| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Here we report the cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding rat and human GLP 2 receptors ( GLP 2R ) , a G protein coupled receptor superfamily member expressed in the gut and closely related to the glucagon and GLP 1 receptors . ^^^ Cells expressing the GLP 2R responded to GLP 2 , but not GLP 1 or related peptides , with increased cAMP production ( EC 50 = 0 . 58 nM ) and displayed saturable high affinity radioligand binding ( Kd = 0 . 57 nM ) , which could be displaced by synthetic rat GLP 2 ( Ki = 0 . 06 nM ) . ^^^ GLP 2 analogs that activated GLP 2R signal transduction in vitro displayed intestinotrophic activity in vivo . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We now report studies of GLP 2R signaling in baby hamster kidney ( BHK ) cells expressing a transfected rat GLP 2 receptor ( BHK GLP 2R cells ) . ^^^ Although GLP 2 stimulated the expression of c fos , c jun , junB , and zif 268 , and transiently increased p 70 S6 kinase in quiescent BHK GLP 2R cells , GLP 2 also inhibited extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 / 2 and reduced serum stimulated Elk 1 activity . ^^^ Furthermore , no rise in intracellular calcium was observed following GLP 2 exposure in BHK GLP 2R cells . ^^^ These findings suggest that the GLP 2R may be coupled to activation of mitogenic signaling in heterologous cell types independent of PKA via as yet unidentified downstream mediators of GLP 2 action in vivo . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The actions of GLP 2 are transduced by a recently cloned glucagon like peptide 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) that represents a new member of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The majority of position 2 substitutions exhibited normal to enhanced GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) binding ; in contrast , position 2 substitutions were less well tolerated in studies of receptor activation as only Gly , Ile , Pro , alpha aminobutyric acid , D Ala , or nor Val substitutions exhibited enhanced GLP 2R activation . ^^^ These results indicate that single amino acid substitutions within GLP 2 can confer structural changes to the ligand receptor interface , allowing the identification of residues important for GLP 2R binding and receptor activation . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Because GLP 2 decreases mortality and reduces intestinal apoptosis in rodents after experimental injury , we examined whether GLP 2R signaling directly modifies the cellular response to external injury . ^^^ We show here that activation of GLP 2R signaling inhibits cycloheximide induced apoptosis in baby hamster kidney fibroblasts expressing a transfected GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GLP 2 acts via binding to a single G protein coupled GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) , but the cellular targets for the diverse actions of GLP 2 remain unknown . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To ascertain whether the GLP 2 / GLP 2 receptor axis is expressed and functional in the developing intestine , we have studied the synthesis of GLP 2 and the expression of the GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) in the fetal and neonatal rat gut . ^^^ Analysis of GLP 2 receptor expression by RT PCR demonstrated GLP 2R messenger RNA transcripts in fetal intestine and in neonatal stomach , jejunum , ileum , and colon . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To determine how stage of development affects the responsiveness to GLP 2 , we examined GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) expression , gut morphology , and brush border enzyme mRNA and activities in late gestation fetal ( n = 7 ) and parenterally fed neonatal ( n = 7 ) piglets given GLP 2 ( 12 . 5 nmol / kg ) twice daily for 6 days . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We now demonstrate that GLP 2 , in a cycloheximide insensitive manner , enhanced survival in baby hamster kidney cells stably transfected with the rat GLP 2R ; reduced mitochondrial cytochrome c efflux ; and attenuated the caspase dependent cleavage of Akt , poly ( ADP ribose ) polymerase , and beta catenin following inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase ( PI3K ) by LY 294002 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Plasma glucagon like peptide 2 ( GLP 2 ) concentration and GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) mRNA levels in the epithelium were also determined . ^^^ Pectin supplementation also induced an increase in the plasma GLP 2 concentration , but did not affect the GLP 2R mRNA levels in the small intestine . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The objectives of this study were to determine plasma GLP 2 concentrations and small intestinal GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) mRNA abundance ( measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ) during pre and postnatal development and the relationship between these variables and small intestinal growth in enterally and parenterally fed fetal and newborn pigs ( premature and term delivered , 92 and 100 % gestation , respectively ) . ^^^ We conclude that the introduction of enteral feeding transiently increases plasma GLP 2 concentrations and decreases small intestinal GLP 2R mRNA levels during pig development . