| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Expression of homeobox genes Msx 1 ( Hox 7 ) and Msx 2 ( Hox 8 ) during cardiac development in the chick . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Msx 1 and Msx 2 are normally expressed in the interdigital tissue programmed to die . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Expression of Msx 1 and Msx 2 , growth factors and syndecan continues into the condensation phase . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These genes included BMP 2 , BMP 4 , Msx 1 , Msx 2 , 5 ' members of Hox complexes , Bcl 2 , Bax , and p 53 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| More specifically , Msx 1 , Msx 2 , and Dlx 2 homeobox genes contribute to the initial patterning of the dentition . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In the Msx 1 ; Msx 2 , double mutant mouse , eye development arrests early in embryogenesis . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Unexpectedly , blocking RA synthesis decreased rather than increased Msx 1 , Msx 2 , and Bmp 4 expression . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Mouse Msx 1 gene , orthologous of the Drosophila msh , is involved in several developmental processes . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We have studied the expression patterns of the newly isolated homeobox gene , Hox 8 by in situ hybridisation to sections of the developing heads of mouse embryos between E 9 and E17 . 5 , and compared them to Hox 7 expression patterns in adjacent sections . ^^^ This reciprocity of expression suggests an interactive role between Hox 7 , Hox 8 and other genes in regulating epithelial mesenchymal interactions during dental differentiation . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The apical ectodermal ridge regulates Hox 7 and Hox 8 gene expression in developing chick limb buds . ^^^ We show that expression of the two related chicken homeo box genes , Hox 7 and Hox 8 , which is widespread in the lateral mesoderm at early stages , becomes restricted to the mesoderm underlying the apical ectodermal ridge as limbs develop . ^^^ Therefore , Hox 7 and Hox 8 depend on a functional ridge for their continued expression in the limb bud and can be induced by it . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The amino acid sequence of the msh homeobox domain is highly homologous to the homeodomains of the Drosophila S 59 and empty spiracles genes and the Hox 7 and Hox 8 family of vertebrate homeobox genes . ^^^ Thus the similarity of Drosophila msh expression to that of the homologous vertebrate Hox 7 and Hox 8 genes together with the effects of ectopic expression of msh in the mesoderm suggest a role for the msh like family of genes in mesodermal and muscle differentiation and patterning . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| An alignment of the homeobox sequences of previously characterized members of the msh family revealed three subclasses : Hox 7 like genes , Hox 8 like genes , and msh like genes . ^^^ Both the Hox 7 like genes and Hox 8 like genes are present throughout the vertebrates . ^^^ We isolated a gene with greater sequence similarity to mouse Hox 8 than to members of the Hox 7 or msh subfamilies , demonstrating that the Hox 8 subfamily has been in existence at least since the echinoderms diverged from the lineage that gave rise to the chordates . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Taken together , our data suggest that the expression of Msx 1 , but not Msx 2 , not only requires factors from the limb ectoderm , but also relies upon cues from local cell interactions and that the spatial distribution of inductive capacities in limb ectoderm differs between the avian and murine systems . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Homeobox genes Msx 1 and Msx 2 are associated with induction and growth of skin appendages . ^^^ To identify molecules involved in the induction and growth of skin appendages , we studied the expression of two homeobox genes , Msx 1 and Msx 2 , during embryonic chicken skin development . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We report that during mouse fetal development transcripts of Msx 1 and Msx 2 become progressively restricted to cells that will form more distal digit structures ; the Msx 2 expression domain is always more distal than Msx 1 . ^^^ At birth both Msx 1 and Msx 2 are expressed in cells of the nail bed and hair follicle . ^^^ We have found that the regenerative ability of mouse digit tips is restricted to levels in which the amputation plane is within the region of Msx 1 , but not Msx 2 , expression in early fetal digits and to levels where both Msx 1 and Msx 2 are expressed in late fetal and neonatal digits . ^^^ In both fetal and neonatal digits , we find that both Msx 1 and Msx 2 are expressed during regeneration , but not during wound healing associated with proximal amputations where no regenerative response is observed . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Comparison of expression of the msx 1 , msx 2 , BMP 2 and BMP 4 genes in the mouse upper diastemal and molar tooth primordia . ^^^ By in situ hybridization we investigated the expression patterns of the msx 1 , msx 2 , BMP 2 and BMP 4 genes , supposed to regulate early tooth development , in day 10 14 mouse embryonic upper diastema and molar regions , using 49 series of frontal sections . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In early tooth germ , bone morphogenetic proteins BMP 2 and BMP 4 regulate expression of the homeobox containing genes Msx 1 and Msx 2 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Screening of a bovine odontoblast cDNA library from developing incisor with murine Msx 1 and Msx 2 cDNA probes led to the isolation of three positive clones . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Gene defect in hypodontia : exclusion of MSX 1 and MSX 2 as candidate genes . ^^^ Homeobox genes MSX 1 and MSX 2 are expressed in presumptive dental tissues at the stage of initiation of tooth development . ^^^ Here , we studied the relationship of the MSX 1 and MSX 2 genes to familial hypodontia in five Finnish families with a total of 20 affected individuals , by linkage analysis . ^^^ The pairwise lod scores regarding the intragenic microsatellites in the MSX 1 and MSX 2 genes at a recombination fraction of 0 . 0 were 3 . 1 and 3 . 0 , respectively , thus excluding these genes as causative loci for hypodontia in these families . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In this study , both wild type and mutant Msx 2 were shown to specifically bind to a DNA sequence previously identified as a high affinity binding site for the related homeodomain protein Msx 1 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Experimental analysis of Msx 1 and Msx 2 gene expression during chick mandibular morphogenesis . ^^^ We have examined the expression of the homeobox related genes Msx 1 and Msx 2 during the development of the chick mandibular arch . ^^^ Northern blot hybridization indicates that transcripts for both Msx 1 ( 1 . 6 Kb ) and Msx 2 ( 3 Kb ) are present in the mandibular arch as early as stage 18 . ^^^ These results are consistent with the possibility that Msx 1 may be involved in the outgrowth of the mandibular arch and Msx 2 may be involved in both developmentally programmed cell death and delineating the non chondrogenic region of the medial part of the mandibular arch . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We detected a series of related specific protein DNA interactions , a subset of which were inhibited by antibodies directed against the Msx 1 homeodomain but which also recognize the Msx 2 homeodomain . ^^^ Our results show that the sequence requirements for binding the Msx 1 or Msx 2 homeodomain closely parallel those necessary for osteocalcin gene promoter activity in vivo . ^^^ Northern blot analysis of several bone related cell types showed that all of the cells expressed msx 1 , whereas msx 2 expression was restricted to cells transcribing osteocalcin . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Screening of a bovine odontoblast cDNA library and a human dental pulp derived cells library with murine Msx 1 and Msx 2 cDNA probes led to the isolation of several positive clones . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Differential expression of homeobox containing genes Msx 1 and Msx 2 and homeoprotein Msx 2 expression during chick craniofacial development . ^^^ The expression pattern of chick Msx 1 and Msx 2 homeobox genes in craniofacial primordia was examined by in situ hybridization using cRNA probes . ^^^ Both genes were expressed in the distal region of the facial primordia , where the distribution of Msx 2 expression was restricted distally within the Msx 1 expression domain . ^^^ On the contrary , Msx 2 expression in the lateral choroid plexus and cranial skull was broader and more intensive than Msx 1 expression . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We used recombinant limbs to study expression of Msx 1 and Msx 2 and 5 ' Hoxd genes in limb development . ^^^ Detectable mesodermal expression of Msx 1 and Msx 2 was lost during preparation of the recombinants . ^^^ The normal anterior pattern of Msx 1 and Msx 2 was never reestablished . ^^^ The roles Msx 1 and Msx 2 play in limb patterning are at present not clear . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Epithelial mesenchymal interactions are required for msx 1 and msx 2 gene expression in the developing murine molar tooth . ^^^ The murine homologues of this gene , msx 1 and msx 2 are expressed in the developing craniofacial complex including the branchial arches , especially in regions of epithelial mesenchymal organogenesis including the developing tooth . ^^^ In homotypic recombinants , dental type tissue interactions occur , leading to expression of both genes in a manner similar to that seen during in vivo development . msx 1 is expressed exclusively in mesenchyme , both in the dental papilla and follicle . msx 2 is expressed in the dental epithelium and only in the mesenchyme of the dental papilla . ^^^ The expression of msx 1 and msx 2 in dental mesenchyme requires the presence of epithelium until the early bell stage . ^^^ However , whereas non dental , oral epithelium is capable of maintaining expression of msx 1 in dental mesenchyme throughout tooth development , induction of msx 2 was temporally restricted suggesting regulation by a specific epithelial mesenchymal interaction related to the inductive events of tooth formation . msx 1 and msx 2 , as putative transcription factors , may play a role in regulating the expression of other genes during tooth formation . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Moreover , three transcription factors ( Msx 1 , Msx 2 , and Egr 1 ) whose expression is governed by epithelial signaling were induced in response to BMP 4 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Several classes of genes have been implicated in the control of distal limb development including homeobox containing genes ( MSX 1 , MSX 2 ) some members of the homeobox gene family , and genes encoding growth factors of the FGF , TGF , and PDGF families . ^^^ Candidate genes HOXD , MSX 1 , MSX 2 , FGF 1 , and FGF 2 were excluded in one family . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The implications of these results to the relationships among the wl and ll genes , IGF I / insulin , FGFs , Msx 2 and Msx 1 in the regulation of limb outgrowth is discussed . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Regulated expression of homeobox genes Msx 1 and Msx 2 in mouse mammary gland development suggests a role in hormone action and epithelial stromal interactions . ^^^ The murine homeobox genes Msx 1 and Msx 2 are related to the Drosophila msh gene and are expressed in a variety of tissues during mouse embryogenesis . ^^^ We now report the developmentally regulated expression of Msx 1 and Msx 2 in the mouse mammary gland and show that their expression patterns point toward significant functional roles . ^^^ Msx 1 and Msx 2 transcripts were present in glands of virgin mice and in glands of mice in early pregnancy , but transcripts decreased dramatically during late pregnancy . ^^^ Low levels of Msx 1 transcripts were detected in glands from lactating animals and during the first days of involution , whereas Msx 2 expression was not detected during lactation or early involution . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This inhibition of interdigital cell death was not accompanied by modifications in the pattern of expression of Msx 1 or Msx 2 genes , which in normal development display a domain of expression in the interdigital tissue preceding the onset of degeneration . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This change in the interdigital phenotype was preceded by a precocious ectopic expression of ck erg gene around the bead accompanied by down regulation of bmp 4 , msx 1 and msx 2 gene expression . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In particular , BMPs induce the expression of the homeobox containing transcription factors Msx 1 and Msx 2 in the dental mesenchyme . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Regulation of Msx 1 , Msx 2 , Bmp 2 and Bmp 4 during foetal and postnatal mammary gland development . ^^^ Expression of the Msx 1 and Msx 2 homeobox genes have been shown to be coordinately regulated with the Bmp 2 and Bmp 4 ligands in a variety of developing tissues . ^^^ Expression of Msx 2 , but not Msx 1 , Bmp 2 or Bmp 4 was decreased following ovariectomy , while expression of the human Msx 2 homologue was regulated by 17beta oestradiol in the MCF 7 breast cancer cell line . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Ectopic BMP 4 induced Msx 1 and Msx 2 gene expression in superficial ectoderm and superficial mesodermal cells which normally do not express these transcription factors . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Comparison of MSX 1 and MSX 2 suggests a molecular basis for functional redundancy . ^^^ This study examines the biochemical properties of two members of the murine MSX family , MSX 1 and MSX 2 , which have been implicated to have partially overlapping functions during embryogenesis . ^^^ Our analyses show that MSX 1 and MSX 2 share many features in common including their DNA binding and transcriptional properties . ^^^ In particular , MSX 1 and MSX 2 interact with a common consensus DNA site , and exhibit similar DNA binding site preferences . ^^^ However , MSX 2 has a higher apparent affinity for DNA , and the distinction between MSX 1 and MSX 2 resides in their differing sequences N terminal to the homeodomain . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The mouse homeobox genes Msx 1 and Msx 2 are expressed in several areas of the developing embryo , including the neural tube , neural crest , facial processes and limb buds . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Msx 3 maps to the distal end of mouse chromosome 7 , thus it is unlinked to either Msx 1 or Msx 2 . ^^^ This sole expression domain for Msx 3 overlaps with both Msx 1 and Msx 2 at early stages , but in older embryos , Msx 3 expression becomes restricted to the ventricular zone of the dorsal neural tube , whereas Msx 1 and Msx 2 become localized to the non neuronal roof plate region . ^^^ The absence of detectable levels of Msx 3 expression outside this restricted dorsal region of the developing central nervous system ( CNS ) is in marked contrast to Msx 1 and Msx 2 , which have extensive expression domains in other embryonic tissues , particularly craniofacial structures and the limbs . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This study first shows a striking parallel between the expression patterns of the Bmp 4 , Msx 1 and Msx 2 genes in the lateral ridges of the neural plate before neural tube closure and later on , in the dorsal neural tube and superficial midline ectoderm . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Alterations in Msx 1 and Msx 2 expression correlate with inhibition of outgrowth of chick facial primordia induced by retinoic acid . ^^^ Spatially restricted expression domains of Msx 1 and Msx 2 in the developing chick face suggest that they may play a role in epithelial mesenchymal interactions governing outgrowth of facial primordia . ^^^ Following retinoid treatment , Msx 1 and Msx 2 transcripts are rapidly down regulated in upper beak primordia where outgrowth is inhibited , but remain largely unchanged in lower beak primordia , where outgrowth is unaffected . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We show that expression of Bmp 4 and Bmp 2 is correlated with the expression of Msx 1 and Msx 2 and that ectopic application of BMP 2 and BMP 4 can activate Msx 1 and Msx 2 gene expression in the developing facial primordia . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The expression of Msx 1 and Msx 2 genes was maintained under the ridge indicating a good interaction between the interdigital cells , both dissociated and undissociated , and the apical ridge . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We have previously characterized regions in the developing chick mandible expressing either Msx 1 or Msx 2 in terms of their chondrogenic potential , rates of cell proliferation , and their correlation with regions of cell death . ^^^ These experiments suggest that Msx 1 may be involved in outgrowth of the mandibular arch , and Msx 2 may be involved in delineating the non chondrogenic region of the medial part of the mandibular arch . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Finally , we show that the expression patterns of representative Msx and Dlx genes ( Msx 1 , Msx 2 , Dlx 2 , and Dlx 5 ) overlap in mouse embryogenesis during limb bud and craniofacial development , consistent with the potential for their protein products to interact in vivo . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Disruption of Msx 1 and Msx 2 reveals roles for these genes in craniofacial , eye , and axial development . ^^^ In mouse embryos , the muscle segment homeobox genes , Msx 1 and Msx 2 are expressed during critical stages of neural tube , neural crest , and craniofacial development , suggesting that these genes play important roles in organogenesis and cell differentiation . ^^^ Injections of Msx 2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides produced similar malformations as those targeting Msx 1 , with the exception that there was an increase in number and severity of neural tube and somite defects . ^^^ Embryos injected with the combination of Msx 1 + Msx 2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides showed no novel abnormalities , suggesting that the genes do not operate in a redundant manner . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Msx 1 and Msx 2 are two closely related homeobox containing genes that are expressed at sites where cellular proliferation and programmed cell death occur , including the developing limb and the cephalic neural crest . ^^^ Tissue interactions are necessary for the maintenance of Msx 1 and Msx 2 expression and programmed cell death . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To investigate the reason for this limited phenotype , we compared the pattern of Msx 1 expression with that of the closely related Msx 2 gene in wild type embryos and in Msx 1 / mutants . ^^^ Notably , whereas the expression of Msx 1 and Msx 2 overlap in the developing limb , this is not the case in the facial regions most affected in the mutant . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Expression of Msx 1 and Msx 2 has been studied during development of the osteoblast phenotype , but the role of Dlx in this context and in the regulation of bone expressed genes is unknown . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Although these genes share structural features common to all Msx genes , phylogenetic analyses of protein sequences indicate that the msx genes from zebrafish are not orthologous to the Msx 1 and Msx 2 genes of mammals , birds , and amphibians . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The human homeobox genes MSX 1 , MSX 2 , and MOX 1 are differentially expressed in the dermis and epidermis in fetal and adult skin . ^^^ We identified three non HOX homeobox genes , MSX 1 , MSX 2 , and MOX 1 , which were differentially expressed in fetal and adult human skin . ^^^ MSX 1 and MSX 2 were detected in the epidermis , hair follicles , and fibroblasts of the developing fetal skin by in situ hybridization . ^^^ In contrast , MSX 1 and MSX 2 expression in adult skin was confined to epithelially derived structures . ^^^ While Msx 1 was detected in the cell nucleus of both fetal and adult skin ; Msx 2 was detected as a diffuse cytoplasmic signal in fetal epidermis and portions of the hair follicle and dermis , but was localized to the nucleus in adult epidermis . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Msx 1 and Msx 2 were expressed in the sutural mesenchyme and the dura mater . ^^^ BMP 4 induced the expression of both Msx 1 and Msx 2 genes in sutural tissue , while FGF 4 induced only Msx 1 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The effects of FGFs were analyzed on the expression of the homeobox containing transcription factors Msx 1 and Msx 2 , which are associated with tissue interactions and regulated by the dental epithelium . ^^^ Locally applied FGF 4 , 8 , and 9 stimulated intensely the expression of Msx 1 but not Msx 2 in the isolated dental mesenchyme . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Screening of a human dental pulp cells cDNA library with mouse Msx 1 and Msx 2 cDNA probes led to the isolation of human MSX 2 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The attenuated response to these signals is accompanied by a reduced pattern of expression of msx 1 and msx 2 genes . ^^^ Local application of FGF in the duck interdigit expands the domain of msx 2 expression but not the domain of msx 1 expression . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| EGF does not induce Msx 1 and Msx 2 in dental mesenchyme . ^^^ The purpose of the present study was to examine and compare the effects of these growth factors and mouse mandibular epithelium on expression of Msx 1 and Msx 2 genes in molar forming mesenchyme . ^^^ Whole mount in situ hybridization analysis revealed that , in contrast to mouse mandibular epithelium and BMP 4 releasing beads , EGF releasing beads did not induce the expression of Msx 1 and Msx 2 in E 11 molar forming mesenchyme . ^^^ These observations suggest that whereas BMP 4 may be involved in activation of Msx 1 and Msx 2 in the underlying mesenchyme , EGF may regulate events involved in the formation of dental lamina . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Msx 1 and Msx 2 are two closely related homeobox genes expressed in cephalic neural crest tooth buds , the optic cup endocardial cushions , and the developing limb [ Hill and Davidson , 1991 ; Monaghan et al . , 1991 ; Robert et al . , 1991 ] . ^^^ These sites correspond to regions of active cell segregation and proliferation under the influence of epithelial mesenchymal cell interactions [ Brown et al . , 1993 ; Davidson et al . , 1991 ] , suggesting that Msx 1 and Msx 2 regulate cell cell interactions . ^^^ We have investigated the potential relationship between expression of the Msh homeobox genes ( Msx 1 and Msx 2 ) and cadherin mediated cell adhesion and cell sorting . ^^^ We report that cell lines stably expressing Msx 1 or Msx 2 differentially sort on the basis of Msh gene expression . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Moreover , in contrast to the tooth bud stage arrest observed in Msx 1 mutants , Msx 1 , Msx 2 double mutants exhibit an earlier phenotype closely resembling the lamina stage arrest observed in Dlx 1 , Dlx 2 double mutants . ^^^ These results are consistent with functional redundancy between Msx 1 and Msx 2 in dental mesenchyme and support a model whereby Msx and Dlx genes function in parallel within the dental mesenchyme during tooth initiation . ^^^ Indeed , as predicted by such a model , BMP 4 and FGF 8 , epithelial signals that induce differential Msx 1 and Msx 2 expression in dental mesenchyme , also differentially induce Dlx 1 and Dlx 2 expression , and do so in an Msx 1 independent manner . ^^^ These results integrate Dlx 1 , Dlx 2 and Fgf 3 and Fgf 8 into the odontogenic regulatory hierarchy along with Msx 1 , Msx 2 and Bmp 4 , and provide a basis for interpreting tooth induction in terms of transcription factors which , individually , are necessary but not sufficient for the expression of downstream signals and therefore must act in specific combinations . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The genes Bmp 2 , Bmp 4 , Fgf 4 and Shh encode signal molecules , Lef 1 , Msx 1 and Msx 2 , are transcription factors and p21CIP1 / WAF1 participates in the regulation of cell cycle . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Regardless of cholesterol content , high fat diets induced mineralization of the proximal aorta ( assessed by von Kossa staining ) and promoted aortic expression of Msx 2 and Msx 1 , genes encoding homeodomain transcription factors that regulate mineralization and osseous differentiation programs in the developing skull . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We isolated two Msx genes , Msx 1 and Msx 2 , from regenerating blastemas of axolotl limbs and examined their expression patterns using Northern blot and whole mount in situ hybridization during regeneration and development . ^^^ The Msx 2 expression level increased in the blastema at the early bud stage , and Msx 1 expression level increased at the late bud stage . ^^^ Whole mount in situ hybridization revealed that Msx 2 was expressed in the distal mesenchyme and Msx 1 in the entire mesenchyme of the blastema at the late bud stage . ^^^ In the developing limb bud , Msx 1 was expressed in the entire mesenchyme , while Msx 2 was expressed in the distal and peripheral mesenchyme . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Both morphological criteria and chick specific probes for Msx 1 , Msx 2 , and Bmp 4 mRNAs were used as markers for early dental mesenchyme . ^^^ Our results demonstrated that interactions of mouse odontogenic epithelium with chick mandibular mesenchyme induce early changes in the chick mandibular mesenchyme including the appearance of a translucent zone , cell proliferation , and induction of expression of Msx 1 , Msx 2 , and Bmp 4 , which have been shown to be associated with the formation of dental mesenchyme . ^^^ The tooth bud like structures consist of invaginated mouse mandibular epithelium and condensed chick mandibular mesenchyme expressing high levels of Msx 1 and Bmp 4 , but undetectable levels of Msx 2 . ^^^ Unlike the induction of Msx 1 , Msx 2 , and Bmp 4 in the underlying mesenchyme , which is specific for signals derived from odontogenic epithelium , the induction of a translucent zone and cellular proliferation in the underlying mesenchyme may be related to the growth promoting potential of embryonic epithelia and not be specific to signals derived from the odontogenic epithelium . ^^^ Similar to mouse odontogenic epithelium , agarose beads soaked in recombinant BMP 4 induced a translucent zone , cellular proliferation , and expression of Msx 1 , Msx 2 , and Bmp 4 in chick mandibular mesenchyme after 24 hours . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In this study we demonstrate , by Northern blot analysis , the expression of Msx 1 , but not Msx 2 , in the developing palate and in primary cultures of murine embryonic palate mesenchymal cells . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Expression of msx 1 and msx 2 , markers for BMP signaling pathways , was absent in regions of the posterior handplates , while expression of Shh and patched was unaffected . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Molecular cloning , expression of rat Msx 1 and Msx 2 during early embryo genesis and roles for mandibular chondrogenesis ] . ^^^ Antisence inhibition of Msx 1 induced lack of the medial portion of cartilage , and antisence inhibition of Msx 2 enhanced chondrogenesis of mandibular process under the organ culture condition . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| BMP2 / 4 rapidly induced transcript levels of the homeobox genes Msx 1 and Msx 2 and the proto oncogene JunB , whereas c jun transcripts displayed delayed albeit prolonged increase . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To analyze the genetic mechanisms of the developmental arrest of the rudimentary tooth germs we compared the expression patterns of several developmental regulatory genes ( Bmp 2 , Bmp 4 , Fgf 4 , Fgf 8 , Lef 1 , Msx 1 , Msx 2 , p 21 , Pitx 2 , Pax 9 and Shh ) between molars and diastema buds of mice and voles . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Beads releasing BMP 7 induced a translucent zone , cellular proliferation , and expression of Msx 1 , Msx 2 , and Bmp 4 in molar forming mesenchyme after 24 hr . ^^^ However , in contrast to BMPs , EGF did not induce Msx 1 , Msx 2 , and Bmp 4 , but modulated the effects of BMPs on the expression of Msx 1 and Msx 2 in these mesenchymes . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Most Msx 2 mutant phenotypes , including calvarial defects , are enhanced by genetic combination with Msx 1 loss of function , indicating that Msx gene dosage can modify expression of the PFM phenotype . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Craniofacial disorders caused by mutations in homeobox genes MSX 1 and MSX 2 . ^^^ The molecular biology of the homeobox genes MSX 1 and MSX 2 is reviewed . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| However , the expression of three molecules involved in tooth initiation , Bmp 4 , Msx 1 , and Msx 2 , are absent from the presumptive chick dental lamina . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These cells express the genes Msx 1 and Msx 2 , which are induced by BMP 4 secreted from the roof plate , and they later form the dorsal part of the neural arch and the spinous process . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In toto terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling analysis shows that the dorsal optic cup is the site of a spatiotemporally restricted apoptosis , which parallels the expression not only of Bmp 4 but also of Msx 1 and Msx 2 , genes implicated in BMP 4 mediated apoptosis . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To analyze the impact of this balance in the Msx Dlx homeoprotein pathway , we analyzed the effect of Msx 1 , Msx 2 , and Dlx 5 overexpression on proteins involved in skeletal differentiation . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Evolutionary changes in the form of distal integumentary appendages may therefore result from changes in gene expression during formation of mesenchymal condensations ( Bmp 4 , posterior Hox genes ) , induction of the claw fold and germinal matrix ( shh ) , and / or proliferation of epidermal cells in the claw matrix ( Msx 1 , Msx 2 ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Comparative study of expression of homeobox gene Msx 1 , Msx 2 mRNA during the hard tissue formation of mouse tooth development ] . ^^^ OBJECTIVE : To observe and compare the expression pattern of Msx 1 , Msx 2 mRNA during the different stages of hard tissue formation in the first mandibular molar of mouse and investigate the relationship between the two genes . ^^^ METHODS : First mandibular molar germs from 1 , 3 , 7 and 14 days old mouse were separated and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed on the total RNA of them using Msx 1 , Msx 2 specific primers separately . ^^^ Msx 1 transcripts appeared at the 1 day postnatally , and increase through 3 day , 7 day , then maximally expressed at 14 days postnatally ; while Msx 2 mRNA was seen and expressed maximally at the 3 days postnatally , then there was a gradual reduction at 7 days , and 14 days postnatally . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : The homeobox gene Msx 1 , Msx 2 may play a role in the events of the hard tissue formation . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Infection with constitutively active viruses resulted in ectopic expression of Msx 1 , Msx 2 and Fgfr 2 throughout the maxillary mesenchyme . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The newly identified targets , which include MSX 1 , MSX 2 , Nucleophosmin , Follistatin , TLE / Groucho , Ubc4 / 5E2 , CBP / P300 , Frizzled and REST / NRSF , have important implications for understanding the roles of Wnts in development and cancer . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| However , Msx 1 and Msx 2 expression was unchanged in these transgenic mice , implying that induction of these genes is not essential for mediating BMP induced interdigital apoptosis in mice . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Bone morphogenetic proteins ( BMPs ) , together with the transcription factors Msx 1 and Msx 2 , play important roles in these interactions during early tooth morphogenesis . ^^^ To investigate the involvement of this signaling pathway in root development , we analyzed the expression patterns of Bmp 2 , Bmp 3 , Bmp 4 , and Bmp 7 as well as Msx 1 and Msx 2 in the roots of mouse molars . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Here , we show that the expression of Msx 1 and Msx 2 overlaps in the malleal primordium during early embryonic development . ^^^ A functional redundancy of Msx 1 and Msx 2 in the development of the middle ear is suggested by the stronger hypomorphism in the malleus of Msx 1 ( / ) / Msx2 ( / ) embryos , including the absence of the malleal manubrium and the malleal processus brevis . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Moreover , the expression of Lhx 6 , Msx 1 , Msx 2 , Bmp 4 and Gsc , which are also known to be involved in tooth morphogenesis , were suppressed after the application of AS ODN against Lhx 8 for 7 days . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| This provides an initial description of the expression in the developing skull of the genes encoding the secreted molecules BMP 2 , BMP 4 , BMP 7 , the transmembrane FGF receptors FGFR 1 , FGFR 2 , FGFR 4 , the transcription factors Msx 1 , Msx 2 , and Twist , as well as Goosecoid and the early membranous bone differentiation marker osteopontin . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Using the stage 11 ( E14 . 5 ) digit , we now show that digit tip regeneration occurs in organ culture and that Msx 1 , but not Msx 2 , mutant mice display a regeneration defect . ^^^ Studies with the BMP binding protein noggin show that wild type digit regeneration is inhibited without inhibiting the expression of Msx 1 , Msx 2 or Bmp 4 . ^^^ We also provide evidence that endogenous Bmp 4 expression is regulated by the combined activity of Msx 1 and Msx 2 in the forming digit tip ; however , we discovered a compensatory Msx 2 response that involves an expansion into the wild type Msx 1 domain . ^^^ Thus , although both Msx 1 and Msx 2 function to regulate Bmp 4 expression in the digit tip , the data are not consistent with a model in which Msx 1 and Msx 2 serve completely redundant functions in the regeneration response . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Expression of homeobox gene Msx 1 , Msx 2 and Dlx 2 during murine mandibular first molar development ] . ^^^ OBJECTIVE : To observe the expression of homeobox gene Msx 1 , Msx 2 and Dlx 2 during murine mandibular first molar development . ^^^ Msx 1 , Msx 2 and Dlx 2 RNA probes were synthesized by in vitro transcription and labeled with digoxigenin . ^^^ Msx 1 , Msx 2 and Dlx 2 mRNA expression was observed after in situ hybridization . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : Msx 1 , Msx 2 and Dlx 2 are expressed in various patterns during murine mandibular first molar development , suggesting they possibly play a role in the interaction between the epithelium and mesenchyme during the molar development . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Activation of either Rfz 1 or Rfz 2 specific chimera leads , in these totipotent stem cells , to some differential activation of a common set of genes , including those for Msx 1 , Msx 2 , CBP / P300 associated factor , ephrin A 3 , and Nip 3 . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The hair shaft and hair follicle inner root sheath ( IRS ) fail to differentiate , and expression of the known transcriptional regulators of follicular differentiation Msx 1 , Msx 2 , Foxn 1 and Gata 3 is markedly downregulated or absent in mutant follicles . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Whereas , the expression of Msx 2 , another member of Msx family , has been shown to be controlled by Vitamin D , no information is available for Msx 1 . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In vitro binding and co immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that MAGE D 1 directly interacted with necdin via the homology domain and Msx 1 ( or Msx 2 ) via the repeat domain . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Msx 1 and Msx 2 in mammary gland development . ^^^ The roles that Msx 1 and Msx 2 play in branching morphogenesis of the mammary gland are only now becoming more evident . ^^^ Overexpression of Msx 1 and Msx 2 may also be involved in tumorigenesis . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Msx 1 and Msx 2 genes encode the homeodomain transcription factors . ^^^ In this study , we revealed that Msx 1 and Msx 2 were expressed during ventral body wall formation in an overlapping manner . ^^^ These findings indicate that Msx 1 and Msx 2 play roles in concert during embryonic ventral abdominal wall formation . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The similar patterns of Msx 1 and Msx 2 expression between the tooth bud and the diastema bud show that the diastema bud may have some other genetic mechanism in the developmental arrest of the rudimentary tooth germs rather than the Msx 1 and Msx 2 expression . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Recent developments in molecular genetics have established the importance of the muscle specific homeobox genes ( Msx 1 and Msx 2 ) in dental development . