with LDL for 24 h in the presence and absence of anti TGF beta neutralizing antibodies ( anti TGF beta NA ) . ^^^ The results demonstrated that the increase in CTGF induced by LDL was significantly inhibited by the anti TGF beta NA . ^^^ To investigate the upstream mediators of TGF beta on activity of CTGF in response to LDL , HAECs were treated with LDL for 24 h in the presence and absence of cell permeable MAPK inhibitors . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
We hypothesize that inhibition of alphaI ( 1 ) collagen gene expression in HSCs by curcumin is mediated by suppressing CTGF gene expression through attenuating oxidative stress and interrupting TGF beta signaling . ^^^ Activation of PPAR gamma by curcumin resulted in the interruption of TGF beta signaling by suppressing gene expression of TGF beta receptors , leading to inhibition of CTGF gene expression . ^^^ De novo synthesis of cellular GSH was a prerequisite for curcumin to interrupt TGF beta signaling and inhibited gene expression of CTGF and alphaI ( 1 ) collagen in activated HSCs . ^^^ Taken together , our results demonstrate that inhibition of alphaI ( 1 ) collagen gene expression by curcumin in activated HSCs results from suppression of CTGF gene expression through increasing cellular GSH contents and interruption of TGF beta signaling . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Northern and Western blot analyses revealed that TGF beta , BMP 2 , and cortisol increased CYR 61 and CTGF mRNA and protein levels . ^^^ Nuclear run on assays revealed that TGF beta , BMP 2 and cortisol enhanced CYR 61 and CTGF transcription , TGF beta and BMP 2 induced and cortisol suppressed WISP 1 , and TGF beta induced WISP 2 transcription . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
TGF beta promoted fibroblast CTGF , fibronectin , and type 1 collagen expression and enhanced fibroblast contractile activity . ^^^ Inhibition of PKC reduced basal collagen expression and contractile activity in Crohn ' s fibroblasts and attenuated the effect of TGF beta on fibroblast CTGF , fibronectin , and collagen 1 expression as well as fibroblast contractility . ^^^ ERK 1 / 2 inhibition had a similar effect on TGF beta induced CTGF and fibronectin expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
CTGF can be induced by TGF beta via the SMAD pathway ; however , the c Maf could not induce TGF beta , nor could TGF beta induce the c Maf , suggesting that activation of CTGF by Maf is TGF beta independent . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Six weeks after CCl 4 injection , prominent upregulations were observed in the gene expressions of CTGF , type 1 , 3 collagen , laminin , tissue inhibitor metal proteinase 1 ( TIMP 1 ) and transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) in saline or control siRNA treated rats livers . ^^^ Administrating CTGF siRNA for 4 or 6 weeks , by contrast , markedly attenuated the induction of CTGF , type 1 , 3 collagen , laminin , TIMP 1 and TGF beta 1 genes , whereas Smad 2 , 7 gene expression was not affected . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : Silencing CTGF expression with siRNA demonstrates therapeutic potential to prevent liver fibrosis by inhibiting HSC activation with consequent extracellular matrix accumulation and the upregulation of TGF beta 1 gene expression . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
However , aldosterone treatment did not induce transforming growth factor ( TGF ) beta 1 overproduction , and inhibition of TGF beta 1 by neutralization of TGF beta 1 protein did not significantly prevent aldosterone induced CTGF production . ^^^ These results suggest that the antifibrotic effects of spironolactone may be mediated by CTGF through a TGF beta 1 independent pathway in this animal model of diabetic nephropathy . . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Moreover , transforming growth factor beta 1 caused a further increase in CTGF expression in these cells . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Serum deprivation inhibited cyclin D 1 expression , which was restored following treatment with fibrogenic growth factors ( TGF beta 1 and CTGF ) . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
Increased expression of transforming growth factor beta [ TGFbeta ) and epidermal growth factor [ EGF ] occurs in the epithelium and submucosal cells ; gene array studies reveal an excess of TGFbeta 1 , CTGF and PDGFRA in COPD . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
In normal and strictured Crohn ' s fibroblasts , culture with TGF beta increased CTGF protein and mRNA expression . ^^^ Co culture of normal fibroblasts with TNF alpha suppressed TGF beta stimulated CTGF expression . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
METHODS : Airway smooth muscle cells from individuals with and without asthma were stimulated with TGF beta with or without the drugs and CTGF and ECM protein expression measured by real time PCR , cell surface , or matrix associated ELISA . ^^^ RESULTS : Neither corticosteroids nor long acting beta ( 2 ) agonists reduced TGF beta induced CTGF , collagen 1 , or fibronectin in either cell type , whereas corticosteroids alone induced the expression of CTGF , collagen 1 , and fibronectin . ^^^ These drugs did not prevent the accumulation of TGF beta induced proteins in bronchial rings , whereas the PDE 4 inhibitor roflumilast inhibited TGF beta induced CTGF , collagen 1 , and fibronectin . ^^^
Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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Interacting proteins: P29279 and P01137	Pubmed	SVM Score :0.0
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