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GLP 2 exerts its effects through a seven transmembrane domain , G protein coupled receptor ( GLP 2R ) , stimulating cAMP generation and activating protein kinase A signaling in heterologous cell lines transfected with the GLP 2R . ^^^ Isolated rat intestinal mucosal cells expressed mRNA transcripts for the GLP 2R , as well as for chromogranin A and beta tubulin 3 , markers for enteroendocrine and neural cells , respectively . cAMP production in response to [ Gly 2 ] GLP 2 , a degradation resistant analog of GLP 2 , was maximal at 10 11 m ( 268 + / 93 % of control , P < 0 . 001 ) , with reduced cAMP accumulation observed at higher doses . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The intestinotrophic and cytoprotective actions of glucagon like peptide 2 ( GLP 2 ) are mediated by the GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) , a member of the class 2 glucagon secretin G protein coupled receptor superfamily . ^^^ Heterologous cells expressing the transfected rat or human GLP 2R exhibited a rapid , dose dependent , and prolonged desensitization of the GLP 2 stimulated cAMP response and a sustained GLP 2 induced decrease in levels of cell surface receptor . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Glucagon like peptide 2 ( GLP 2 ) regulates proliferative and cytoprotective pathways in the intestine ; however GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) signal transduction remains poorly understood , and cell lines that express the endogenous GLP 2R have not yet been isolated . ^^^ GLP 2 increased cAMP accumulation and activated ERK1 / 2 in HeLa cells transiently expressing the cloned human HeLa cell GLP 2R cDNA . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These findings suggest that the acute GLP 2 mediated stimulation of portal blood flow in TPN fed piglets occurs principally via increased blood flow through the superior mesenteric artery to the proximal small intestine , a tissue region where the GLP 2R mRNA abundance and trophic GLP 2 effects are greatest . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Thus , our aim was to establish cellular localization of GLP 2R and functional connection to vascular action of GLP 2 in the gut . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : We conclude that the GLP 2 induced stimulation of blood flow is mediated by vasoactive neurotransmitters that are colocalized with GLP 2R in 2 functionally distinct cell types within the gastrointestinal tract . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In the small intestine , ( 125 ) 1 GLP 2 was displaced both by non radioactive GLP 2 ( 1 33 ) and ( 3 33 ) , suggesting that the uptake of GLP 2 ( 1 33 ) in the small intestine is receptor specific and that the metabolite GLP 2 ( 3 33 ) may interact with the GLP 2 receptor . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GLP 2 promotes energy assimilation via trophic effects on the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel epithelium via a recently cloned GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Here we show that although specific epithelial progenitors respond to GLP 2 administration , the epithelium does not express the GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The truncated metabolite GLP 2 ( 3 33 ) interacts with the GLP 2 receptor as a partial agonist . ^^^ This study was undertaken to investigate whether the primary degradation product GLP 2 ( 3 33 ) interacts with the GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ Functional ( cAMP ) and binding in vitro studies were carried out in cells expressing the transfected human GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ GLP 2 ( 3 33 ) bound to the GLP 2 receptor with a binding affinity of 7 . 5 % of that of GLP 2 ( 1 33 ) . cAMP accumulation was stimulated with an efficacy of 15 % and a potency more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of GLP 2 ( 1 33 ) . ^^^ Consistent with the observed in vivo activities , our functional studies and binding data indicate that GLP 2 ( 3 33 ) acts as a partial agonist with potential competitive antagonistic properties on the GLP 2 receptor . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The expression of the GLP 2 receptor gene in both cerebral cortex and astrocytes was determined by RT PCR and Southern blotting . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The actions of GLP 2 are mediated by a distinct GLP 2 receptor expressed on subsets of enteric nerves and enteroendocrine cells in the stomach and small and large intestine . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In contrast to the widely distributed GLP 1 receptor mRNA , GLP 2 receptor mRNA is exclusively expressed in the compact part of the DMH ( DMHc ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These findings suggest that GLP 2 may play an important physiological role in the regulation of intestinal blood flow and that nitric oxide is involved in GLP 2 receptor function . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GLP 2 also promotes mucosal integrity via reduction of injury associated apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa and directly reduces apoptosis in cells expressing the GLP 2 receptor in vitro . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The physiological responses following exogenous administration of GLP 2 have been intensely investigated , and these appear to be rather specific for the gut , which is concordant with the localization of the GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| BACKGROUND : Glucagon like peptide 2 is thought to act as a growth factor for the gut , but the localization of the GLP 2 receptor and mechanism of action on epithelial growth is unclear . ^^^ By double labelling we found that these GLP 2 receptor immunoreactive cells also produce smooth muscle actin and keratinocyte growth factor ( KGF ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Taken together with the previously demonstrated clathrin and dynamin independent , lipid raft dependent pathways for internalization , our data suggest that GLP 2 receptor signaling has evolved unique structural and functional mechanisms for control of receptor trafficking , desensitization , and resensitization . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| METHODS : The properties of GLP 2 ( 3 33 ) , a GLP 2 ( 1 33 ) metabolite , were determined in baby hamster kidney cells transfected with the mouse GLP 2 receptor complementary DNA and in isolated murine intestinal muscle strips . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Moreover , glucagon like peptide ( GLP ) 1 and GLP 2 receptor agonists appear to be promising therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and intestinal disorders , respectively . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: O95838 and P01275 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Although clinical trials with GLP 2 receptor agonists are currently ongoing , the mechanisms behind GLP 2 induced intestinal epithelial growth remain to be understood . ^^^ To approach the GLP 2 mechanism of action this study aimed to identify intestinal cell lines endogenously expressing the GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ The human intestinal epithelial cell line , FHC , expressed GLP 2 receptor encoding mRNA ( RT PCR ) and GLP 2 receptor protein ( Western blot ) . ^^^ In addition , a naturally occurring human intestinal fibroblast cell line , 18Co , endogenously expressing GLP 2 receptor encoding mRNA ( RT PCR ) and protein ( Western blot ) was identified . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Here we report the cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding rat and human GLP 2 receptors ( GLP 2R ) , a G protein coupled receptor superfamily member expressed in the gut and closely related to the glucagon and GLP 1 receptors . ^^^ Cells expressing the GLP 2R responded to GLP 2 , but not GLP 1 or related peptides , with increased cAMP production ( EC 50 = 0 . 58 nM ) and displayed saturable high affinity radioligand binding ( Kd = 0 . 57 nM ) , which could be displaced by synthetic rat GLP 2 ( Ki = 0 . 06 nM ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In contrast to the widely distributed GLP 1 receptor mRNA , GLP 2 receptor mRNA is exclusively expressed in the compact part of the DMH ( DMHc ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We now report studies of GLP 2R signaling in baby hamster kidney ( BHK ) cells expressing a transfected rat GLP 2 receptor ( BHK GLP 2R cells ) . ^^^ Although GLP 2 stimulated the expression of c fos , c jun , junB , and zif 268 , and transiently increased p 70 S6 kinase in quiescent BHK GLP 2R cells , GLP 2 also inhibited extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 / 2 and reduced serum stimulated Elk 1 activity . ^^^ Furthermore , no rise in intracellular calcium was observed following GLP 2 exposure in BHK GLP 2R cells . ^^^ These findings suggest that the GLP 2R may be coupled to activation of mitogenic signaling in heterologous cell types independent of PKA via as yet unidentified downstream mediators of GLP 2 action in vivo . . ^^^ Identification of glucagon like peptide 2 ( GLP 2 ) activated signaling pathways in baby hamster kidney fibroblasts expressing the rat GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The actions of GLP 2 are transduced by a recently cloned glucagon like peptide 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) that represents a new member of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The majority of position 2 substitutions exhibited normal to enhanced GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) binding ; in contrast , position 2 substitutions were less well tolerated in studies of receptor activation as only Gly , Ile , Pro , alpha aminobutyric acid , D Ala , or nor Val substitutions exhibited enhanced GLP 2R activation . ^^^ These results indicate that single amino acid substitutions within GLP 2 can confer structural changes to the ligand receptor interface , allowing the identification of residues important for GLP 2R binding and receptor activation . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Because GLP 2 decreases mortality and reduces intestinal apoptosis in rodents after experimental injury , we examined whether GLP 2R signaling directly modifies the cellular response to external injury . ^^^ We show here that activation of GLP 2R signaling inhibits cycloheximide induced apoptosis in baby hamster kidney fibroblasts expressing a transfected GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GLP 2 acts via binding to a single G protein coupled GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) , but the cellular targets for the diverse actions of GLP 2 remain unknown . ^^^ Enteroendocrine localization of GLP 2 receptor expression in humans and rodents . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| In the small intestine , ( 125 ) 1 GLP 2 was displaced both by non radioactive GLP 2 ( 1 33 ) and ( 3 33 ) , suggesting that the uptake of GLP 2 ( 1 33 ) in the small intestine is receptor specific and that the metabolite GLP 2 ( 3 33 ) may interact with the GLP 2 receptor . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To ascertain whether the GLP 2 / GLP 2 receptor axis is expressed and functional in the developing intestine , we have studied the synthesis of GLP 2 and the expression of the GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) in the fetal and neonatal rat gut . ^^^ Analysis of GLP 2 receptor expression by RT PCR demonstrated GLP 2R messenger RNA transcripts in fetal intestine and in neonatal stomach , jejunum , ileum , and colon . ^^^ The actions of GLP 2 are mediated by the GLP 2 receptor , a new member of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily . ^^^ These findings demonstrate that both components of the GLP 2 / GLP 2 receptor axis are expressed in the fetal and neonatal intestine . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GLP 2 promotes energy assimilation via trophic effects on the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel epithelium via a recently cloned GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Here we show that although specific epithelial progenitors respond to GLP 2 administration , the epithelium does not express the GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| To determine how stage of development affects the responsiveness to GLP 2 , we examined GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) expression , gut morphology , and brush border enzyme mRNA and activities in late gestation fetal ( n = 7 ) and parenterally fed neonatal ( n = 7 ) piglets given GLP 2 ( 12 . 5 nmol / kg ) twice daily for 6 days . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The truncated metabolite GLP 2 ( 3 33 ) interacts with the GLP 2 receptor as a partial agonist . ^^^ This study was undertaken to investigate whether the primary degradation product GLP 2 ( 3 33 ) interacts with the GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ Functional ( cAMP ) and binding in vitro studies were carried out in cells expressing the transfected human GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ GLP 2 ( 3 33 ) bound to the GLP 2 receptor with a binding affinity of 7 . 5 % of that of GLP 2 ( 1 33 ) . cAMP accumulation was stimulated with an efficacy of 15 % and a potency more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of GLP 2 ( 1 33 ) . ^^^ Consistent with the observed in vivo activities , our functional studies and binding data indicate that GLP 2 ( 3 33 ) acts as a partial agonist with potential competitive antagonistic properties on the GLP 2 receptor . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The actions of GLP 2 are mediated by a distinct GLP 2 receptor expressed on subsets of enteric nerves and enteroendocrine cells in the stomach and small and large intestine . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| We now demonstrate that GLP 2 , in a cycloheximide insensitive manner , enhanced survival in baby hamster kidney cells stably transfected with the rat GLP 2R ; reduced mitochondrial cytochrome c efflux ; and attenuated the caspase dependent cleavage of Akt , poly ( ADP ribose ) polymerase , and beta catenin following inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase ( PI3K ) by LY 294002 . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Plasma glucagon like peptide 2 ( GLP 2 ) concentration and GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) mRNA levels in the epithelium were also determined . ^^^ Pectin supplementation also induced an increase in the plasma GLP 2 concentration , but did not affect the GLP 2R mRNA levels in the small intestine . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The objectives of this study were to determine plasma GLP 2 concentrations and small intestinal GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) mRNA abundance ( measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ) during pre and postnatal development and the relationship between these variables and small intestinal growth in enterally and parenterally fed fetal and newborn pigs ( premature and term delivered , 92 and 100 % gestation , respectively ) . ^^^ We conclude that the introduction of enteral feeding transiently increases plasma GLP 2 concentrations and decreases small intestinal GLP 2R mRNA levels during pig development . ^^^ Introduction of enteral food increases plasma GLP 2 and decreases GLP 2 receptor mRNA abundance during pig development . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The expression of the GLP 2 receptor gene in both cerebral cortex and astrocytes was determined by RT PCR and Southern blotting . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These findings suggest that GLP 2 may play an important physiological role in the regulation of intestinal blood flow and that nitric oxide is involved in GLP 2 receptor function . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GLP 2 exerts its effects through a seven transmembrane domain , G protein coupled receptor ( GLP 2R ) , stimulating cAMP generation and activating protein kinase A signaling in heterologous cell lines transfected with the GLP 2R . ^^^ Isolated rat intestinal mucosal cells expressed mRNA transcripts for the GLP 2R , as well as for chromogranin A and beta tubulin 3 , markers for enteroendocrine and neural cells , respectively . cAMP production in response to [ Gly 2 ] GLP 2 , a degradation resistant analog of GLP 2 , was maximal at 10 11 m ( 268 + / 93 % of control , P < 0 . 001 ) , with reduced cAMP accumulation observed at higher doses . ^^^ These results provide the first evidence that activation of the endogenous rat mucosal GLP 2 receptor is linked to activation of a cAMP / protein kinase A dependent , growth promoting pathway in vitro . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| GLP 2 also promotes mucosal integrity via reduction of injury associated apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa and directly reduces apoptosis in cells expressing the GLP 2 receptor in vitro . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The physiological responses following exogenous administration of GLP 2 have been intensely investigated , and these appear to be rather specific for the gut , which is concordant with the localization of the GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| The intestinotrophic and cytoprotective actions of glucagon like peptide 2 ( GLP 2 ) are mediated by the GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) , a member of the class 2 glucagon secretin G protein coupled receptor superfamily . ^^^ Heterologous cells expressing the transfected rat or human GLP 2R exhibited a rapid , dose dependent , and prolonged desensitization of the GLP 2 stimulated cAMP response and a sustained GLP 2 induced decrease in levels of cell surface receptor . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Glucagon like peptide 2 ( GLP 2 ) regulates proliferative and cytoprotective pathways in the intestine ; however GLP 2 receptor ( GLP 2R ) signal transduction remains poorly understood , and cell lines that express the endogenous GLP 2R have not yet been isolated . ^^^ GLP 2 increased cAMP accumulation and activated ERK1 / 2 in HeLa cells transiently expressing the cloned human HeLa cell GLP 2R cDNA . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| BACKGROUND : Glucagon like peptide 2 is thought to act as a growth factor for the gut , but the localization of the GLP 2 receptor and mechanism of action on epithelial growth is unclear . ^^^ By double labelling we found that these GLP 2 receptor immunoreactive cells also produce smooth muscle actin and keratinocyte growth factor ( KGF ) . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Taken together with the previously demonstrated clathrin and dynamin independent , lipid raft dependent pathways for internalization , our data suggest that GLP 2 receptor signaling has evolved unique structural and functional mechanisms for control of receptor trafficking , desensitization , and resensitization . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| METHODS : The properties of GLP 2 ( 3 33 ) , a GLP 2 ( 1 33 ) metabolite , were determined in baby hamster kidney cells transfected with the mouse GLP 2 receptor complementary DNA and in isolated murine intestinal muscle strips . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| These findings suggest that the acute GLP 2 mediated stimulation of portal blood flow in TPN fed piglets occurs principally via increased blood flow through the superior mesenteric artery to the proximal small intestine , a tissue region where the GLP 2R mRNA abundance and trophic GLP 2 effects are greatest . . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Moreover , glucagon like peptide ( GLP ) 1 and GLP 2 receptor agonists appear to be promising therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and intestinal disorders , respectively . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Thus , our aim was to establish cellular localization of GLP 2R and functional connection to vascular action of GLP 2 in the gut . ^^^ CONCLUSIONS : We conclude that the GLP 2 induced stimulation of blood flow is mediated by vasoactive neurotransmitters that are colocalized with GLP 2R in 2 functionally distinct cell types within the gastrointestinal tract . . ^^^ GLP 2 receptor localizes to enteric neurons and endocrine cells expressing vasoactive peptides and mediates increased blood flow . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| Although clinical trials with GLP 2 receptor agonists are currently ongoing , the mechanisms behind GLP 2 induced intestinal epithelial growth remain to be understood . ^^^ To approach the GLP 2 mechanism of action this study aimed to identify intestinal cell lines endogenously expressing the GLP 2 receptor . ^^^ The human intestinal epithelial cell line , FHC , expressed GLP 2 receptor encoding mRNA ( RT PCR ) and GLP 2 receptor protein ( Western blot ) . ^^^ In addition , a naturally occurring human intestinal fibroblast cell line , 18Co , endogenously expressing GLP 2 receptor encoding mRNA ( RT PCR ) and protein ( Western blot ) was identified . ^^^ |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|
| Interacting proteins: P01275 and O95838 |
Pubmed |
SVM Score :0.0 |
| NA |
|