| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We have analyzed a GAL 1 mutant ( gal 1 r strain ) of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis which lacks the induction of beta galactosidase and the enzymes of the Leloir pathway in the presence of galactose . ^^^ Complementation studies in Saccharomyces cervisiae show that K . lactis GAL 1 and gal 1 209 , but not gal 1 r , complement the gal 3 mutation . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Its effects are mediated through G protein coupled receptors ( GPCR ) for which only a single type has been cloned , GAL receptor 1 ( GALR 1 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Pharmacological analysis of tumor membrane homogenates with GAL and the specific GAL receptor GalR 2 agonist , AR M 1896 , revealed that the GAL receptor GalR 1 is most likely the receptor responsible for the observed GAL binding in the glioblastomas . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The neuropeptide galanin ( Gal ) and its receptors ( GalR 1 , GalR 2 , and GalR 3 ) are expressed in spinal cord . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We have used double in situ hybridization histochemistry to evaluate the co expression of the GAL receptor subtype , GALR 1 , within cholinergic neurons in the medial septum / diagonal band of adult male rats . ^^^ In alternate brain sections , we assessed the co expression of GALR 1 mRNA within another forebrain cell group implicated in memory functions , the neurons of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis ( BNST ) and medial amygdala ( AMe ) which co express vasopressin ( VP ) and GAL and project to septo hippocampus . ^^^ In contrast , we detected an extensive co expression ( 95 % ) of GALR 1 mRNA within extrahypothalamic VP / GAL neurons . ^^^ These results do not support the idea that GAL , acting via the GALR 1 receptor , directly impairs BF cholinergic neurons but suggest , instead , that non cholinergic neurons in the BF may play a role in mediating the inhibitory actions of GAL on cholinergic function . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Here we have used : 1 ) slice binding and quantitative autoradiography to assess the density and occupancy of GAL receptors ; and 2 ) in situ hybridization histochemistry to assess expression of the GALR 1 receptor subtype in the ventral hippocampus of 3 month old and 21 month old Fischer 344 male rats . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GAL , acting via the GALR 1 receptor subtype , does not appear to directly regulate the activity of cholinergic neurons , but it may regulate the release of vasopressin and GAL into septohippocampus from BST / Me neurons . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In addition , we have used slice binding and receptor autoradiography to identify specific GAL binding sites in the lateral septum , a probable target region of BST / Me neurons , and in situ hybridization to confirm that some of these binding sites correspond to the GALR 1 GAL receptor subtype . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Bath application of [ Sar ( 1 ) , D Ala ( 12 ) ] gal ( 1 16 ) NH ( 2 ) ( AR M 961 ) , an agonist both at galanin R 1 and R 2 ( GALR 1 , GALR 2 ) receptors , evoked a reversible membrane hyperpolarization and inhibition of spike discharge in all LC neurons tested ( n=42 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| All three human GAL receptor subtypes cloned to date could be detected , with the GALR 1 receptor subtype being expressed most prominently . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GAL inhibition of midbrain DA activity may involve a GALR 1 mediated reduction of TH in midbrain dopaminergic neurons . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Subsequent studies revealed the presence of galanin receptor 1 like immunoreactivity ( GALR 1 LI ) in most cell types shown to contain GAL LI , although the distribution of GALR 1 LI was more extensive in reserve zone chondrocytes than that of GAL LI ; and GALR 1 LI also appeared in late proliferative zone chondrocytes of costal cartilage . ^^^ In addition , GAL and GALR 1 LI was also detected in specific cells and structures within costal cartilage , bone , and fracture callus . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In this regard , the current study reports the autoradiographic localization of [ ( 125 ) 1 ] galanin ( GAL ) binding sites in brain of the common C57BL / 6J and 129OlaHsd mouse strains , as well as in GAL and galanin receptor 1 ( GalR 1 ) knockout ( KO ) mice . ^^^ In contrast , no specific [ ( 125 ) 1 ] GAL binding was detected in any region of GalR 1 KO mouse brain , revealing that under the experimental conditions used , the peptide ligand binding is predominantly ( exclusively ) to the GalR 1 subtype . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GALR 1 protein and mRNA expression and GAL secretion were detected at variable levels in immortalized human oral keratinocytes and human oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Previously , we demonstrated that GALR 1 mRNA expression was increased in the CA 1 region of the hippocampus and discrete hypothalamic nuclei in galanin transgenic ( GAL tg ) mice . ^^^ Interestingly , regional qPCR analysis failed to reveal any changes in GALR 2 or GALR 3 expression in the GAL tg mice , suggesting that , contrary to GALR 1 , these receptor genes are not under ligand mediated regulatory control . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Human galanin ( GAL ) and galanin 1 receptor ( GALR 1 ) variations are not involved in fat intake and early onset obesity . ^^^ We screened the coding region of GAL ( including 444 bp of its promoter region ) and GALR 1 for mutations using single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and denaturing HPLC in up to 191 obese children and adolescents and 106 healthy underweight young adults ( students ) . ^^^ In GAL , we identified 3 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ; silent : g . 419T > C , g . 244G > A ; missense : g . 47C > T : Ala16Val ) and one infrequent missense variation ( c . 253A > G : Asn85Asp ) , and in GALR 1 2 novel SNPs ( silent : c . 150C > T , missense : c . 793A > T : Ile265Phe ) . ^^^ To test for an association with obesity , we genotyped 7 SNPs ( GAL : g . 244G > A , g . 47C > T , rs 7101947 , rs 1042577 , rs 3136540 ; GALR 1 : c . 150C > T , c . 793A > T ) in up to 322 obese children and adolescents compared with up to 277 healthy underweight and normal weight young adults . ^^^ We conclude that the analyzed SNPs in GAL and GALR 1 do not play a major role in early onset obesity or dietary fat intake in the obese children and adolescents of our study groups . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The role of galanin ( Gal ) in the modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission in the heart in wild type ( 129 SvJ ) , and GALR 1 knockout mice has been studied . ^^^ In GALR 1 KO mice , Gal ( 0 . 8 13 nmol / kg ) did not attenuate deltaPI at any dose ( n = 3 4 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GAL exerts diverse action via the GAL receptors ( GALR 1 , GALR 2 , and GALR 3 ) , which belong in the superfamily of G protein coupled transmembrane receptors . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Results show that OECs express mRNAs for GAL and GAL receptor 2 ( GalR 2 ) but not for the two other GAL receptors , GalR 1 and GalR 3 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Single cell gene expression analysis demonstrated that cholinergic NB neurons express mRNA for the GAL receptors GALR 1 , GALR 2 and GALR 3 , yet the levels of these mRNAs were unchanged across the three diagnostic groups . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P22466 and P47211 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We have analyzed a GAL 1 mutant ( gal 1 r strain ) of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis which lacks the induction of beta galactosidase and the enzymes of the Leloir pathway in the presence of galactose . ^^^ Complementation studies in Saccharomyces cervisiae show that K . lactis GAL 1 and gal 1 209 , but not gal 1 r , complement the gal 3 mutation . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Its effects are mediated through G protein coupled receptors ( GPCR ) for which only a single type has been cloned , GAL receptor 1 ( GALR 1 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We have used double in situ hybridization histochemistry to evaluate the co expression of the GAL receptor subtype , GALR 1 , within cholinergic neurons in the medial septum / diagonal band of adult male rats . ^^^ In alternate brain sections , we assessed the co expression of GALR 1 mRNA within another forebrain cell group implicated in memory functions , the neurons of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis ( BNST ) and medial amygdala ( AMe ) which co express vasopressin ( VP ) and GAL and project to septo hippocampus . ^^^ In contrast , we detected an extensive co expression ( 95 % ) of GALR 1 mRNA within extrahypothalamic VP / GAL neurons . ^^^ These results do not support the idea that GAL , acting via the GALR 1 receptor , directly impairs BF cholinergic neurons but suggest , instead , that non cholinergic neurons in the BF may play a role in mediating the inhibitory actions of GAL on cholinergic function . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Here we have used : 1 ) slice binding and quantitative autoradiography to assess the density and occupancy of GAL receptors ; and 2 ) in situ hybridization histochemistry to assess expression of the GALR 1 receptor subtype in the ventral hippocampus of 3 month old and 21 month old Fischer 344 male rats . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GAL , acting via the GALR 1 receptor subtype , does not appear to directly regulate the activity of cholinergic neurons , but it may regulate the release of vasopressin and GAL into septohippocampus from BST / Me neurons . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In addition , we have used slice binding and receptor autoradiography to identify specific GAL binding sites in the lateral septum , a probable target region of BST / Me neurons , and in situ hybridization to confirm that some of these binding sites correspond to the GALR 1 GAL receptor subtype . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Bath application of [ Sar ( 1 ) , D Ala ( 12 ) ] gal ( 1 16 ) NH ( 2 ) ( AR M 961 ) , an agonist both at galanin R 1 and R 2 ( GALR 1 , GALR 2 ) receptors , evoked a reversible membrane hyperpolarization and inhibition of spike discharge in all LC neurons tested ( n=42 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| All three human GAL receptor subtypes cloned to date could be detected , with the GALR 1 receptor subtype being expressed most prominently . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GAL inhibition of midbrain DA activity may involve a GALR 1 mediated reduction of TH in midbrain dopaminergic neurons . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Pharmacological analysis of tumor membrane homogenates with GAL and the specific GAL receptor GalR 2 agonist , AR M 1896 , revealed that the GAL receptor GalR 1 is most likely the receptor responsible for the observed GAL binding in the glioblastomas . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The neuropeptide galanin ( Gal ) and its receptors ( GalR 1 , GalR 2 , and GalR 3 ) are expressed in spinal cord . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Subsequent studies revealed the presence of galanin receptor 1 like immunoreactivity ( GALR 1 LI ) in most cell types shown to contain GAL LI , although the distribution of GALR 1 LI was more extensive in reserve zone chondrocytes than that of GAL LI ; and GALR 1 LI also appeared in late proliferative zone chondrocytes of costal cartilage . ^^^ In addition , GAL and GALR 1 LI was also detected in specific cells and structures within costal cartilage , bone , and fracture callus . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In this regard , the current study reports the autoradiographic localization of [ ( 125 ) 1 ] galanin ( GAL ) binding sites in brain of the common C57BL / 6J and 129OlaHsd mouse strains , as well as in GAL and galanin receptor 1 ( GalR 1 ) knockout ( KO ) mice . ^^^ In contrast , no specific [ ( 125 ) 1 ] GAL binding was detected in any region of GalR 1 KO mouse brain , revealing that under the experimental conditions used , the peptide ligand binding is predominantly ( exclusively ) to the GalR 1 subtype . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GALR 1 protein and mRNA expression and GAL secretion were detected at variable levels in immortalized human oral keratinocytes and human oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Previously , we demonstrated that GALR 1 mRNA expression was increased in the CA 1 region of the hippocampus and discrete hypothalamic nuclei in galanin transgenic ( GAL tg ) mice . ^^^ Interestingly , regional qPCR analysis failed to reveal any changes in GALR 2 or GALR 3 expression in the GAL tg mice , suggesting that , contrary to GALR 1 , these receptor genes are not under ligand mediated regulatory control . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Human galanin ( GAL ) and galanin 1 receptor ( GALR 1 ) variations are not involved in fat intake and early onset obesity . ^^^ We screened the coding region of GAL ( including 444 bp of its promoter region ) and GALR 1 for mutations using single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and denaturing HPLC in up to 191 obese children and adolescents and 106 healthy underweight young adults ( students ) . ^^^ In GAL , we identified 3 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs ; silent : g . 419T > C , g . 244G > A ; missense : g . 47C > T : Ala16Val ) and one infrequent missense variation ( c . 253A > G : Asn85Asp ) , and in GALR 1 2 novel SNPs ( silent : c . 150C > T , missense : c . 793A > T : Ile265Phe ) . ^^^ To test for an association with obesity , we genotyped 7 SNPs ( GAL : g . 244G > A , g . 47C > T , rs 7101947 , rs 1042577 , rs 3136540 ; GALR 1 : c . 150C > T , c . 793A > T ) in up to 322 obese children and adolescents compared with up to 277 healthy underweight and normal weight young adults . ^^^ We conclude that the analyzed SNPs in GAL and GALR 1 do not play a major role in early onset obesity or dietary fat intake in the obese children and adolescents of our study groups . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The role of galanin ( Gal ) in the modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission in the heart in wild type ( 129 SvJ ) , and GALR 1 knockout mice has been studied . ^^^ In GALR 1 KO mice , Gal ( 0 . 8 13 nmol / kg ) did not attenuate deltaPI at any dose ( n = 3 4 ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Results show that OECs express mRNAs for GAL and GAL receptor 2 ( GalR 2 ) but not for the two other GAL receptors , GalR 1 and GalR 3 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Single cell gene expression analysis demonstrated that cholinergic NB neurons express mRNA for the GAL receptors GALR 1 , GALR 2 and GALR 3 , yet the levels of these mRNAs were unchanged across the three diagnostic groups . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P47211 and P22466 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GAL exerts diverse action via the GAL receptors ( GALR 1 , GALR 2 , and GALR 3 ) , which belong in the superfamily of G protein coupled transmembrane receptors . ^^^ |
|