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Analysis of Msx 1 ; Msx 2 double mutants reveals multiple roles for Msx genes in limb development . ^^^ The homeobox containing genes Msx 1 and Msx 2 are highly expressed in the limb field from the earliest stages of limb formation and , subsequently , in both the apical ectodermal ridge and underlying mesenchyme . ^^^ However , mice homozygous for a null mutation in either Msx 1 or Msx 2 do not display abnormalities in limb development . ^^^ By contrast , Msx 1 ; Msx 2 double mutants exhibit a severe limb phenotype . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Furthermore , our data uncovered different Bmp 4 thresholds for expression of the Bmp dependent Msx 1 and Msx 2 genes in mandibular mesenchyme . ^^^ Lastly , we provide evidence that Prx homeobox genes repress expression of an Msx 2 transgene , previously shown to be Bmp 4 responsive , revealing a mechanism for differential regulation of Msx 1 and Msx 2 by Bmp signaling . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Specifically , we examined the temporal and spatial expression of Msx 1 , Msx 2 , rHox , Hoxa 2 and Hoxd 9 , because of their involvement in limb development . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Finally , we will examine the distinct activities of Msx 1 , Msx 2 and Msx 3 genes during neurogenesis , taking into account their relationships with signalling molecules such as BMP . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Combined deficiencies of Msx 1 and Msx 2 cause impaired patterning and survival of the cranial neural crest . ^^^ Here , we focus on the function of Msx 1 and Msx 2 , homeobox genes implicated in several disorders affecting craniofacial development in humans . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Sequence analysis alone suggests that point mutations in FOXE 1 , GLI 2 , JAG 2 , LHX 8 , MSX 1 , MSX 2 , SATB 2 , SKI , SPRY 2 , and TBX 10 may be rare causes of isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate , and the linkage disequilibrium data support a larger , as yet unspecified , role for variants in or near MSX 2 , JAG 2 , and SKI . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| BMP 4 induced cell death within the prosensory domain of the otic vesicle , along with the expression of Msx 1 , but not Msx 2 . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Concomitantly , in these limbs , the expression of Bmp 2 , Bmp 4 and Bmp 7 , and of the Bmp target genes Msx 1 , Msx 2 and gremlin , is expanded in the mesenchyme . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Msx 1 and Msx 2 have shared essential functions in neural crest but may be dispensable in epidermis and axis formation in Xenopus . ^^^ The homeodomain factors Msx 1 and Msx 2 are expressed in essentially identical patterns in the epidermis and neural crest of Xenopus embryos during neurula stages . ^^^ Disruption of Msx 1 and Msx 2 RNA splicing with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides shows that both factors are also required for expression of the neural crest gene Slug . ^^^ Loss of Msx 1 can be compensated by overexpression of Msx 2 and vice versa . ^^^ These results indicate that Msx 1 and Msx 2 are both essential for neural crest development , but that the two genes have the same function in this tissue . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Reduced expression of downstream BMP signaling targets , Msx 1 , Msx 2 and gremlin in the distal mesenchyme ( progress zone ) correlated with decreased levels of cyclin D 1 and Wnt5a . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We report here the cloning of a quail cDNA related to the Drosophila gene msh and to the mouse genes Hox 7 and Hox 7 . 1 . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Vertebrate genes closely related to vnd ( Nkx2 . 1 and Nkx2 . 2 ) , ind ( Gsh 1 and Gsh 2 ) , and msh ( Msx 1 and Msx 3 ) are expressed in corresponding ventral , intermediate , and dorsal domains during vertebrate neurogenesis , raising the possibility that dorsoventral patterning within the central nervous system is evolutionarily conserved . . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Using data from a population based case control study , we examined allelic variants for three genes , i . e . , transforming growth factor alpha ( TGFA ) , transforming growth factor beta 3 ( TGFB 3 ) , and Msh ( Drosophila ) homeobox homolog 1 ( MSX 1 ) , and their interactions with two exposures during pregnancy ( maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption ) as risk factors for CLP and CP . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Here we describe and compare the expression patterns of the murine genes Lhx 2 and Msx 1 and their Drosophila orthologues apterous ( ap ) and muscle segment homeobox ( msh ) . ^^^ |
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| Interacting proteins: P35548 and P28360 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| On these grounds , we have investigated , by linkage disequilibrium ( LD ) and parametric and nonparametric linkage analyses , five different candidate genes , including those for the beta 3 subunit of the gamma aminobutyric acid receptor ( GABRB 3 ) , glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 ( GAD 1 ) , retinoic acid receptor alpha ( RARA ) , transforming growth factor beta 3 ( TGFB 3 ) , and msh ( Drosophila ) homeobox homolog 1 ( MSX 1 ) . ^^^ |
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